Chapter 8: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Collective Action, Power, and Representation

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Political scientist E. E. Schattschneider thought that there was a(n) ______ in the way power is used.

a. privileging of the needs of ordinary Americans

b. fluctuating relationship

c. expert skillset

d. upper-class bias

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. In Democracy in America, French philosopher and sociologist Alexis de Tocqueville wrote about his observations of American life when he visited the United States in 1831–1832. He found that the Americans were ______.

a. plagued by an inequality of conditions

b. more apt than people in other nations to want to join groups and associations

c. less religious than the French

d. very diverse in their opinions

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Associations of individuals that come together to change things or to keep things from changing by calling attention to a set of perceived injustices or wrongs in order to get policy makers to act and/or to educate the people are best described as ______.

a. citizen counsels

b. political action committees

c. social movements

d. interest groups

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which of the following, because of its efforts to right a perceived social wrong, would be considered an interest group that spawned a social movement?

a. American Banking Association (ABA)

b. American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)

c. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

d. American Federation of Teachers (AFT)

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Members of interest groups and social movements often resort to ______ to achieve their goals.

a. membership dues

b. recruitment efforts

c. GOTV activities

d. different tactics

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The danger in interest groups and social movements is always one of ______.

a. factions that trample on the rights of others

b. societal change that occurs too rapidly

c. competing interests that cause conflict and strife

d. expanding communities that change the will of the majority

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. A problem with mortgage-backed securities (MBS) was ______.

a. they were too mathematically complicated for the average banker to understand

b. the relationship between the borrower and the holder of the loan was totally disconnected

c. average citizens were basing their home mortgages on complicated financial products

d. they became too popular as a tool for financing high-valued properties

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The roots of the financial crisis in the first decade of the 21st century were in the ______ market.

a. housing

b. stock

c. commodities

d. bond

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Because banks could not produce enough loans to supply the mortgage-backed securities market, they began to ______.

a. take increasingly larger risks

b. forge mortgage documents

c. decline mortgage customers

d. approve loans only for the wealthy

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. In order for mortgage-backed securities to provide a return to their customers, ______.

a. home prices had to go down

b. interest rates had to go up

c. home prices had to go up

d. interest rates had to go down

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Voluntary associations of people that come together with an agreed-upon set of political and policy objectives and who attempt to pull the levers of political power in the service of these defined goals are known as ______.

a. citizen counsels

b. political action committees

c. social movements

d. interest groups

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. What policy decision did banks want the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department to make?

a. a large national bailout

b. lower interest rates

c. higher interest rates

d. tighter monetary policies

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Voluntary associations share common traits in that they ______.

a. operate under congressional and federal authority

b. tend to form naturally and without any logical reason

c. are granted articles of incorporation by the state

d. get their rights to organize from the First Amendment

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. James Madison addressed the problem of factions in Federalist ______.

a. 7

b. 10

c. 8

d. 15

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which of the following describes the paradox of factions?

a. While they are dangerous, they are also easy to legislate through laws at the federal and state levels.

b. They may be potentially dangerous, but the Constitution virtually guarantees their formation.

c. Factions are inevitable, but they can be legally prohibited through applying the Constitution.

d. Democracies require factions in order to operate efficiently and effectively at a national level.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. James Madison realized that to eliminate factions, a republic must also ______.

a. highly restrict the liberties of its citizens

b. encourage citizens to exercise their civil rights

c. discourage citizens from participating in elections

d. encourage civic duty and responsibility

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Madison’s solution to the problem of factions was to ______.

a. discourage their formation

b. encourage competing factions

c. restrict the civil liberties of citizens

d. radically expand the Bill of Rights

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. David Truman, in his 1962 book The Governmental Process, noted that the federalists were, ironically, an important example of a ______.

a. runaway faction

b. tyrannical majority

c. grassroots movement

d. political pressure group

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. According to James Madison, which of the following posed the greatest danger?

a. social inequality

b. inequality of wealth

c. civic inequity

d. failure to participate

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Political scientist Robert Dahl, in confronting the question of how a democratic system works amid an inequality of resources, focused his attention on the theory of ______.

a. elitism

b. nationalism

c. pluralism

d. constitutionalism

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The theory of pluralism is one in which ______.

a. competition among groups serves to keep any one of them in check

b. the growth of interest groups must be suppressed by the government

c. individual voices matter more than those of interest groups

d. large interest groups are encouraged to operate at the expense of minorities

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. According to the theory of pluralism, the Occupy Wall Street Movement ______.

a. distracted from American democracy

b. acted as a counterweight to the financial firms

c. was a dangerous threat to the public welfare

d. had little if any true impact on the democratic process

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The theory of governmental influence that focuses on the advantages that certain interests have in the political process based on the unequal distribution of economic and political power is called ______ theory.

a. pluralist

b. capitalist

c. elitist

d. centrist

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. A group composed of the top echelons of people in the business world in government and in the military is known as the ______.

a. republican center

b. democratic base

c. grassroots constituency

d. power elite

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. According to the research of C. Wright Mills, the greatest challenge is found in the ______.

a. grassroots movements of individuals in a democracy

b. nation’s defense industry and its allies in government

c. left and right fringe factions that differ from the center

d. nation’s congressional caucuses that control legislation

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. C. Wright Mills noted that the exercise of power may be seen ______.

a. not only in actions that are taken but in inaction or the prevention of actions

b. only in the hands of the people at the grassroots political level

c. in the actions of elected lawmakers who act on the beliefs of their constituents

d. in the actions taken by large social movements that control the political agenda

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The set of issues to which government officials, voters, and the public attend is known as the ______ agenda.

a. partisan

b. interim

c. policy

d. personal

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Which term best describes goods that are made available only to those who join or contribute to a group?

a. collective benefits

b. selective benefits

c. social benefits

d. material rewards

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. A problem with collective goods is that people will be happy to benefit from something they can enjoy or profit from, without contributing any time, effort, or money of their own to achieve that good. Such individuals are called ______.

a. lazy slackers

b. free riders

c. the power elite

d. exploiters

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Political action that occurs when individuals contribute energy, time, or money to a larger group goal is called ______.

a. individual attraction

b. collective action

c. affirmative action

d. persuasive contribution

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. Many people join professional associations with the hope of networking with or meeting influential people in their field. This would be an example of which of the following?

a. collective benefits

b. material rewards

c. selective benefits

d. social benefits

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. By 2008, which of the following facts was becoming clear?

a. Bankers failed to agree on the need for a bailout.

b. Large numbers of Americans were wary of using taxpayer dollars to fund a bailout.

c. The $700 billion dollar bailout plan was Wall Street’s only hope.

d. A grassroots movement was demanding a financial bailout solution.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. What term describes those individuals who enjoy collective goods without contributing to them?

a. criminals

b. pacifists

c. free riders

d. communists

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. In the end, which of the following was Congress’s policy decision regarding the bailout?

a. They passed a gutted bailout.

b. They passed a full bailout bill.

c. They denied the bailout.

d. They reached a compromise.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. In the aftermath of the financial crisis and Wall Street bailout debate, many Americans were calling for ______ reform.

a. legislative

b. constitutional

c. financial

d. socialist

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. In the years following the financial crisis, the AARP argued for ______.

a. tighter financial controls

b. a reduction in social benefits

c. a strengthening of Social Security

d. a strengthening of Medicaid and health care

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Interest groups are often categorized and analyzed according to the ______.

a. demographics of their membership as it compares to the overall goals of the group

b. common traits that members share when organizing and activating towards success

c. way in which they recruit and motivate members in order to maximize political results

d. broader goals that they set out to achieve and on whose behalf they hope to succeed

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. In evaluating the membership of groups, most of the evidence points to ______.

a. the declining influence of elitist memberships and increased democratization

b. an increasing movement toward balanced membership within the groups

c. rising influence of minority groups, particularly Hispanics and African Americans

d. a continued overrepresentation by the elite, powerful, and wealthy

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Bryan’s extended family from out of town come to watch the fireworks display at the local park to celebrate the town’s bicentennial, and get to enjoy the show even though they do not pay taxes in that town. Bryan’s extended family could be considered ______.

a. protesters

b. free riders

c. social movement members

d. interest group members

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which of the following could most readily be classified as a collective good?

a. clean air

b. private college education

c. AARP discounts

d. social networking

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which of the following groups continues to be overrepresented in groups based on membership?

a. white males

b. minorities, specifically women

c. minorities, specifically Asians

d. the elite, powerful, and wealthy

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Purposive benefits are described as the ______.

a. interaction with government officials in order to advance a group’s goals

b. benefits made available only to people who join or contribute to a group

c. satisfaction of working with other to achieve a common goal or purpose

d. benefits individuals attach to forming personal relationships for their own sake

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Collective action can be best described as ______.

a. individuals committing themselves to a group goal and investing time, money, and effort to see that goal realized

b. sets of issues that government official, voters, and the general public have an interest in and work to advance

c. the theory that describes how political power can be distributed among various competing groups in a way that keeps them all in check

d. tangible benefits that members of a group receive for their membership or contributions

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Although Stan did not actively participate in the protests that led to better working conditions at his job, he is now enjoying the benefits of the improvements along with those who did actively participate. Stan could be considered a(n) ______.

a. slacker

b. exploiter

c. free rider

d. privileged

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Which of the following academics developed an influential theory regarding the logic of interest group participation by studying why people choose not to participate?

a. David Truman

b. Mancur Olson

c. Robert Dahl

d. C. Wright Mills

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. How did Congress respond to the impending threat of financial collapse brought on by the housing market bust?

a. Congress passed a stop-gap bill allowing the stock market to recover slowly.

b. Congress could not get a bill passed to bailout the banks.

c. Congress passed a fully funded bailout bill.

d. Congress allowed the banks to raise prices at an unprecedented rate to recover quickly.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. When interest groups try to influence both whether or not the Supreme Court will agree to hear a case, as well as how the justices should rule once they do agree to hear it, they do what?

a. file amicus curiae briefs

b. lobby the justices in their chambers

c. take collective action

d. go public with their message

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. When the NAACP used the federal judiciary to bring an end to legal segregation in the United States, it did so ______.

a. by appealing to First Amendment freedoms

b. through acts of civil disobedience

c. by lobbying the Supreme Court justices

d. by sponsoring litigation

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Recent research into interest group behavior shows that although there has been a proliferation of groups and movements focusing on civil rights, women’s interests, and the elderly, there has been ______.

a. an increase in cooperation between groups on both sides of the ideological spectrum

b. a decline in grassroots lobbying

c. a documented and rising instance of racism and sexism in society

d. a continued overrepresentation of the elite, powerful, and wealthy

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Lobbyists provide information to members of Congress that will help them make decisions on a piece of legislation, as well as push their interest group’s agenda. This is testament to the fact that lobbying is ______.

a. only meant for academics

b. a complex and nuanced process

c. a public good

d. inherently manipulative

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. The revolving door phenomenon refers to ______.

a. former government officials going to work for lobbying firms, and government agencies recruiting former lobbyists for their experience and expertise

b. the way in which an outgoing administration is replaced by an incoming administration

c. how insiders and elites pave the way for each other’s success

d. how interest groups work together for common goals and agendas, often displacing each other in the process

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Hard

52. Successful lobbyists must have or gain ______ representatives and senators in Congress, in addition to building relationships and donating money.

a. a history of quid pro quos with

b. special favors from

c. power over

d. access to

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Hard

53. Two ways in which lobbyists use information to try to advance their interest group’s positions are ______.

a. testifying at congressional committee meetings and providing members of Congress with research reports

b. contributing to a Congresswoman’s reelection campaign fund and making sure she gets reelected

c. introducing members of Congress to influential elites and paying for their dinners

d. canvassing a neighborhood to advocate for their group’s issues and appearing on television to broadcast the interest group’s message

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. Interest groups vary on the basis of their ______.

a. name recognition, intensity of their base, and desire to achieve

b. membership, collective goals, and desire to achieve them

c. wealth, political clout, and access to governmental officials

d. size, political influence, and ability to persuade members of Congress

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. What type of lobbying are lobbyists practicing when they contact members of Congress (or their staff) directly to advocate for their group’s position?

a. coercive

b. inside

c. outside

d. agency

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. Which of the following bests describes when agencies tasked with regulating businesses, industries, or other interest groups are populated by individuals with close ties to the very firms that they are supposed to regulate?

a. inside lobbying

b. purposive lobbying

c. agency capture

d. executive collusion

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. How do interest groups most often try to influence judicial decisions?

a. direct testimony

b. indirect lobbying

c. amicus curiae briefs

d. directly sponsoring cases

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. Most recent efforts to regulate lobbying have focused on ______.

a. making the process more transparent

b. passing regulations that limit the number of lobbyists

c. limiting the amount of influence a lobbyist may have

d. regulating the degree to which lobbyists may see politicians in office

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

59. The coordinated (and mutually beneficial) activities of interest groups, Congress, and the bureaucracy to achieve shared policy goals, sometimes against the general interests of society or specific groups within it, best describes ______.

a. agency capture

b. the iron triangle

c. internal lobbying

d. illegal lobbying

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. In contrast to iron triangles, issue networks are often ______.

a. permanent

b. stronger

c. temporary

d. weaker

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Easy

61. Webs of influence among interest groups, policy makers, and policy advocates are known as ______.

a. iron triangles

b. agency capture

c. governmental lobbies

d. issue networks

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. Which of the following words best captures the tension between representation by individual Americans and the outcomes of the political process in which they engage?

a. democracy

b. liberty

c. power

d. money

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. According to data presented by opensecrets.org, the ______ sector accounted for the single largest group of contributions when analyzed by sector.

a. financial

b. retail

c. technology

d. industrial

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

64. Efforts that focus on reaching the constituents themselves rather than their representatives are described as ______ lobbying.

a. inside

b. outside

c. governmental

d. agency

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

65. When a group manufactures or presents the facade of grassroots support that does not really exist on its own or at least would not have happened without the “purchase” of support by the lobbying firm itself, political scientists refer to this as ______.

a. outside lobbying

b. grassroots movement

c. astroturf lobbying

d. internal lobbying

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. Successful lobbying often depends on ______.

a. knowledge and organization

b. personal relationships and access to decision makers

c. how many members join the group

d. how many incentives people have to join the group

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

67. Which of the following groups acts on behalf of the collective interests of a broad group of individuals, including nonmembers of the group?

a. economic interest

b. public interest

c. government interest

d. social movement

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

68. Which of the following groups would act on the behalf of the French Government to keep their members apprised of policy discussions during the appropriations process in Congress?

a. economic interest

b. public interest

c. government interest

d. social movement

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. A group advocating for the reduction of air pollution to save the environment would be classified as which type of group?

a. economic interest

b. public interest

c. government interest

d. social movement

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. A group advocating for the reduction of taxes on the sale of organic vegetables would be classified as which type of group?

a. economic interest

b. public interest

c. government interest

d. social movement

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

71. The right of a citizen to lobby, or petition the government for a redress of grievances, was guaranteed by which Amendment?

a. first

b. second

c. third

d. fourth

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

72. Mary and her fellow demonstrators are holding their state senator against his will until their demands for tax law changes are met. They know this is against the law and they may be arrested, but are fervent believers in their cause. Mary and her fellow protesters are participating in ______.

a. civil disobedience

b. a protest

c. indirect lobbying

d. a social justice movement

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

73. Which of the following is a main contributing factor for social movement failures?

a. They have outsized goals and lack sufficient power.

b. They fail to recruit enough members to draw attention to their cause.

c. They fail to engage with the powerful elite that they are protesting against.

d. They use off-putting techniques that often include violence.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

74. Which of the following tactics are most likely to be used by social movements?

a. protest and civil disobedience

b. letter writing campaigns

c. demonstrations outside of federal building

d. financial donations to candidates in local elections

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

75. Which of the following is a concern for social movements?

a. The protesters will be ignored and no change will occur.

b. The protesters will not be able to raise enough funds for their candidate of choice.

c. The powerful elite will out campaign the protesters.

d. The protesters will not get their message to Congress.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

76. In September 2011, nearly one thousand people gathered to protest against the concentration of wealth at the very top of American society. Where did the protesters gather?

a. Central Park

b. Zuccotti Park

c. Times Square

d. Broadway

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

77. The founder of the Canadian activist group Adbusters, Kalle Lasn, created a blog entry in July 2011 that many credit as the origin of which movement?

a. Black Lives Matter

b. Occupy Wall Street

c. Hands Up, Don’t Shoot

d. Black Twitter

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

78. Social movement success may best be determined by ______.

a. the fact that the movement came together at all

b. how many laws were changed

c. how little money was spent

d. how many members joined the movement

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

79. Who suggested to the Occupy Wall Street group that it might be more beneficial to convert from a social movement group to an interest group?

a. protesters

b. lobbyists

c. members

d. pundits

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

80. Interest group success may best be determined by ______.

a. the fact that the movement came together at all

b. how many laws were changed

c. how little money was spent

d. how many members joined the movement

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

81. Unlike other widely known 21st century movements like Black Lives Matter, ______ did not appear to have the necessary infrastructure to sustain the movement over the long haul.

a. Black Twitter

b. EPA

c. Occupy Wall Street

d. NOW

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

82. Which of the following was the original proposal of the Canadian activist group known as Adbusters?

a. imposition of stricter gun laws across the country

b. imposition of term limits of government officials

c. separation of money from politics

d. separation of church and state

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

83. At the first protest held at Zuccotti Park for the Occupy Wall Street movement, many protesters were arrested for what?

a. threatening the lives of passersby

b. vandalism

c. throwing rocks at the police

d. blocking traffic

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

84. Occupy Wall Street protesters were arrested for marching across what structure?

a. Brooklyn Bridge

b. Golden Gate Bridge

c. Lincoln Tunnel

d. Jersey Turnpike

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

85. According to reporter John Ennis, the rally cry for the Occupy Wall Street movement was ______.

a. “No taxation without representation”

b. “Make love, not war”

c. “We are the 99 percent”

d. “Hands up don’t shoot”

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

86. Based on the information in the text, why is it often difficult to mobilize Americans in response to political and economic inequalities?

a. Mobilization is often very expensive and protest groups cannot afford to rally enough people to their cause.

b. Many Americans do not believe that inequalities exist in America.

c. Americans as a group are apathetic to causes that do not affect them directly.

d. Mobilization depends on communicating the difficult inner workings of the government.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

87. In October 2011, which organization released a memo that included three videos showing Occupy Wall Street protesters displaying anti-Semitic outbursts?

a. Democratic National Convention

b. Republican National Convention

c. Department of Justice

d. Department of Homeland Security

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

88. Many pundits encouraged the Occupy Wall Street social movement to become more politically involved by becoming a(n) ______ group.

a. interest

b. terrorist

c. radical

d. protest

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

89. Compared to interest groups, social movements have ______.

a. less support from the general public

b. more support from the general public

c. less access to political insiders

d. more access to political insiders

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

90. Based on their platforms, which 2016 presidential candidate’s views most closely align with the Occupy Wall Street movement?

a. Hillary Clinton

b. Bernie Sanders

c. Donald Trump

d. Ted Cruz

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. An interest group is an association of individuals who come together to change things by calling attention to injustices and educating the public to act.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A social movement is a voluntary association of people who try to get certain policies enacted by pulling the levers of political power in order to do so.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. It is completely rational for an individual to be a free rider.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Often an interest group will donate money to both Republicans and Democrats in the same election.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Moderate

5. Grassroots lobbying is used to focus on constituents themselves rather than on their representatives.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Like other participation-based assemblies in the world, Occupy Wall Street operated on consensus.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Small, homogeneous, and economically powerful interest groups are at a disadvantage when compared with the power of broad, diverse, voluntary associations of individuals who come together to form a social movement.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Success of Social Movements is Difficult to Measure

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Sometimes a social movement’s definition of success is not the number of laws that were enacted or policies changed as a result of the movement’s activities, but rather the fact that the social movement was created in the first place.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collective Action, Power, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Selective benefits are goods that are made available to anyone whose interests are addressed by an interest group.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Groups Must Overcome the Challenges of Collective Action

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Alexis de Tocqueville was struck by America’s passion for individuality.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of Interest Group Formation Focus on Overcoming Faction

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. In a pluralistic society, the distribution of power among many competing groups serves to keep any one of them in check.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of Interest Group Formation Focus on Overcoming Faction

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The power elite is limited to the top-ranking elected officials in government.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Advocates for American financial firms and members of Occupy Wall Street both had to contend with the challenge of collective action.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes, and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. An individual who enjoys collective goods while also helping to secure them would be a free rider.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. When a group member is rewarded with new connections and access to other members of the group through participation in the group, he/she is receiving a social benefit.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Labor groups account for the largest number and the largest amount of campaign donations of all categories.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Inside lobbying efforts focus on the content of a piece of legislation as well as the levels of funding for agencies and programs through the appropriation process.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Iron triangles are the coordinated and mutually beneficial activities of interest groups, Congress, and the bureaucracy to achieve a set of shared policy goals, sometimes against the general interests of society of the specific groups within it.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Interest groups rarely involve themselves in the election process.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. According to opensecrets.org, the defense industry had the highest dollar amount of campaign contributions in 2016.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. The group that actively protested against economic inequality following the economic crisis of 2008 was ______.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Members of Occupy Wall Street would most likely believe in the ______ theory of interest groups, which focuses on the advantages certain interests have in the political process based on the unequal distribution of economic and political power.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Identify the constitutional foundations of voluntary association in the American political process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. If a group member is rewarded simply by the satisfaction of working with others to achieve a common goal or purpose, he/she would be receiving a ______ benefit.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. When agencies tasked with regulating businesses, industries, or other interest groups are populated by individuals with close ties to the very firms that they are supposed to regulate, it is defined as ______.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Webs of influence among interest groups, policy makers, and policy advocates are called ______.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. What is a collective action? How do interest groups overcome the major challenges that collective action problems pose?

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Americans Face Challenges in Acting Collectively in a Representative Democracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. In his famous book Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville was struck with Americans’ “passion for joining.” What major questions accompany the idea that we are a “nation of joiners”? How can these questions be addressed in our study of political science?

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss the types of interest groups in the American political landscape and the different tactics that they use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups Vary by Type and Tactic

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. How did members of the financial industry as well as members of government use the threat of serious economic consequences to advance their agenda? What did many ordinary citizens do in response?

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Why do some social movements meet with success while others simply die out or fail?

Learning Objective: 8-4: Analyze and contrast the tactics that interest groups and social movements use in order to advocate on their members’ behalf.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Occupy Wall Street Illustrates the Struggles, Successes and Failures of Social Movements

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Many would argue that the federal government’s response to the financial crisis of 2008 favored powerfully connected financial firms at the expense of the average citizen. Would you agree or disagree with this statement? Why?

Learning Objective: 8-2: Summarize the challenges interest groups and social movements confront in recruiting, mobilizing, and organizing the activities of their members.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Housing Bubble Bursts . . . and Interest Groups Pop Out

Difficulty Level: Medium