Chapter.7 Test Bank Volcano Case Histories Killer Events

Natural Disasters, 11e (Abbott)

Chapter 7 Volcano Case Histories: Killer Events

1) Seafloor spreading generates ________ magma.

A) basaltic

B) granitic

C) andesitic

D) rhyolitic

E) felsic

2) Most Icelandic eruptions are ________.

A) peaceful fissure eruptions

B) super-eruptions

C) explosive rhyolitic eruptions

D) plinian eruptions

3) Active volcanoes today in Oregon and Washington, including Mt. St. Helens, result from ________.

A) heat generated by friction on the San Andreas Fault

B) the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath North America

C) the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath North America

D) spreading of the Juan de Fuca Ridge

E) continent-continent collision

4) The two most active Cascade Range volcanoes over the past 4,000 years are ________.

A) Mt. Rainier and Mt. Adams

B) Mt. Shasta and Mt. Jefferson

C) Mt. Baker and Mt. Hood

D) Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Shasta

E) Lassen Peak and Newberry Volcano

5) Most of the people killed by the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 ________.

A) were burned by lava flows

B) had gone around barriers meant to keep people out of 'harms' way

C) were scientists on top of the mountain

D) were in a town thought to be within a safe-zone

E) drowned when a large dam failed

6) Violent causes of death from volcanic eruptions include ________.

A) pyroclastic flows

B) tsunami

C) lahars

D) poison gases

E) All of these choices are correct.

7) On 8 May 1902, a massive eruption of ________ killed 30,000 people in the town of St. Pierre.

A) Mont Pelée, Martinique,

B) Vesuvius, Italy,

C) Krakatau, Indonesia,

D) Mt. St. Helens, Washington,

E) Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia,

8) The energy behind the 1902 pyroclastic flow that destroyed St. Pierre came from ________.

A) the blast of the volcano

B) gravity

C) gas escaping from pieces of airborne pyroclastic material, creating a "popcorn" effect

D) All of these choices are correct.

9) In 1883, ________ exploded and the resulting tsunami killed 36,000 people on Java and Sumatra. 

A) Tambora

B) Pelée

C) Santorini

D) Toba

E) Krakatau

10) Dome collapse, overspilling crater rim, direct blast, and eruption column collapse are all ways to generate ________.

A) pyroclastic flows

B) lava flows

C) fissure eruptions

D) felsic magma

E) mafic magma

11) In 1985, ________ produced a minor eruption that melted part of a glacier near its summit, sending a lahar down its slopes and killing at least 22,000 people.

A) Vesuvius, Italy,

B) Mont Pelée, Martinique,

C) Mt. Mayon, Philippines,

D) Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia,

E) Popocatepetyl, Mexico,

12) Mt. Rainier, Washington, is number one on the danger list of many U.S. volcanologists because of its ________.

A) great height

B) extensive glacial cap

C) frequent earthquakes

D) active hot-water spring systems, which have weakened the mountain internally

E) All of these choices are correct.

13) During the summer of 1783, the greatest lava eruption of historic times poured forth at ________, accompanied by the release of an enormous volume of gases that enshrouded much of northern Europe in a "dry fog" or blue haze rich in SO2 (one of the visible components of today's urban smog).

A) Mont Blanc, France

B) Vesuvius, Italy

C) Stromboli, Italy

D) Ararat, Turkey

E) Laki, Iceland

14) In August 1986, a gigantic volume of ________ belched forth from Lake Nyos in Cameroon and swept down the adjacent valleys asphyxiating 1,700 people.

A) sulfur dioxide

B) carbon dioxide

C) hydrogen sulfide

D) carbon monoxide

E) super-heated H2O

15) What was the origin of the gas that killed 1,700 people in Cameroon in 1996? 

A) It leaked upward from basaltic magma underlying a lake.

B) It flowed down the side of an erupting volcano.

C) It was released from a geyser in a nearby national park.

D) It was released in a lateral blast of a cinder cone.

E) It was formed when acid rain fell on volcanic soils.

16) In the United States, there was great concern in the early 1980s when earthquakes were frequent, including harmonic tremor, and four magnitude 6 earthquakes caused damage near ________.  

A) Long Valley Caldera in California

B) Valles Caldera in New Mexico

C) Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

D) Mt. St. Helens, Washington

E) Crater Lake, Oregon

17) During the 1990s, hundreds of trees were killed at Mammoth Mountain, California, by the diffuse emission of ________ gas.

A) O2

B) SiO2

C) CO

D) CO2

E) H2S

18) A genuine success story of advance warning before a large eruption occurred in the Philippines in 1991 before the climactic eruption of ________.

A) Mt. Pinatubo

B) Nevado Del Ruiz

C) Mont Pelée

D) Mt. Mayon

E) Popocatepetyl

19) The Mt. Pinatubo endangered people, animals, and property when its 1991 eruption resulted in ________.

A) massive lava flows

B) lahars and pyroclastic flows

C) acid rain

D) pelting lapili

E) the release of poisonous gases

20) Several geologic phenomena are being studied as signs of an impending volcanic eruption. These include seismic waves, ________, and the release of gases.

A) ground deformation

B) flash floods

C) landslides

D) crystallization rates

E) unusual animal behavior

21) Volcanic eruptions with which of the following VEIs happen the most often?

A) VEI of 4

B) VEI of 5

C) VEI of 6

D) VEI of 3

22) What is the volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of a Yellowstone super-eruption?

A) VEI of 2

B) VEI of 4

C) VEI of 6

D) VEI of 8

23) Why are low latitudes the most dangerous latitudes to have a large volcanic eruption occur?

A) Ash and gases from low-latitude eruptions are spread around Earth to the greatest degree.

B) Explosions there are able to change Earth's tilt by a few degrees.

C) Seismic waves generated by explosions there are able to travel to both hemispheres.

D) The warmer temperatures there make the released gases more dangerous.

E) The lack of snow and ice allows lava to do more damage before it cools.

24) The Toba eruption 74,000 years ago may have ________.

A) reversed the flow of the Gulf Stream

B) caused a reversal of Earth's magnetic field

C) caused a great reduction in the worldwide human population

D) been Earth's first super-eruption

E) started the Ice Age

25) Magma at spreading centers is low-temperature, high-viscosity, and granitic, with easy escape of gases, providing all the factors that promote the peaceful eruption of magma. 

26) In Icelandic-type eruptions, low-viscosity, low-volatile content lava erupts peacefully.

27) All volcanic activity in a failed rift ceases once the rifting fails.

28) The most dangerous volcanoes tend to be in the same general plate-tectonic settings as the largest earthquakes in the world.

29) Volcanic eruptions can result in the formation of tsunamis.

30) The plate-tectonic process responsible for volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest region of North America is identical to the cause of the region's great earthquakes—subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate.

31) At Mt. St. Helens, about 60 people were killed in 1980, primarily by pyroclastic flows and effects related to lateral blast.

32) Lassen Peak is an unusually large, SiO2-rich, lava dome.

33) The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Columbia in 1985 dropped hot pyroclastic debris onto glaciers, resulting in lahars.

34) Pyroclastic flows cannot travel down all sides of a volcano simultaneously.

35) Nuee ardente (French for glowing cloud) is another term used to describe a lava flow.

36) Pyroclastic flows can travel across bodies of water.

37) At Lake Nyos in 1986, a gas cloud wiped out all nearby plant and animal life. 

38) The radiocarbon process of documenting major eruption dates for volcanoes in the past 50,000 years or so is the same as that used to work out dates of major prehistoric earthquakes.

39) The vulcanian eruption of Eyajafjallajokull in southern Iceland in 2010 resulted from ________.

A) an increase in subduction

B) glacial meltwater pouring into the magma chamber

C) temperature of the magma increasing

D) an earthquake

40) Airline traffic was disrupted for 6 months during the 2010 eruption of Eyajafajallajokull in southern Iceland.

41) People living below Mt. Shasta should be concerned because of lahars and the tendency they have to flow down valleys.

42) Viscous magmas are stored as a mostly solid, crystalline mush.  It can be activated by which of the following?

A) an injection of new, hot magma

B) an injection of seawater

C) fracturing by fault movements that connect to isolated magma bodies and reduce the pressure

D) a massive increase in spreading center rates

E) an injection of new, hot magma and fracturing by fault movements that connect to isolated magma bodies and reduce the pressure

43) The fossils seen at Ashfall, Nebraska, perished as result of an eruption of Yellowstone some 1500km (931mi) away.