Chapter 2 Timmons Moral Theory Selections Exam Prep

Chapter 2: Moral Theory Selections

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 01

1) Timmons suggests that many people believe in moral relativism becausea. They believe in tolerating differences.

b. They are sensitive to the descriptive fact of widespread moral disagreement.

c. They realize that some ethical claims seem true in some contexts but not in others.

*d. All of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 02

2) If moral relativism is true, one troubling implication is thata. Everyone has to agree about morality.

b. Linguistic communication would be impossible, since everyone means different things even when they use the same words.

*c. Many seeming genuine moral disagreements are not in fact so. People are just talking past each other.

d. There are no troubling implications of moral relativism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 03

3) According to Mill, the value of a particular pleasure depends ona. its quantity alone.

b. its quality alone.

*c. both its quantity and its quality.

d. neither its quantity nor its quality.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 04

4) According to Mill, the only things desirable as ends area. virtuous character traits.

b. satisfactions of prima facie duties.

*c. pleasure and freedom from pain.

d. satisfactions of the categorical imperative.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 05

5) One common objection to utilitarianism is that the principle of utility isa. too complicated.

*b. too demanding.

c. too easy to satisfy.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 06

6) According to Mill, the only evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable is thata. God has deemed it desirable.

b. experts on desirability have deemed it desirable.

*c. people do actually desire it.

d. rational insight reveals it to be desirable.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 07

7) Mill thinks that each person desiresa. to do his or her duty.

b. to be virtuous.

*c. his or her own happiness.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 08

8) Mill thinks that if something is desirable, but not desirable as an end, then it must bea. desirable as a rule.

b. desirable in theory.

*c. desirable as a means.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 09

9) Aquinas’s moral theory is a version ofa. consequentialism.

*b. natural law theory.

c. rights-based theory.

d. virtue ethics.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 10

10) According to Aquinas, the first precept of natural law is*a. “good is to be done, evil to be avoided.”

b. “one ought to do what one will.”

c. “one ought to do only what can be done without contradiction.”

d. “pleasure is to be sought, pain to be avoided.”

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 11

11) According to Aquinas, every law is ordained toa. the truth.

b. human perfection.

*c. the common good.

d. individual happiness.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 12

12) According to Aquinas’s moral theory, morality is ultimately grounded ina. agreements made between individuals.

b. pleasure and the absence of pain.

*c. facts about human nature.

d. virtue.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 13

13) Which of the following is not an example Aquinas gives of a self-evident proposition?a. “Every whole is greater than its part.”

*b. “The light of Thy countenance, O Lord, is signed upon us.”

c. “Things equal to one and the same are equal to one another.”

d. “Man is a rational being.”

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 14

14) Kant’s moral theory is a version ofa. consequentialism.

b. virtue ethics.

c. utilitarianism.

*d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 15

15) According to Kant, an imperative that represents an action as a necessary means to something that is willed is what kind of imperative?a. categorical

b. universalizable

*c. hypothetical

d. noumenal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 16

16) According to Kant, all imperatives are expressed by the worda. “want.”

*b. “ought.”

c. “will.”

d. “may.”

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 17

17) Locke can be thought of as accepting a*a. natural law conception of morality.

b. Kantian theory.

c. version of utilitarianism.

d. version of virtue ethics.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 18

18) According to Locke, our natural rights are bestowed on us bya. nature.

*b. God.

c. human psychology.

d. society.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 19

19) Which of the following is not an example of a natural right that Locke uses?a. the right to life

b. the right to liberty

*c. the right to citizenship

d. the right to property

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 20

20) Ross’s moral theory is a version ofa. consequentialism.

*b. the ethics of prime facie duty.

c. Kantian theory.

d. virtue ethics.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 21

21) According to Ross, when our duties conflict with each other we shoulda. not do anything because duties cannot actually conflict with each other.

*b. use moral judgment to determine which duty should be obeyed.

c. consult authorities instead of relying on our own judgment.

d. wait until the conflict ceases on its own.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 22

22) Ross claims that the essential defect of utilitarianism is that it ignoresa. the value of pleasure.

b. autonomy.

c. epistemological responsibility.

*d. the personal character of duty.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 23

23) Which of the following is not a prima facie duty that Ross discusses?a. the duty to keep promises

b. the duty not to harm others

*c. the duty to protect our natural environment

d. the duty of nonmaleficence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 24

24) Ross argues that the existing body of moral convictions of the best people is the cumulative product of*a. the moral reflection of many generations.

b. generations of bias and self-confirmation.

c. ignorance.

d. political discourse.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 25

25) An unjust society, according to John Rawls, can be roughly characterized as any society wherea. some have more goods (e.g., happiness) than others.

b. political power is mostly given to the wealthy and upper class.

*c. there are inequalities that are not to the benefit of all.

d. liberty is restricted to those who have not earned it.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 26

26) What information is available to occupants within Rawls’s original position?a. knowledge of how one is talented compared to others

b. knowledge of one’s social status

c. knowledge of one’s abilities, such as intelligence, strength, and so on

*d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 27

27) The main purpose of the veil of ignorance in Rawls’s theory of justice is toa. prevent people in the original position from making rational decisions about guiding social principles.

*b. prevent people in the original position from selecting principles that favor their particular positions .

c. guarantee that people in the original position do not form alliances with others.

d. ensure that everyone in the original position is aware of his or her own conception of the good.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 28

28) Aristotle’s moral theory is a version of*a. virtue ethics.

b. consequentialism.

c. rights-based theory.

d. utilitarianism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 29

29) Aristotle defines virtue asa. the ability to control one’s anger.

*b. a disposition to avoid extremes in feeling and action.

c. intellectual knowledge.

d. the capacity to ascertain what God would desire.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 30

30) Which of the following is an example of a virtue?a. pleasure

b. hunger

c. desire

*d. courage

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 31

31) According to Aristotle, if something has a function, then its good depends on*a. its function.

b. its substance.

c. our beliefs about it.

d. cultural practices.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 32

32) Aristotle claims that a state of character arises from the repetition of similara. beliefs.

b. relationships.

*c. activities.

d. opinions.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 33

33) According to Collins, one key claim of care ethics is that*a. Deliberation should include sympathy and direct attendance to concrete particulars.

b. Deliberation should only include sympathy and direct attendance to concrete particulars.

c. Deliberation should only include general principles and exclude considerations of sympathy.

d. Deliberation should include sympathy but not consider concrete particulars.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 34

34) One objection to care ethics is that it seems to imply that we are responsible for our attitudes, even though they seem not to be under our voluntary control. Collins responds by arguing thata. caring attitudes are not moral attitudes at all.

*b. we can often bring ourselves to have attitudes of care indirectly

c. when we fail to have attitudes of care this means that no caring attitudes were required of us towards some person

d. Collins agrees with the objection.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 02 Question 35

35) Collins suggests that the moral value of caring actions comes froma. the intrinsic value of caring attitudes which motivate caring actions.

*b. how well any caring actions fulfills the recipient’s interests and the strength of one’s intention to fulfill the recipient’s interest.

c. the degree to which those actions produces the greatest amount of happiness in the recipient of care.

d. the non-instrumental value of caring actions as manifestations of intrinsic goods for person like love and forgiveness.

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 01

1) Timmons argues in favor of cultural moral relativism.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 02

2) According to Timmons, it is perfectly alright to argue against moral relativism on the basis of certain moral convictions.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 03

3) Mill believes that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy only of swine.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 04

4) According to Mill, it’s compatible with the principle of utility that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable than others.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 05

5) Mill thinks that the rightness of an act depends on the motive from which it’s done.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 06

6) According to Mill, if happiness were not acknowledged to be an end, then nothing could ever convince any person that it was so.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 07

7) Aquinas argues that all the precepts of the natural law follow from a first precept.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 08

8) Aquinas denies that the first precept of the natural law is known by all.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 09

9) Aquinas denies that the conclusions that follow from the first common principles of natural law are known by all.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 10

10) According to Kant, breaking a promise is not wrong so long as no one is harmed by breaking that promise.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 11

11) Kant argues that only a good will can be conceived of as good without qualification.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 12

12) Kant maintains that the value of a good will is determined entirely by its effects on others.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 13

13) Kant argues that all imperatives command either hypothetically or categorically.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 14

14) Locke’s view is best understood as a form of utilitarianism.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 15

15) Ross argues that there is a single moral principle that can be used to derive all specific moral obligations.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 16

16) According to Ross, if we have a prima facie duty to do something, then we necessarily ought to do it (i.e., we necessarily have an actual or proper duty to do it).a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 17

17) Ross argues that our duties are highly impersonal in nature; that is, they do not depend on our relationships to others.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 18

18) John Rawls argues that a just society must be one in which there are no inequalities.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 19

19) Rawls proposes a consequentialist theory of justice.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 20

20) According to Rawls, the principles of justice would be chosen by free, rational, and altruistic persons who seek to advance the interests of others for their own sake.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 21

21) Aristotle claims that the good for human beings is friendship.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 22

22) According to Aristotle, happiness is complete.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 23

23) Aristotle argues that virtue is a feeling.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 24

24) Care ethics is a complete normative ethical theory.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 25

25) Collins argues that only some caring attitudes are not morally valuable.*a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 01

1) If moral relativism is true, then any time someone disagrees with the moral norms of her culture, she must be making a_________.a. mistake

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 02

2) Timmons claims that moral relativism is often confused with the _________, the idea that the rightness or wrongness of an action partially depends on non-moral facts about a specific context.a. context sensitivity thesis

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 03

3) Timmons argues that if there are objective moral norms, then _________ is one of them. This undercuts the idea that only relativism “all the way down” can respect difference.a. reasonable toleration

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 04

4) A common objection to the view that life has no higher end than pleasure (i.e., Mill’s utilitarianism) is that it’s a doctrine worthy only of _________.a. swine

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 05

5) The Greatest Happiness principle says that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote _________.a. happiness

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 06

6) For Mill, _________ and freedom from pain are the only things desirable as ends.a. pleasure

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 07

7) For Mill, bodily pleasures are inferior to (i.e., less valuable than) _________ pleasures.a. mental

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 08

8) According to Aquinas, _________ law is that part of God’s eternal law that concerns how human beings ought to conduct themselves.a. natural

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 09

9) According to Aquinas, a(n) _________ proposition is one in which its subject contains the notion of its predicate.a. self-evident

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 10

10) Aquinas claims that law is nothing else but a dictate of _________ reason.a. practical

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 11

11) According to Aquinas, the first indemonstrable principle is that the same thing cannot be affirmed and _________ at the same time.a. denied

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 12

12) Kant’s fundamental principle of morality is known as the _________.a. Categorical

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 13

13) One of Kant’s formulations of his fundamental principle of morality presents appeals to the principle: “Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a _________ law.”a. universal

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 14

14) One of Kant’s formulations of his fundamental principle of morality states that rational nature exists as a(n) _________ in itself.a. end

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 15

15) According to Locke, all men are subject to the _________ of nature.a. law

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 16

16) Locke maintains that “in the state of nature everyone has the _________ power of the law of nature.”a. executive

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 17

17) According to Locke, all men are naturally in a state of perfect _________.a. freedom

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 18

18) The view that there is a plurality of irreducible moral rules that are basic in moral thought is known as moral _________.a. pluralism

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 19

19) Ross claims that the moral convictions of thoughtful and well-educated people are the _________ of ethics.a. data

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 20

20) According to John Rawls, the difference principle expresses a conception of _________ because it is a principle of mutual benefit.a. reciprocity

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 21

21) Rawls refers to _________ as the situation where “our considered judgments are duly pruned and adjusted” in such a way that, after reflection, the principles of justice and our judgments coincide.a. reflective equilibrium

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 22

22) According to Aristotle, a happy or good life essentially involves a life of activity in accordance with _________.a. virtue

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 23

23) Aristotle claims that virtue is not acquired by a process of nature but is rather acquired through _________. a. habituation

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 24

24) Collins argues that we should acknowledge that _________ gives rise to weighty moral duties.a. relationships

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 02 - Question 25

25) According to Collins, attitudes of care have moral value when they contribute _________ to relationships.a. positively