Chapter 11: General Issues in Psychotherapy

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists is ______.

A. personality assessment

B. intelligence testing

C. psychotherapy

D. teaching

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: General Issues in Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The primary finding of Hans Eysenck’s 1952 review of psychotherapy outcome studies was that ______.

A. psychotherapy was of little benefit, since most clients got better without it

B. psychotherapy was beneficial when practiced by therapists with doctoral degrees, but not beneficial when practiced by therapists with master’s or bachelor’s degrees

C. humanistic psychotherapy was significantly more effective than psychodynamic psychotherapy

D. cognitive psychotherapy was significantly more effective than behavioral psychotherapy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Does Psychotherapy Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. A(n) ______ statistically combines the results of many separate studies to create numerical representations of the effects of psychotherapy as tested across massive numbers of settings, therapists, and patients.

A. tripartite model

B. meta-analysis

C. effectiveness study

D. outcome measure

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Does Psychotherapy Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The tripartite model, a theory related to the measurement of psychotherapy outcome, was created by ______.

A. Hans Eysenck

B. Hans Strupp

C. Dianne Chambless

D. Bruce Wampold

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Whom, When, and How Should Researchers Ask?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The tripartite model was developed to address which question related to psychotherapy research?

A. Whose opinion should researchers seek?

B. When should researchers ask?

C. How should researchers measure psychotherapy outcome?

D. Where should psychotherapy studies be conducted?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Whom, When, and How Should Researchers Ask?

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The extent to which a psychotherapy works in “real-world” settings (such as clinics, private practices, and hospitals) is best described as the ______ of that form of psychotherapy.

A. efficacy

B. effectiveness

C. evidence

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The extent to which a psychotherapy works in a controlled research setting with well-defined groups of patients is best described as the ______ of that form of psychotherapy.

A. efficacy

B. effectiveness

C. evidence

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome ______.

A. typically have stronger internal validity

B. typically include a wider variety of clients with more complex diagnostic profiles

C. typically have stronger external validity

D. are best conducted in private practice settings

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Dr. Harbinger is studying a new psychotherapy treatment for depression. He carefully screens potential participants to make sure they fit strict diagnostic criteria and randomly assigns them to a treatment or control group. He is most likely conducting a(n) ______ study.

A. power

B. effectiveness

C. efficiency

D. efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the results of the thousands of psychotherapy efficacy studies that have been conducted?

A. Psychotherapy doesn’t work.

B. Psychotherapy works.

C. Psychotherapy with female clients works; psychotherapy with male clients doesn’t work.

D. It is not possible to determine whether psychotherapy works.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Results of Efficacy Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Taking a ______ approach to psychotherapy efficacy studies means attempting to identify and treat the underlying pathology that causes symptoms across related disorders.

A. monodiagnostic

B. polydiagnositc

C. transdiagnostic

D. bidiagnostic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Results of Efficacy Studies

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Barlow’s development of a unified protocol is an example of a ______ approach to psychotherapy efficacy studies.

A. monodiagnostic

B. polydiagnositc

C. transdiagnostic

D. bidiagnostic

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Results of Efficacy Studies

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Despite the overwhelming evidence offered by efficacy studies.

A. There is a gap between those who conduct efficacy research on psychotherapy and those who practice it.

B. The studies’ results are not always heeded by those who practice therapy in the real world.

C. Some practicing clinicians complain that researchers who conduct the studies do so in an artificial, contrived, and irrelevant manner.

D. There has yet to be a corresponding effectiveness study that supports their findings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Researchers have examined to what extent practitioners use treatments supported by efficacy studies. What did they find?

A. Clinicians who are also psychotherapy researchers are more likely to place a high value on selecting treatments supported by efficacy studies.

B. Practitioners often cited their clinical experience, not efficacy studies, as a top factor in treatment selection.

C. Clinicians preferred treatments supported by efficacy studies when the treatments were manualized to an extent that did not allow any deviation from the protocol.

D. Dissemination of treatments supported by efficacy studies to clinicians is relatively easy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. A strategy for disseminating psychotherapy treatments supported by efficacy research in which groups of researchers and practitioners collaborate throughout the research process is known as ______.

A. practice-oriented research

B. communal research

C. effectiveness research

D. collaborative research

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The 1995 psychotherapy study published in Consumer Reports magazine ______.

A. is an example of an efficacy study

B. is an example of an effectiveness study

C. concluded that treatment by a mental health professional usually did not produce benefits

D. included a comparison group of individuals who were on the waiting list for psychotherapy but did not receive it

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Results of Effectiveness Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. In addition to effectiveness and efficacy, other ways to measure psychotherapy outcome include ______.

A. the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy and medical cost offset

B. medical cost offset, but not the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy

C. the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy, but not medical cost offset

D. neither medical cost offset nor the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Alternate Ways to Measure Psychotherapy Outcome

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The “dodo bird verdict” refers to the finding that ______.

A. behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than cognitive psychotherapy

B. psychodynamic psychotherapy is more beneficial than humanistic psychotherapy

C. behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than all other forms of psychotherapy

D. various forms of psychotherapy are about equally beneficial

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The “Dodo Bird Verdict” and Common Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The term common factors refers to the idea that ______.

A. intelligence tests by various authors (e.g., Wechsler and Binet) are based on the same underlying factors

B. various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components

C. the techniques used by behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic, and cognitive psychotherapists are essentially similar

D. projective and objective personality tests share essentially the same structure

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The “Dodo Bird Verdict” and Common Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Psychotherapy outcome researchers have proposed that ______, the nature of the relationship between client and psychotherapist, is a common factor across diverse forms of psychotherapy.

A. therapeutic alliance

B. hope

C. positive expectations

D. collaboration

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Therapeutic Relationship/Alliance

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The correct order of Lambert and Ogles’s (2004) three-stage sequential model of common factors is ______.

A. support, learning, action

B. learning, action, support

C. action, support, learning

D. learning, support, action

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Common Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The dodo bird verdict has been challenged by some psychotherapy researchers, including ______.

A. Bruce Wampold

B. Dianne Chambless

C. Stanley Messer

D. Henrietta Churchill

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reconsidering the Dodo Bird Verdict: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. An approach to psychotherapy in which specific therapy techniques are viewed as the treatment of choice for specific disorders is best described as the ______ approach.

A. behavioral

B. prescriptive

C. common-factors

D. relationship-based

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reconsidering the Dodo Bird Verdict: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Among the following individuals, who would be most likely to support a prescriptive approach to therapy?

A. Bruce Wampold

B. Dianne Chambless

C. Stanley Messer

D. Henrietta Churchill

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reconsidering the Dodo Bird Verdict: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. When a client’s preference for type of psychotherapy is honored, it ______.

A. has little effect on the client’s dropout rate

B. decreases client satisfaction with treatment

C. is unrelated to how much benefit the client derives from treatment

D. can enhance the therapy relationship and outcome

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reconsidering the Dodo Bird Verdict: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the most commonly endorsed psychotherapy orientation ______.

A. was the eclectic/integrative orientation until 2010, when the cognitive orientation was most commonly endorsed

B. has consistently been the behavioral orientation

C. has consistently been the psychodynamic orientation

D. was the psychodynamic orientation until the 1980s and has been the behavioral orientation since that time

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Past and Present

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of psychodynamic psychotherapy ______.

A. has generally decreased

B. has remained constant

C. decreased through the 1960s and 1970s but increased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s

D. has increased

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Past and Present

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of cognitive therapy ______.

A. has decreased

B. has increased

C. increased in the 1960s and 1970s but decreased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s

D. has remained constant

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Past and Present

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the humanistic orientation to psychotherapy ______.

A. was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1970s

B. was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1990s

C. has steadily increased in popularity through the 2010s

D. has decreased in popularity from the late 1980s to present

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Past and Present

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. A recent survey of clinical psychologists (Norcross & Karpiak, 2012) found that the format of psychotherapy that was practiced by the highest percentage of clinical psychologists was ______.

A. marital/couples

B. individual

C. family

D. group

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Past and Present

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. In the stages of change model developed by Norcross, Krebs, and Prochaska (2011), a patient in the ______ stage is aware that a problem exists, considering doing something to address it, but is not ready to commit to any real effort in that direction.

A. precontemplation

B. contemplation

C. preparation

D. action

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Past and Present

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Over the past 3 months, Jennifer’s family has repeatedly expressed concern about her abuse of alcohol. Jennifer refuses to acknowledge that problems have arisen from her drinking, and she clearly states she has no desire to change her behaviors. In the stages of change model developed by Norcross, Krebs, and Prochaska (2011), Jennifer is in the ______ stage.

A. precontemplation

B. contemplation

C. preparation

D. action

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Past and Present

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. According to a survey of experts in the field of clinical psychology (Norcross, Pfund, & Prochaska, 2013), which of the following is likely to happen in the near future?

A. a rise in the use of cognitive and behavioral approaches to psychotherapy

B. a decline in the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy

C. a decline in the use of eclectic/integrative approaches to psychotherapy

D. a rise in the use of classic psychoanalysis

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Future

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. A(n) ______ approach to psychotherapy involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients.

A. integrative

B. psychodynamic

C. eclectic

D. behavioral

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Eclectic and Integrative Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. A(n) ______ approach to psychotherapy involves blending techniques in order to create an entirely new, hybrid form of therapy.

A. integrative

B. psychodynamic

C. eclectic

D. behavioral

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Eclectic and Integrative Approaches

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Based on the textbook, researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by doing all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided

B. using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy

C. surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy

D. comparing hemoglobin levels between those with and without mental disorders

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Chiles et al. (1999) conducted a review of over 90 studies of the effect of psychotherapy on medical costs and found that, in comparison to clients receiving no psychotherapy, clients receiving psychotherapy ______.

A. had higher medical costs

B. spent more days in the hospital

C. required more time to recover from surgery

D. reduced their need for emergency room visits

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Alternate Ways to Measure Psychotherapy Outcome

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. The tripartite model, created by Hans Strupp and colleagues, essentially suggests that ______.

A. multiple parties may have meaningful and potentially inconsistent views of psychotherapy outcome

B. various styles of psychotherapy are equally effective due to common factors

C. the success of the first three sessions of psychotherapy correlate very strongly to the eventual success of psychotherapy after its completion

D. psychotherapy yields the best results when at least three approaches are blended together into a new, integrative approach

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Whom, When, and How Should Researchers Ask?

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. What was the conclusion of Hans Eysenck’s (1952) study of psychotherapy?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Does Psychotherapy Work?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Who are the three parties described in the tripartite model that should be consulted to determine what constitutes a successful therapy outcome?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Does Psychotherapy Work?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. ______ refers to how well psychotherapy works “in the lab.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is the dodo bird verdict?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. List two common factors discussed in the text.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. In 2010, what was the orientation most endorsed by clinical psychologists?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What is the most common format of psychotherapy practiced by clinical psychologists?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A(n) ______ approach to therapy blends techniques to create an entirely new, hybrid form of therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. What is the difference between the efficacy and effectiveness of a form of psychotherapy?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. List and briefly explain three common factors proposed by psychotherapy outcome researchers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Briefly compare and contrast eclectic and integrative approaches to psychotherapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. List and briefly describe each of the stages in Norcross, Krebs, and Prochaska’s (2011) stages of change model.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Types of Psychotherapy Do Clinical Psychologists Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium