Chapter.15 Building Persuasive Arguments Test Bank Docx 11e

CHAPTER 15 Test Bank

Multiple-Choice Questions

15.1. Supporting materials used in informative speeches become _____ when used in persuasive speeches.

a. evidence

b. proofs

c. positions

d. philosophy

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.1

Learning Objective: LO 15.1 Focus persuasive issues and gather evidence.

Topic: Focusing Issues and Gathering Evidence

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.2. What form of persuasive evidence is used when opponents of the Affordable Care Act (a.k.a. “Obamacare”) cite prominent supporters of the act who acknowledge its shortcomings?

a. reasoning from principle

b. begging the question

c. prestige testimony

d. reluctant witness

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.1

Learning Objective: LO 15.1 Focus persuasive issues and gather evidence.

Topic: Focusing Issues and Gathering Evidence

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.3. What form of evidence discussed in the text is particularly useful for involving listeners with your message at an emotional level?

a. statistical averages

b. expert opinions

c. examples and narratives

d. government documents

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.1

Learning Objective: LO 15.1 Focus persuasive issues and gather evidence.

Topic: Focusing Issues and Gathering Evidence

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.4. For her persuasive speech, Kelly wants to argue that increased funding would improve the quality of secondary education. This statement is an example of _____.

a. a warrant

b. a claim

c. evidence

d. refutation

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.5. The statement “We should increase funding to improve the quality of secondary education” implies all of the following warrants EXCEPT _____.

a. the quality of secondary education needs to be improved

b. we have a responsibility for the quality of secondary education

c. more funding would improve the quality of secondary education

d. the audience does not care about secondary education

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.6. Qualifiers that point out situations in which claims would not apply are called _____.

a. reservations

b. positions

c. warrants

d. proofs

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.7. Toulmin’s model is comparable to a(n) _____ because it allows you to visualize the structure of your argument as you construct it.

a. manuscript

b. presentation aid

c. outline

d. thesis

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.8. What pattern of reasoning was best exemplified when civil rights protestors carried signs declaring “I Am a Man”?

a. causal reasoning

b. framing your issue

c. analogical reasoning

d. inductive reasoning

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.9. What kind of reasoning is best reflected by the statement, “War is always wrong. Therefore, I opposed the war in Iraq.”

a. analogical

b. inductive

c. ad hominem

d. deductive

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.10. What kind of reasoning works from a close examination of the facts and circumstances of a specific case to reach a general conclusion?

a. syllogistic

b. deductive

c. inductive

d. analogical

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.11. When developing deductive arguments, you should ask yourself _____

a. am I presenting a reasonable number of observations?

b. are the observations I use current?

c. can I demonstrate the connection between my principle and my claim?

d. do the cases I cite justify my conclusion?

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.12. What form of reasoning is often used to strengthen causal arguments on such issues as climate change?

a. deductive

b. analogical

c. inductive

d. double speak

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.13. What kind of reasoning is best reflected by comparing the current “war on drugs” to the prohibition of alcohol during the early twentieth century?

a. analogical

b. inductive

c. deductive

d. ad hominem

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.14. While both analogical and inductive reasoning gain insights in the same way, the main difference is that analogical reasoning concentrates on _____.

a. finding general patterns

b. identifying one similar situation

c. pointing to many similar situations

d. finding varied patterns

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.15. Jacklyn opposes a proposal to raise property taxes in her town, so she provides reasoning and evidence to argue that the proposed reasons for the tax hike are simply wrong. What approach to engaging opposing views does this best represent?

a. refutation

b. ethos

c. the boomerang effect

d. co-active

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.4

Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Address the challenges of persuading reluctant listeners.

Topic: Persuading Reluctant Listeners

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.16. Your text provides all of the following advice for enhancing identification and good will with skeptical listeners EXCEPT _____.

a. the effective use of humor

b. questioning the sincerity of opposing views

c. citing shared experiences and commitments

d. being frank and honest about your differences

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.4

Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Address the challenges of persuading reluctant listeners.

Topic: Persuading Reluctant Listeners

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.17. Jerome realizes that most of his listeners will disagree with his position on the death penalty, so he is careful to emphasize shared beliefs and values before addressing areas of disagreement. What approach to engaging opposing views does this best reflect?

a. analogical reasoning

b. moving audiences from attitude to action

c. cultivating a boomerang effect

d. a co-active approach

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.4

Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Address the challenges of persuading reluctant listeners.

Topic: Persuading Reluctant Listeners

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.18. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for moving reluctant listeners from agreement to action?

a. attack opposing advocates

b. use causal reasoning

c. present a clear plan of action

d. incorporate lots of presentation aids

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.4

Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Address the challenges of persuading reluctant listeners.

Topic: Persuading Reluctant Listeners

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.19. When Julie argues that we should not listen to Bill’s ideas for immigration reform because “He’s just a heartless jerk!” she is probably guilty of what persuasive fallacy?

a. begging the question

b. straw figure

c. ad hominem

d. confusing fact with opinion

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.20. What type of fallacy occurs when politicians respond to difficult questions by changing the subject?

a. red herring

b. non sequitur

c. slippery slope

d. ad hominem

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.21. What fallacy has been employed when speakers make persuasive claims that simply do not follow their reasoning and evidence?

a. post hoc

b. non sequitur

c. red herring

d. straw figure

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.22. Andrea misstated her opponents’ views in a manner that made them seem trivial or easier to refute. Andrea engaged in the _____ fallacy.

a. post hoc

b. slippery slope

c. ad hominem

d. straw figure

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.23. What kind of fallacy is best reflected by the statement, “We can have economic growth or environmental protection, but we cannot have both”?

a. ad hominem

b. bandwagon

c. either-or

d. non sequitur

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.24. The company owner proclaimed the average salary of her employees was higher than any other company in town, which was misleading because a few of the top employees make really high salaries while everyone else works for minimum wage. What kind of fallacy does this best represent?

a. straw figure

b. myth of the mean

c. bandwagon

d. post hoc

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.25. Equivocation occurs when speakers exploit _____ to mislead listeners.

a. facts

b. startling statistics

c. common generalities

d. ambiguous words

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

True-False Questions

15.26. The first step to preparing an effective persuasive argument is to do some preliminary reading and focus your issue.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.1

Learning Objective: LO 15.1 Focus persuasive issues and gather evidence.

Topic: Focusing Issues and Gathering Evidence

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.27. Speakers can best enhance their ethos by citing lay testimony.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.1

Learning Objective: LO 15.1 Focus persuasive issues and gather evidence.

Topic: Focusing Issues and Gathering Evidence

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.28. The central point or proposition of an argument is called the warrant.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

15.29. Michael made sure to provide additional evidence to support his warrant that gun control measures can help to reduce gun violence. This additional evidence is called backing.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.30. Inductive reasoning centers upon invoking common-sense truths that everyone knows.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.31. Analogical reasoning is particularly effective when defending new or unfamiliar proposals.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.32. The co-active approach to persuasion works by directly explaining how opposing views are wrong.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.4

Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Address the challenges of persuading reluctant listeners.

Topic: Persuading Reluctant Listeners

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.33. When engaging opposing views by direct refutation, it is important to emphasize a tone of explanation over argument.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.4

Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Address the challenges of persuading reluctant listeners.

Topic: Persuading Reluctant Listeners

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.34. The red herring fallacy occurs when speakers draw attention away from the real issues of debate.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

15.35. A post hoc fallacy occurs when speakers base their claims on insufficient or nonrepresentative observations.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

FILL-IN-THE BLANK Questions

15.36. _____ witnesses testify against their apparent self-interest.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.1

Learning Objective: LO 15.1 Focus persuasive issues and gather evidence.

Topic: Focusing Issues and Gathering Evidence

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

15.37. A(n) _____ provides the reasoning that explains how your evidence supports your claim.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.38. Terms such as “probably” and “in all likelihood” are examples of _____ that limit the certainty of a claim.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.39. _____ reasoning begins with a general principle and leads to a specific conclusion.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

15.40. Speakers who invoke the Iraq War to argue for or against the use of military force in other parts of the world are using _____ reasoning.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.41. One of the biggest challenges of speaking to a reluctant audience is getting them to move from agreement to _____.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.4

Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Address the challenges of persuading reluctant listeners.

Topic: Persuading Reluctant Listeners

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.42. Errors in using reasoning and evidence that make persuasive messages less reliable are called _____.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

15.43. When asked if he had ever smoked marijuana, the politician responded that he had never broken any US laws. Given that he had smoked marijuana in a foreign country—which is not a violation of US laws—his response was accurate but still misleading. The politician was guilty of _____.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.44. Carla argues that stronger voter-identification laws are necessary to stop rampant voting fraud, but doesn’t bother to provide evidence that voting fraud is a problem. Because her listeners do not believe that rampant voting fraud is even occurring, they are not persuaded. Carla is guilty of _____.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.45. The _____ fallacy assumes that once something bad happens, it will start a trend that inevitably leads to disaster.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember the Facts

Short-Answer/Essay Questions

15.46. Discuss four components of Toulmin’s model for structuring a persuasive argument. Provide examples.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.2

Learning Objective: LO 15.2 Understand the process of constructing persuasive arguments.

Topic: Structuring Persuasive Arguments

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.47. Discuss the differences between inductive and deductive reasoning. Provide examples.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.3

Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Use various patterns of persuasive reasoning to support persuasive speeches.

Topic: Patterns of Reasoning

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.48. Discuss three strategies associated with a co-active approach to engaging opposing views. Provide examples.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.4

Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Address the challenges of persuading reluctant listeners.

Topic: Persuading Reluctant Listeners

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand the Concepts

15.49. In addition to avoiding fallacies, list five important considerations for constructing truthful and reasonable persuasive messages.

Chapter: 15

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know

15.50. List and define three persuasive fallacies. Provide examples.

Module: 15.5

Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Avoid common fallacies that undermine persuasive arguments.

Topic: Avoiding Defective Persuasion

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply What You Know