Chapter 1: Gendering Criminology Through an Intersectional Lens

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The textbook addresses criminology through which type of lens?

A. gendered

B. structural

C. cultural

D. educational

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. According to the author, what approach should be used to examine the impacts of gender?

A. intersectional

B. cultural

C. structural

D. gendered

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. The meaning of the term ______ has been promoted by women of color from across the globe since at least the 1800s.

A. feminism

B. feminist jurisprudence

C. intersectional feminism

D. gender essentialism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diversity Among Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In her research, Deborah K. King addressed how African American women became invisible under ______ when ______ is assumed.

A. African American; male

B. White; male

C. male; White

D. women; African American

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diversity Among Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Historically, feminist criminology has focused on the lives and experiences of ______.

A. White women

B. LGBTQ+ women

C. lower-class women

D. minority women

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diversity Among Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The term intersectional feminism has been promoted by women ______.

A. who are considered middle class

B. of color

C. who identify as straight

D. with offensive assessments of marginalizing characteristics

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diversity Among Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The process in which propositions are constantly put forth, challenged, and subverted is referred to as ______.

A. queer criminology

B. gender essentialism

C. multiple consciousness

D. intersectional feminism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diversity Among Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which of the following phenomenon posits that women’s experiences are isolated and described independently of race, class, sexual orientation, and other realities of experience?

A. queer criminology

B. gender essentialism

C. multiple consciousness

D. intersectional feminism

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Diversity Among Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The Global South is a shift from using terms such as ______ to refer to countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

A. “developed”

B. “first world”

C. “hegemon”

D. “underdeveloped”

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Diversity Among Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The struggle to end sexist oppression is referred to as ______.

A. feminism

B. equality

C. emancipation

D. liberation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Feminism?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The perspective that treats any form of sexuality aside from heterosexual marital sex as deviant and abnormal is referred to as ______.

A. gender essentialism

B. sex negativity

C. multiple consciousness

D. sex positivity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Feminism?

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Scholars often stress that ______ were central to the carceral and racist state.

A. conservative Republicans

B. liberal Democrats

C. conservative Democrats

D. liberal Republicans

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Feminism?

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of the following was identified as a myth about feminism?

A. It is impossible to study feminism without studying masculinity.

B. Feminism is objective.

C. Feminist analysis narrowly focuses on women.

D. There are many feminist perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Is Feminism?

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which of the following disproves the myth that feminism lacks objectivity?

A. Women’s experiences are taken as the norm and generalized to the population too often.

B. Men are the center of analysis in feminist analysis.

C. Feminist analysis does not ignore men and masculinity.

D. Men and nonfeminists are no more objective about gender issues than are women and feminists.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is Feminism?

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Studies in Introduction to Criminal Justice textbooks have found that women are more often to be portrayed as ______.

A. judges

B. victims

C. lawyers

D. police officers

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women and Girls’ Invisibility

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. According to the author, most criminology theories are concerned with ______.

A. what causes crime

B. the impact of crime

C. how crime is committed

D. the perception of crime

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women and Girls as Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The strongest factor that indicates the likelihood that a person will break the law is ______.

A. gender

B. socioeconomic status

C. culture

D. race/ethnicity

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Women and Girls as Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The most common crime committed against women and girls is ______.

A. sexual abuse

B. honor killings

C. sex trafficking

D. prostitution

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women and Girls as Victims

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was signed into law by President ______.

A. Reagan

B. Carter

C. W. Bush

D. Clinton

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women and Girls as Victims

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. ______ of the Civil Rights Act proved to be crucial for women’s professional entrance into jobs in the criminal legal system.

A. Title V

B. Title VI

C. Title VII

D. Title IX

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women as Professionals in the Criminal Legal System

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which of the following is an example of a sex difference?

A. professions

B. wages

C. body size

D. clothing

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. ______ is an example of a gender difference.

A. Muscle development

B. Childcare responsibilities

C. Reproductive organs

D. Hormones

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. The oppressive attitudes and behaviors directed at either sex is referred to as ______.

A. patriarchy

B. sexism

C. feminism

D. gender essentialism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Systematic gender inequality in power and resources is referred to as ______.

A. benevolent sexism

B. hostile

C. benign sexism

D. structural sexism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Structural inequality looks at how inequality is perpetuated by laws, policies, police, courts, prisons, jails, and youth detention institutions. This kind of structural inequality is considered to be ______.

A. micro

B. meso

C. macro

D. mega

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which of the following terms refers to a social, legal, and political climate that values male dominance and hierarchy?

A. sexism

B. feminism

C. patriarchy

D. structural inequality

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. Central to the patriarchy ideology is the belief that women’s nature is ______ determined.

A. biologically

B. politically

C. socially

D. culturally

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which of the following was developed in order to understand the law as an institution of male dominance?

A. feminism

B. feminist jurisprudence

C. intersectional feminism

D. gender essentialism

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. It is known that the best method to capture rape rates is to ask study participants ______.

A. whether they were victims of rape

B. whether they consented to have sex or not

C. whether they have been raped

D. whether they had been forced or coerced to have sex

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is Feminist Method?

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. Which of the following feminist theories stresses that the way we do research is framed by our standpoint?

A. cycles of violence theory

B. legal theory

C. standpoint theory

D. pathways theory

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is Feminist Method?

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. The critical examination of the research process is referred to as ______.

A. objectivity

B. reflexivity

C. applicability

D. subjectivity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Feminist Method?

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Feminist research shows that women have often been dichotomized as ______.

A. “Madonnas” or “whores”

B. “dependent” or “independent”

C. “princesses” or “wenches”

D. “masculine” or “feminine”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. In her research, DeFour (1990) pointed to cultural myths that portrayed American women as ______.

A. “hot-blooded”

B. “exotic sexpots”

C. “devoted to male elders”

D. “materialistic”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which of the following categories for women of color is seen as inherently violent and capable of protecting herself?

A. amazon

B. sinister sapphire

C. seductress

D. mammy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Which of the following categories for women of color was identified as being vindictive, provocative, and not credible?

A. amazon

B. sinister sapphire

C. seductress

D. mammy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. Which of the following categories for women of color is viewed as stupid, passive, and bothersome?

A. amazon

B. sinister sapphire

C. seductress

D. mammy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Which of the following categories for women of color is sexually driven and noncredible as a victim or professional?

A. amazon

B. sinister sapphire

C. seductress

D. mammy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. Cultural myths portray Latinas as ______.

A. exotic sexpots

B. hot-blooded

C. devoted to male elders

D. good

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. Asian women are often portrayed in cultural myths as ______.

A. exotic sexpots

B. hot-blooded

C. devoted to male elders

D. good

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which of the following types of women are often portrayed as devoted to male elders?

A. White

B. Asian American

C. Latina

D. African American

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. Sexism occurs in a vacuum because it is experienced the same by everyone.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diversity Among Women and Girls

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. According to Daly and Chesney-Lind (1988), men and nonfeminists are more objective about gender issues than are women and feminists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Feminism?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Men’s experiences are often taken as the norm and are generalized to the population.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Feminism?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. There are different variations of feminism and not all feminists think alike.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Feminism?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Prior to the 1980s, the research on women, girls, and crime was practically invisible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women and Girls’ Invisibility

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The first U.S. federal legislation addressing gender-based abuse was the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women and Girls as Victims

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Women who pursue professions in the criminal legal system do not typically face any resistance when entering or applying for promotions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women as Professionals in the Criminal Legal System

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Women’s disadvantage in the workplace is an enduring feminist concern.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women as Professionals in the Criminal Legal System

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Before the 1970s, almost all criminal justice employees in the world were men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Women as Professionals in the Criminal Legal System

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The advancement of women in the criminal legal system has been fast and exponential.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Women as Professionals in the Criminal Legal System

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Women victims, offenders, and professionals in the criminal legal system have historically remained invisible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Blurring of Boundaries of Women’s Experiences in Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Patriarchy refers to a social, legal, and political climate that values male dominance and hierarchy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Sex differences are those that are ascribed by society, whereas gender differences are considered biological.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Court cases on sex discrimination have historically confused sex and gender differences, often ruling to the disadvantage of women.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Versus Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Women who are identified as mammy are seen as inherently violent and capable of protecting themselves.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Some scholars have found that the Madonna/whore typology applies to both White women and women of color.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Among women, there is often discrimination in expectations due to damaging myths.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Research shows that women have been dichotomized into either “Madonna’s” or “whores.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. The field of feminist criminology has been slowly declining since the 1970s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Criminology is often considered to be one of the most thoroughly masculine of all social science fields.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain why sexism cannot be conducted in a vacuum.

2. Identify the three different myths about feminism that were identified by Daly and Chesney-Lind (1988) and briefly summarize the arguments that invalidate those myths.

3. Identify the three major types of employment opportunities in the criminal legal system.

4. Explain why women face resistance when entering into a profession within the criminal legal system.

5. According to the text, the media has ignored the strong gender and race patterns of school shootings. Identify the patterns and explain why you think it’s important that schools address adolescent masculinity issues in their curriculum.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Effect of Societal Images on Women Regarding Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium