Cognitive Developmental Approaches Ch.6 Verified Test Bank

Chapter 06

Test Bank

1. According to Piaget’s theory, infants develop behavioral schemes, whereas children develop _____ schemes.A. mentalB. adaptiveC. physicalD. activeAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Schemes2. Nine-year-old AJ enjoys participating in organized sports. He is developing an idea of belonging to a team. AJ's concept of being a team member is an example of a(n)A. disequilibrium.B. accommodation.C. scheme.D. assimilation.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Schemes3. The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individualsA. adjust old schemes to fit new information.B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge.C. try to balance conflicting information.D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Assimilation and AccommodationTopic: Infancy4. Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat. This is an example ofA. disequilibrium.B. assimilation.C. accommodation.D. equilibration.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Assimilation and AccommodationTopic: Infancy5. Devin plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop and throw it, just like he plays with water in his bathtub. This is an example ofA. disequilibrium.B. assimilation.C. organization.D. accommodation.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Assimilation and AccommodationTopic: Infancy6. Tim understands that cars are vehicles. Later, he hears others refer to buses, trucks, or ships as vehicles, and starts to call them vehicles, too. This change is an example ofA. scheme.B. assimilation.C. accommodation.D. disequilibrium.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Assimilation and AccommodationTopic: Infancy7. The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individualsA. adjust old schemes to fit new information.B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge.C. try to balance conflicting information.D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Assimilation and AccommodationTopic: Infancy8. Eventually children learn not to put everything in their mouths. This is an example ofA. assimilation.B. disequilibrium.C. accommodation.D. equilibration.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Assimilation and AccommodationTopic: Infancy9. When people encounter information that conflicts with the schemes they have established, they experienceA. disequilibrium.B. equilibrium.C. accommodation.D. organization.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Equilibration10. Daniel is confused when his mother prompts him to say hello to a person he doesn't know, because he understands the "don't talk to strangers" rule. Daniel experiences cognitiveA. accommodation.B. assimilation.C. equilibrium.D. disequilibrium.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Equilibration11. According to Piaget, what is a child's motivation for change?A. an internal search for equilibriumB. an internal search for disequilibriumC. assimilation and accommodationD. punishments and rewards from other peopleAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Equilibration12. Piaget's cognitive developmental stagesA. signify qualitative differences in cognition.B. signify quantitative changes in cognition.C. consist of six major different periods.D. consist of four major different periods that do not have a particular sequential order.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Equilibration13. Which of Piaget's stages lasts from birth to about 2 years of age?A. sensorimotorB. concrete operationalC. formal operationalD. preoperationalAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Sensorimotor Stage14. Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages?A. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotorB. concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operationalC. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotorD. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operationalAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Early AdulthoodTopic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Formal Operational StageTopic: InfancyTopic: Late AdulthoodTopic: Middle AdulthoodTopic: Middle and Late ChildhoodTopic: Preoperational StageTopic: Sensorimotor Stage15. Rooting and sucking occur during the first sensorimotor substage calledA. first habits and primary circular reactions.B. simple reflexes.C. complex reflexes.D. primary circular reactions.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Sensorimotor Stage16. When the mother puts the nipple into the mouth of 3-week-old Kierra, she starts sucking. This is an example of which sensorimotor substage?A. secondary circular reactionsB. simple reflexesC. coordination of secondary circular reactionsD. first habits and primary circular reactionAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Sensorimotor Stage17. What is the main difference between a reflex and a habit?A. Habits are developed through the process of evolution. Reflexes are developed by repeated actions.B. A habit is a scheme based on a reflex, and it is still dependent on the original eliciting stimulus.C. A habit is a scheme based on a reflex, but it is completely separated from the original eliciting stimulus.D. There is no difference. The terms may be used interchangeably.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: AnalyzeDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Sensorimotor Stage18. A scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separate from its eliciting stimulus is called aA. primitive symbol.B. disequilibrium.C. habit.D. primary circular reaction.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Sensorimotor Stage19. Baby Dennis sees a ball on the floor. He picks it up, looks at it carefully, and then bangs it on the ground. He picks it up again, holds it over his head, and drops it. Then, he picks it up and throws it. Dennis continues playing for several minutes. Dennis is in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?A. primary circular reactionsB. secondary circular reactionsC. coordination of secondary circular reactionsD. tertiary circular reactionsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Sensorimotor Stage20. Gabbi holds a piece of plastic toy, starts to produce the chewing action repeatedly, and says “I’m eating fish.” Gabbi is in which sensorimotor substage?A. internalization of schemesB. secondary circular reactionsC. coordination of secondary circular reactionsD. tertiary circular reactionsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Sensorimotor Stage21. 3-month-old Ali is playing with a small stuffed animal. Ali’s mother takes the stuffed animal away and hides it. Piaget would argue that Ali would not notice the absence of the stuffed animal because he has not developedA. attachment.B. object permanence.C. disequilibrium.D. equilibrium.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Object Permanence22. Mimi crawls into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves the room. According to Piaget, this shows that MimiA. is confused by the concept of object permanence.B. is making an A-not-B error.C. has not yet developed object permanence.D. has developed object permanence.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Object Permanence23. Baby Alec continues to fuss for over 5 minutes when his brother takes away a toy that he enjoys playing with. This can be used as evidence that Alec has developedA. disequilibrium.B. equilibrium.C. adaptation.D. object permanence.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Object Permanence24. Which of the following would be impossible without the understanding of the concept of object permanence?A. rehabituation after being presented with a new and interesting toyB. starting a habitual action without the stimulus in the original reflexC. intentional action such as using a stick to bring a toy closeD. thinking of retrieving the glass of water you left in another roomAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Object Permanence25. Trent watches his mother hide a block under one of two cups and lifts the correct cup to retrieve the block. When his mother hides the block under the other cup, he still lifts the original cup to search for the block. Trent has demonstrated a(n)A. A-not-B error.B. a complete understanding of object permanence.C. habituation to the first cup.D. disequilibrium.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: A-not-B ErrorTopic: Infancy26. The research of Spelke and research of Baillargeon show that infants as young as 3 or 4 months old understand object permanence, because infants expect objects to exist when the objects are hidden. However, critics question whether an infant's _____ is a valid measure of object permanence, because it merely demonstrates ______.A. lack of interest in the objects; cognitive competenciesB. lack of interest in the objects; perceptual competenciesC. longer looking time; perceptual competenciesD. longer looking time; cognitive competenciesAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Object Permanence27. Why does the finding that 4-month-old infants have intermodal perception challenge Piaget's theory?A. Piaget argued that young infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources at a much later age.B. Piaget believed that infants have the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources right after birth.C. Piaget believed that information from one sensory source is not connected to information from another sensory Source.D. Piaget believed that infants only rely on information from actions, not on perception.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Perceptual Development28. If one adopts Spelke’s Core Knowledge Approach, one would believe thatA. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains during the first few months after birth.B. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains.C. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains during the first few months after birth.D. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Preoperational Stage29. The preoperational stage lasts from agesA. 3 to 5.B. 4 to 7.C. 2 to 4.D. 2 to 7.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Preoperational Stage30. Piaget labeled his second stage preoperational, because children at this stageA. cannot yet perform operations—reversible mental actions—that they are able to do physically.B. do not have symbolic thought, and can only deal with sensory information and physical action.C. cannot perform physical operations.D. do not have stable concepts and cannot reason.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Preoperational Stage31. While at home in her room, five-year-old Marta draws a picture of a boat on the ocean at sunset. Marta is showing evidence ofA. animism.B. egocentrism.C. operations.D. symbolic function.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Symbolic Function Substage32. Angie asks her grandmother over the phone, "Do you like the color of my new shirt that I'm wearing now?" This is an example ofA. egocentrism.B. animism.C. operations.D. symbolic function.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Egocentrism33. Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking, because they indicate an inability toA. think symbolically.B. center attention on one characteristic.C. distinguish among different or real perspectives.D. to be fanciful and inventive in their drawings.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Symbolic Function Substage34. Karl covers his stuffed toys before bedtime to make sure they are not cold. This is an example ofA. geocentricism.B. animism.C. conservation.D. operations.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Symbolic Function Substage35. Adam says that the tree root tripped him because it is mean. This is an example ofA. egocentric thought.B. conservation.C. animism.D. operations.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Symbolic Function Substage36. During Piaget's intuitive thought substage, a child's reasoningA. is primitive.B. is advanced.C. is complex.D. includes rationale about how they know what they know.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Intuitive Thought Substage37. Janie is exhausting her father with a barrage of "why" questions. She is trying to figure out why things are the way they are. Janie is in Piaget'sA. coordination of secondary circular reactions substage.B. symbolic function substage.C. intuitive thought substage.D. tertiary circular reactions substage.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Intuitive Thought Substage38. According to Piaget, which of the following is characteristic of a child in the preoperational stage?A. animism.B. egocentrism.C. centration.D. All of these answers are correct.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Preoperational Stage39. Awareness of the permanence of the basic properties of an object or substance even if its appearance is altered is calledA. animism.B. egocentrism.C. centration.D. conservation.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: ConservationTopic: Early Childhood40. Nathan and Sara are eating granola bars. Sara breaks her bar in half. Nathan gets upset because Sara has two granola bars. Nathan has not developed the concept ofA. centration.B. conservation.C. intuitive thought.D. symbolic function.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: ConservationTopic: Early Childhood41. Focusing attention on one characteristic of an object or concept to the exclusion of all others isA. centration.B. egocentrism.C. animism.D. conservation.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: CentrationTopic: Early Childhood42. A child who understands that the amount of clay does not differ when it is stretched into a long strip or rolled into a large ball has developed the concept ofA. seriation.B. animism.C. conservation.D. transitivity.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: ConservationTopic: Middle and Late Childhood43. A child’s lack of conservation is most clearly evidenced by the same child’s exhibition ofA. centration.B. animation.C. symbolic thought.D. imagination.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: CentrationTopic: Early Childhood44. What does Gelman (1969) indicate as an important factor in a child's performance on conservation tasks?A. improved attention to relevant aspectsB. improved intuitive thoughtC. mastery of animismD. creativity and imaginationAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: ConservationTopic: Early Childhood45. The concrete operational stage lasts approximately from agesA. 9 through 16.B. 5 through 11.C. 8 through 14.D. 7 through 11.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Middle and Late Childhood46. Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage?A. Logical thinking occurs in abstract terms.B. Reasoning is dominated by intuition.C. Reasoning is dominated by centration.D. Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Middle and Late Childhood47. A reversible mental action on a real object is aA. formal operation.B. concrete operation.C. preoperation.D. centration.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Middle and Late Childhood48. Julio is able to put 5 apples of varying sizes in order from smallest to largest. This shows that Julie understands the concept ofA. seriation.B. centration.C. conservation.D. transitivity.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Middle and Late Childhood49. Todd knows that he is taller than the person in front of him and shorter than the person behind him. Based on that knowledge, he concludes that the person behind him must be taller than the person in front of him. This is an example showing that Todd understandsA. transitivity.B. seriation.C. conservation.D. centration.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Middle and Late Childhood50. The formal operational stage appears between agesA. 5 and 8.B. 7 and 11.C. 11 and 15.D. 13 and 17.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Formal Operational Stage51. Marni thinks about how the world could be if everyone took more personal responsibility for the environment. Marni is in which of Piaget's stages?A. sensorimotorB. preoperationalC. concrete operationalD. formal operationalAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Formal Operational Stage52. According to Piaget, adolescents capable of formal operational thinking differ from younger children in concrete operational thinking in that younger children cannotA. solve problems.B. understand the concept of conservation.C. deal with operations in concrete situations.D. systematically and mentally test hypotheses.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Formal Operational Stage53. Alene says, “If apple A is bigger than apple B, and apple B is bigger than apple C, then apple A must be bigger than apple C.” Janis cannot understand this. Alene shows her the physical apples and explains it again. Janis watches and then says “I got it.” In this example, Alene shows ______ thought, while Janis shows ______ thought.A. abstract; hypotheticalB. concrete; abstractC. deductive; inductiveD. abstract; concreteAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Middle and Late Childhood54. Which of the following is true of the formal operational stage?A. Many children reach this stage before the age of 11.B. Many adults are not formal operational thinkers.C. Adolescent egocentrism is limited to a small proportion of adolescents.D. The concept of a personal fable occurs in a very small percentage of adolescents.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Formal Operational Stage55. Piaget argues that the initial development of formal operations is largely dominated byA. assimilation.B. accommodation.C. perceptual coupling.D. centration.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Formal Operational Stage56. While preparing his science project, Carlos systematically tests his best guess on his subject and draws conclusions from the results. In what thinking process is he engaged?A. hypothetical-deductive reasoningB. adolescent egocentrismC. abstract, idealistic thinkingD. imaginary audienceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Formal Operational Stage57. Adolescent egocentrism is characterized byA. the inability to take different perspectives.B. a heightened self-consciousness.C. the assimilation of others' perspectives into a new self-concept.D. the ability to speculate about ideal circumstances.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Egocentrism58. Jillian feels like she is the center of attention and acts as though she were "on stage." This way of thinking is known asA. psychological invulnerability.B. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.C. the imaginary audience.D. the personal fable.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Egocentrism59. Halene is sure that all her classmates are staring at her new haircut. This is an example ofA. a personal fable.B. intuitive thought.C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.D. an imaginary audience.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Egocentrism60. Some adolescents engage in risky behaviors, because they believe they are invulnerable to the negative consequences of these actions. This is an example ofA. intuitive thought.B. imaginary audience.C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.D. personal fable.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Egocentrism61. Sophie feels that her parents can never understand the psychological sufferings she is experiencing. This could be an example ofA. a personal fable.B. imagined invincibility.C. an imaginary audience.D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Egocentrism62. Following the homecoming game, a group of senior high school students drank a lot of alcohol. After that, they still insisted that they could drive home themselves without any problem. This behavior is an example ofA. psychological invulnerability.B. danger invulnerability.C. an imaginary audience.D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Egocentrism63. Jamal is a 17-year-old high school student. Which of the following is a correct statement about his cognitive development?A. Jamal must be in the concrete operational stage.B. Jamal must be in the formal operational stage.C. Jamal will never reach the formal operational stage.D. Jamal may still think in concrete operational ways and may never become a formal operational thinker.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: AnalyzeDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Piaget and Education64. Which of the following BEST characterizes cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?A. Genetics plays an important role in cognitive development.B. Children learn best when they are active and seek solutions by themselves.C. Children primarily learn about the world from watching others’ actions and consequences.D. Children can store an infinite amount of information in their long-term memories.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Piaget and Education65. Which of the following teaching methods would a science teacher following Piaget’s conceptual framework for education employ?A. Students would watch a video explaining a scientific concept.B. The teacher would demonstrate an experiment and explain the conclusions and scientific concepts.C. With general instructions, students design and complete their own science projects and report on findings.D. Students will be pushed hard to double their efforts so they can accomplish the target task in half of the expected time.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: AnalyzeDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Piaget and Education66. A kindergarten teacher instructs parent volunteers to take a Piagetian approach when interacting with his students during learning center time. He recommends the volunteersA. ask children to imitate what they do until perfection.B. provide a setting where children can explore and learn by doing things themselves.C. always reward the correct answers from children and ignore children’s mistakes.D. use flash cards repeatedly until children learn the target concepts.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Piaget and Education67. Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory?A. Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier and some later than Piaget thought.B. Adult cognition is far more advanced than Piaget theorized.C. An enriched environment and training have less developmental impact than Piaget thought.D. Social interaction is less vital to learning than Piaget believed.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.Topic: Criticisms of Piaget68. In assessing the ability to conserve, research findings indicate that this abilityA. is dependent solely on biological maturation.B. appears at approximately the same age and in the same sequence across cultures.C. can improve with training and practice.D. is dependent primarily on quality of environment.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.Topic: Criticisms of PiagetTopic: Early Childhood69. Which of the following do Neo-Piagetians argue should have more emphasis in cognitive developmental theory?A. how children acquire social learningB. how children use attention, memory, and strategy to process informationC. evolutionary adaptationsD. critical periods during the transition between stagesAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.Topic: Criticisms of PiagetTopic: Early Childhood70. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that childrenA. progress through strict age-related stages of cognitive development.B. learn from watching older, more experienced individuals.C. actively construct their knowledge and understanding.D. are biologically predisposed to achieve a certain level of cognitive development.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory71. Piaget's theory of development centered on children’s actions and interaction with the physical world, while Vygotsky's focused more onA. conservation.B. memory and attention.C. social interaction.D. trial and error.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory72. Vygotsky differs from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of _____ for cognitive development.A. children’s own maturationB. children’s own explorationC. children’s interactions with other peopleD. children’s interactions with the physical environmentAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory73. According to Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children isA. scaffolding.B. the zone of proximal development.C. a cultural tool provided by society.D. inner speech.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Zone of Proximal Development74. Breanne’s parents present her with a simple puzzle toy. At first, her parents completely finish the puzzle in front of her so she can learn the concept. As she begins to move the pieces on her own, though, they simply help by sometimes pointing at the right slot for a puzzle piece. The parent’s evolving level of help is an example ofA. a zone of proximal development.B. dialogue.C. scaffolding.D. inner speech.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Zone of Proximal Development75. Ms. Whitaker incorporates peer tutoring in her classroom. With whose theory of cognitive development does this method best fit?A. FreudB. PiagetC. The Neo-PiagetiansD. VygotskyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory76. Mr. Kaird incorporates peer tutoring in his classroom. Over the course of several classes, the peers reduce the level of direct support they give each student. This is an example ofA. scaffolding.B. zone of proximal development.C. dialogue.D. inner speech.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Scaffolding77. Changing the level of support in the zone of proximal development is labeledA. constructing.B. training.C. scaffolding.D. dialogue.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Scaffolding78. When working with young children, adults often provide assistance, instruction, and other support. As children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, Vygotsky recommends that adults begin to withdraw these supports. This demonstrates the concept ofA. the zone of proximal development.B. scaffolding.C. dialogue.D. inner speech.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Scaffolding79. Vygotsky believed that private speech isA. an important tool of thought in early childhood years.B. a sign of delayed language development.C. socially paralyzing in adolescence.D. a hindrance to problem solving.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Language and Thought80. Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework, particularly when he does hard questions. This can be an example ofA. private speech.B. egocentrism.C. scaffolding.D. the zone of proximal development.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Language and Thought81. What did Vygotsky believe about the development of thought and language?A. Thought and language emerge simultaneously and later separate.B. Thought depends on language, so they are tied throughout development.C. Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.D. Thought and language remain independent throughout development.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Language and Thought82. Vygotsky's theory states that children use private speech not only for social communication but also forA. problem solving.B. self-regulation.C. planning and guiding one’s own actions.D. All of these answers are correct.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Language and Thought83. When self-talk becomes second nature to children and they can act without verbalizing, they have begun to useA. private speech.B. inner speech.C. dialogue.D. scaffolding.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Language and Thought84. Mrs. Marsden hears a student arranging story cards. "Hmm, I think this one goes first and next is that one. No, maybe that one." She is witnessing the student'sA. scaffolding.B. speech for communication.C. private speech for problem solving.D. inner speech for problem solving.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Language and Thought85. According to Vygotsky, what should a teacher NOT do in the classroom in helping a student learn new things?A. Ask the student how the teacher can help.B. Watch carefully and intervene when the student appears to struggle.C. Offer encouragement when the student hesitates in problem solving.D. Leave the student alone to figure things out by himself.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Teaching Strategies86. Tools of the Mind is an early childhood education curriculum that emphasizes all of the following EXCEPTA. life skills, such as cooking and sewing.B. dramatic play.C. scaffolding writing.D. developing self-regulation.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Teaching Strategies87. Children in Tools of the Mind classrooms exhibit more advanced skills in __________ than their peers in other early childhood programs.A. writing complex sentencesB. spelling accuratelyC. understanding the concept of a sentenceD. All of these answers are correct.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Teaching Strategies88. Neither Vygotsky's nor Piaget's theory had much to say aboutA. the role of nurture in development.B. the role of more mature mentors in development.C. language and thought in development.D. adult cognitive development.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.Topic: Cognitive StagesTopic: Middle and Late Adulthood89. Labouvie-Vief (1986) argued that as young adults face the constraints of reality,A. egocentrism increases.B. wishful thought increases.C. idealistic thought decreases.D. the imaginary audience disappears.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.Topic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking90. According to Schaie (1977, 2016), as young adults begin working, cognitive development switches fromA. applying to acquiring knowledge.B. acquiring to applying knowledge.C. realistic to idealistic thinking.D. intuitive to logical thought.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.Topic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking91. Which statement summarizes what Perry (1970) believes about the cognitive level of a typical adolescent?A. "Right is right, and wrong is wrong."B. "There are three sides to every issue: black, white, and gray."C. "We have to look for the underlying principle of truth in every situation."D. "We need to understand and operate from others' perspectives."Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.Topic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Reflective and Relativistic Thinking92. According to William Perry, compared to adolescent thinking, adult thinking isA. absolutist and dualistic.B. idealistic and altruistic.C. reflective and relativistic.D. intuitive and concrete.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.Topic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Reflective and Relativistic Thinking93. Some theorists have pieced together descriptions of a fifth stage of cognitive development, labeledA. reflective thought.B. superformal thought.C. postformal thought.D. provisional thought.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.Topic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Postformal Thought94. Which of the following is NOT an element of postformal thought?A. Solving a problem requires considering many different aspects.B. Correct answers to a problem require reflective thinking that may vary from one situation to another.C. Problem-solving requires firm commitment to an absolute truth.D. The search for truth is a never-ending process.Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood.Topic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Postformal Thought95. Briefly define the concepts of schemes, assimilation, and accommodation.

Schemes: actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.Assimilation: occurs when children process new information or experiences with their existing schemes.Accommodation: occurs when children adjust their schemes to fit new information and experiences.

Disequilibrium: occurs when a child experiences inconsistencies or counterexamples that contradict their existing schemes when trying to understand the world.Equilibration: the mechanism by which a child moves from one stage of cognitive development to the next.Equilibrium: a state in which a child’s schemes match the scenarios, inputs, or environment they encounter; a child is always in search of a state of equilibrium, which creates a motivation for mental change.

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Early AdulthoodTopic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Formal Operational StageTopic: InfancyTopic: Late AdulthoodTopic: Middle AdulthoodTopic: Middle and Late ChildhoodTopic: Preoperational StageTopic: Sensorimotor Stage98. Identify and briefly describe the thinking processes associated with Piaget's four stages of cognitive development.

1. Sensorimotor: coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.2. Preoperational: representing the world with words and images.3. Concrete operational: concrete operations are performed; logical reasoning also occurs but only when applied to concrete or specific examples.4. Formal operations: reasoning in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposesBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Early AdulthoodTopic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Formal Operational StageTopic: InfancyTopic: Late AdulthoodTopic: Middle AdulthoodTopic: Middle and Late ChildhoodTopic: Preoperational StageTopic: Sensorimotor Stage99. What is the main difference between a habit and a reflex?

A reflex occurs automatically in response to an eliciting stimulus. A habit is a scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separate from its eliciting stimulus.

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyBloom's Taxonomy: AnalyzeDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: InfancyTopic: Sensorimotor Stage100. Describe object permanence.

Object permanence is the idea that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

Animism is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.

Childhood egocentrism is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.

1. Symbolic function, roughly 2 to 4 years of age: child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.2. Intuitive thought, roughly 4 to 7 years of age: children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know answers to questions. Children still have difficulty thinking things out and understanding the events that they know are taking place.

Centration is focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

Any answer that gives an example of a child being presented with an amount or volume of a substance. The shape of the substance is somehow changed and the child is asked which amount or volume is greater.

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAPA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposesBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: CentrationTopic: Early Childhood106. Define mental operations.

Operations: reversible mental actions that allow the child to do mentally what they could only previously do physically.

1. seriation2. conservation3. transitivity

1. abstract—not limited to actual concrete experience.2. idealistic—focusing on ideal characteristics and standards for comparison with others.3. logical—systematic thinking in problem solving, including trial-and-error methods. Plans to solve problems are formed and then tested.

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposesBloom's Taxonomy: AnalyzeDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory.Topic: AdolescenceTopic: Concrete Operational StageTopic: Early AdulthoodTopic: Emerging AdulthoodTopic: Formal Operational StageTopic: Late AdulthoodTopic: Middle AdulthoodTopic: Middle and Late Childhood109. Define two types of adolescent egocentrism.

Imaginary audience: involves the belief that one is the center of everyone’s attention; adolescents feel they are "on stage."Personal fable: involves a sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility.

1. Take a constructivist approach. Children learn best when they are active and find solutions for themselves. Students learn best by making discoveries, reflecting on them, and discussing them, rather than blindly imitating the teacher or doing things by rote.2. Facilitate rather than direct learning. Children learn best by doing. Teachers should listen, watch, and question students.3. Consider the child's knowledge and level of thinking. Children have concepts of space, time, quantity, and causality. Teachers should interpret what a student is saying and respond in ways not too far from the student's level. Examine children's mistakes in thinking, not just what they get right.4. Promote the student's intellectual health. Children should not be pushed and pressured into achieving too much too early in their development.5. Turn the classroom into a setting of exploration and discovery. Classrooms should be less structured. Workbooks and predetermined assignments are not used. Students' interests and natural participation in activities determine what the course of learning will be.

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAPA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposesBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory.Topic: Piaget and Education111. List three criticisms of Piaget's theory.

1. The theory underestimates the onset of children's competence at different developmental levels.2. Some cognitive abilities can emerge later than Piaget indicated.3. The theory overestimates the stage-like nature in children's cognitive development, and underestimates the task-specific nature of development.4. The theory underestimates the effects of training on cognitive development.

The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled children. Scaffolding, which can be used to facilitate learning in this zone, means changing the limits of support that are provided by a more skilled person when the student is learning a new task.

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposesBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Zone of Proximal Development113. How did Vygotsky and Piaget differ on the concept of private speech?

Piaget believed that private speech showed egocentrism and immaturity. Vygotsky believed private speech is valuable for self-regulation, planning, and task solving.

1. Use the child's zone of proximal development. Teach toward the upper limit of the zone of proximal development. Offer just enough assistance. Offer encouragement when a child hesitates.2. Use more-skilled peers as teachers. Adults are not the only ones who can aide a child's learning.3. Monitor and encourage a child's use of private speech. Listen to student-initiated self-talk and correct strategies if necessary. Teach students how to talk through tasks requiring systematic solutions. Encourage older children to develop inner speech.4. Place instruction in a meaningful context. Apply lessons to real-world situations and conditions when possible.

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAPA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposesBloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory115. Describe two ways that the Tools of the Mind early childhood curriculum is grounded in Vygotsky's theory (1962).

1. Teachers scaffold children in creating dramatic play scenarios that increase children's self-regulation and quality of play.2. Attention is given to social interactions and developing self-regulation skills.3. Teachers scaffold children's writing.

Accessibility: Keyboard NavigationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAPA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposesBloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory.Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Teaching Strategies116. List three criticisms of Vygotsky's theory of development. Evaluate Vygotsky's theory in your own words.

1. Vygotsky was not specific enough about age-related changes.2. Vygotsky did not adequately describe how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development.3. Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.4. Vygotsky placed too much emphasis on collaboration and guidance. For example, some facilitators may be too helpful in some cases. In other cases, children might become lazy and expect help when they might have completed a task on their own.

1. As young adults face the constraints of reality, the idealism of adolescence decreases.2. Young adults switch from acquiring knowledge to applying knowledge.3. Polar, absolutist thinking in adolescence gives way to relativistic thinking in adulthood.4. Reflective thinking increases and deepens in young adulthood.

Category # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 117

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 117

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 16

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 39

APA Outcome: 4.1: Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes 15

Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze 7

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply 36

Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation 2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember 36

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand 36

Difficulty Level: Basic 51

Difficulty Level: Difficult 13

Difficulty Level: Moderate 53

Learning Objective: Apply Piaget's theory to education; and evaluate Piaget's theory. 9

Learning Objective: Describe cognitive changes in adulthood. 8

Learning Objective: Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget's theory. 77

Learning Objective: Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky's theory; and compare it with Piaget's theory. 23

Topic: A-not-B Error 1

Topic: Adolescence 20

Topic: Assimilation and Accommodation 7

Topic: Centration 4

Topic: Cognitive Stages 2

Topic: Concrete Operational Stage 11

Topic: Conservation 4

Topic: Criticisms of Piaget 4

Topic: Early Adulthood 4

Topic: Early Childhood 52

Topic: Egocentrism 9

Topic: Emerging Adulthood 10

Topic: Equilibration 5

Topic: Evaluating Vygotsky's Theory 6

Topic: Formal Operational Stage 10

Topic: Infancy 28

Topic: Intuitive Thought Substage 2

Topic: Language and Thought 7

Topic: Late Adulthood 4

Topic: Middle Adulthood 5

Topic: Middle and Late Adulthood 1

Topic: Middle and Late Childhood 12

Topic: Object Permanence 6

Topic: Organization 1

Topic: Perceptual Development 1

Topic: Piaget and Education 5

Topic: Postformal Thought 2

Topic: Preoperational Stage 10

Topic: Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking 2

Topic: Reflective and Relativistic Thinking 2

Topic: Scaffolding 3

Topic: Schemes 3

Topic: Sensorimotor Stage 11

Topic: Symbolic Function Substage 4

Topic: Teaching Strategies 4

Topic: Zone of Proximal Development 3

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Aug 21, 2025

Chapter Name:

Chapter 6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches

Author:

John Santrock

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