Chapter 2: Correctional History

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In 1831, which pair came to America, intending to study the newly minted prison system?

a. Bentham and Beccaria

b. Howard and Penn

c. Beaumont and Tocqueville

d. Dix and Maconochie

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A relatively constant theme in corrections over the past few centuries has been ______.

a. the importance of money in decision making

b. separation of church and state

c. a decreasing sense of compassion impacting reform decisions

d. public apathy regarding the punishment of crimes

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which of the following was an advantage to the criminal when examining the extent of punishment among tribal groups?

a. only gender

b. only status

c. gender and status

d. wealth and status

Learning Objective: 2-2: Appreciate that what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What was the first type of correctional facility to develop?

a. day-reporting centers

b. prisons

c. jails

d. bridewells

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. In ancient Greece and Rome, citizens who broke the law might be subjected to ______.

a. probation

b. community service

c. humiliation

d. death

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. King Henry II required that gaols be built to ______.

a. extort fine money from citizens

b. remove the poor from the streets

c. hold the accused for trial

d. conduct trials

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The Catholic Church had its greatest influence on punishment during ______.

a. the Middle Ages

b. Elizabethan England

c. the Reform Era

d. the Enlightenment

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Galley slavery was used more regularly ______.

a. by the ancient Greeks and Romans

b. in the late Middle Ages

c. in the American colonies

d. on Norfolk Island, Australia

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. After the disintegration of feudalism, what sparked government entities to increasingly respond in a more severe fashion in the demand for resources?

a. crime

b. prostitution

c. poverty

d. war

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Early workhouses built to hold and whip “beggars, prostitutes, and nightwalkers” were known as ______.

a. gaols

b. reformatories

c. prisons

d. bridewells

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The removal of those deemed as criminal to other locations, such as the American colonies or Australia, is known as ______.

a. the Marks system

b. galley slavery

c. transportation

d. corporal punishment

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which of the following is a benefit associated with the practice of transportation?

a. the removal of criminal classes

b. the exploitation of labor to satisfy a growing need

c. the humane treatment of criminals

d. the removal of criminal classes and exploitation of labor to satisfy a growing need

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. William the Conqueror founded ______.

a. the Tower of London

b. Buckingham Jail

c. the Panopticon

d. Maison de Force Prison

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The Black Act ______.

a. allowed for the execution of runaway slaves in the Colonies

b. mandated the incarceration of African Americans with unpaid bills

c. prohibited hunters from blackening their faces when killing deer

d. imprisoned all Irish Catholic dissidents living in England

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. In ancient Rome, capitis diminutio maxima involved the ______.

a. public punishment of prisoners

b. death penalty

c. forfeiture of citizenship

d. harsh physical punishment of criminals

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. In 18th-century England, approximately how many crimes could be punished by execution?

a. 10

b. 225

c. 40

d. 5

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which is a form of punishment in which those convicted were forced to work as rowers on ships?

a. galleys

b. gaols

c. bridewells

d. hulks

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. During the Colonial era, England ______.

a. sent many of its convicted criminals to America

b. was a destination for American criminals who were exiled

c. instructed its troops to execute any American colonists convicted of a crime

d. provided funding for the first American prisons

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The practice of using privatized sentences exiling convicts and sending them to a penal colony was called ______.

a. deportation

b. commutation

c. excommunication

d. transportation

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The Tower of London was used as a prison as far back as ______.

a. 1100

b. 1425

c. 1680

d. 1820

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. In his 1775 census of correctional facilities in England and Wales, John Howard found that the most common types of prisoners were ______.

a. religious protestors

b. debtors

c. felons

d. petty offenders

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. William Penn ______.

a. was an Italian philosopher who decried harsh punishments for minor offenses

b. promoted prison reform based on principles of the Quaker faith

c. was a former sheriff and prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform

d. made plans for a hypothetical prison called a panopticon

Learning Objective: 2-6: Understand historical innovations in corrections (e.g., the panopticon) and how they worked out.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. John Howard ______.

a. was an Italian philosopher who decried harsh punishments for minor offenses

b. promoted prison reform based on principles of the Quaker faith

c. was a former sheriff and prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform

d. made plans for a hypothetical prison called a panopticon

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Jeremy Bentham ______.

a. was an Italian philosopher who decried harsh punishments for minor offenses

b. promoted prison reform based on principles of the Quaker faith

c. was a former sheriff and prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform

d. made plans for a hypothetical prison called a panopticon

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Cesare Beccaria ______.

a. was an Italian philosopher who decried harsh punishments for minor offenses

b. promoted prison reform based on principles of the Quaker faith

c. was a former sheriff and prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform

d. made plans for a hypothetical prison called a panopticon

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. A ______ is a rounded prison design in which multitiered cells are built around a hub so that correctional staff can view all inmates without being observed.

a. panopticon

b. gaol

c. bridewell

d. galley

Learning Objective: 2-6: Understand historical innovations in corrections (e.g., the panopticon) and how they worked out.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Which reformer personally experienced incarceration while he was a prisoner of war?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Which reformer wrote in his book On Crimes and Punishment that “it is essential that [punishment] be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the given circumstances, proportionate to the crime, and determined by law”?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Which reformer was the sheriff of Bedford, England?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which reformer created the panopticon?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which reformer sought reform in every gaol throughout England and Europe?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

32. Which reformer was influenced by his Quaker religious principles?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Who developed a system of marks, which later became the basis of “good time” to reward inmates’ behavior?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. Alexander Maconochie

Learning Objective: 2-6: Understand historical innovations in corrections (e.g., the panopticon) and how they worked out.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which reformer instituted a Great Law, which deemphasized the use of corporal and capital punishment for all but the most serious crimes?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Which reformer was imprisoned in the Great Tower of London for promoting his religion and defying the English Crown?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. William Penn

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. The influence of religion on early prison operations in the United States is due primarily to ______.

a. the Shakers

b. the Quakers

c. Enlightenment thinkers

d. Presbyterians

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Quaker ideas had a great deal of influence on the ______ prison system.

a. New York

b. Delaware

c. Connecticut

d. Pennsylvania

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. In the text, the Enlightenment period is compared to what occurrence in Star Trek?

a. waking up from a dream

b. eating forbidden fruit

c. breathing in magical spores

d. being hypnotized by a cult

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. In early colonial towns, prisoners were often held in ______.

a. churches

b. inns

c. schools

d. barns

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The first jail in America, built around 1606, was located in ______.

a. Jamestown, Virginia

b. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

c. Ossining, New York

d. Barnstable, Massachusetts

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. One of the earliest American makeshift prisons--Newgate prison in Simsbury, Connecticut--started as a ______.

a. well

b. cave

c. dungeon

d. mine

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Derelict naval vessels that were transformed into prisons were known as ______.

a. hulks

b. bridewells

c. cuttleships

d. galleys

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. It is believed that about ______ convicts were deposited on American shores from English gaols.

a. 100,000

b. 50,000

c. 25,000

d. 2,000

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. ______ is known for his reform efforts on a labor colony 1,000 miles off the coast of Australia.

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Cesare Beccaria

c. John Howard

d. Alexander Maconochie

Learning Objective: 2-6: Understand historical innovations in corrections (e.g., the panopticon) and how they worked out.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. ______ was the penal labor colony established in 1788 off the coast of Australia.

a. Norfolk Island

b. Madagascar

c. New Zealand

d. Garcia’s Island

Learning Objective: 2-6: Understand historical innovations in corrections (e.g., the panopticon) and how they worked out.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Jails in the eighteenth century were run on a(n) ______ model, with the jailer and his family residing on the premises. The inmates were free to dress as they liked, to walk around freely, and to provide their own food and other necessities.

a. household

b. institution

c. religious

d. education

Learning Objective: 2-6: Understand historical innovations in corrections (e.g., the panopticon) and how they worked out.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. The oldest standing jail in the United States is in ______.

a. Jamestown, Virginia

b. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

c. Barnstable, Massachusetts

d. Trenton, New Jersey

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. ______ was a Quaker who sought to reform English prisons, advocating improved conditions for women inmates.

a. Marianne Fisher-Giorlando

b. Ruth Bader Ginsburg

c. Elizabeth Gurney Fry

d. Meda Chesney-Lind

Learning Objective: 2-2: Appreciate that what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Comparative Perspective: Early European and British Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. In Le Stinche Prison--which was built in Florence, Italy, in the 1290s--inmates were ______.

a. subject to harsh physical punishment

b. separated by age, social class, and offense

c. targeted for religious conversion

d. deliberately starved to death

Learning Objective: 2-2: Appreciate that what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Comparative Perspective: Early European and British Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. The use of derelict naval vessels to incarcerate prisoners began in ______.

a. England

b. America

c. France

d. Italy

Learning Objective: 2-2: Appreciate that what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Comparative Perspective: Early European and British Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Beaumont and Tocqueville came to the United States but did not observe anything wrong with the systems they studied.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. One of the constant themes in corrections is that money, or a lack thereof, is a factor in virtually all correctional policy decisions.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Prisons and other such institutions serve as a social control mechanism.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. One early purpose of the correctional system was to remove the “riffraff” from the streets.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Religious influence is one of the apparent themes in corrections history.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Among tribal groups, the wealthy and poor were treated equally under the eyes of punishment.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The use of imprisonment can be traced as far back as the Old Testament in the Bible.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The Protestant Church had its greatest influence on punishment in the Middle Ages.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Understand the origins of corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Galley slavery was only used to get the poor off the streets.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. In 18th-century England, a person could receive the death penalty for rioting over wages or food.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Bridewells provided a location where poor people could be sent in order to remove them from the streets.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The practice of transportation was short-lived in the correctional system.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The English continued to transport their prisoners to America well after the Revolutionary War.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Galley slavery was used sparingly by the Ancient Greeks and Romans but more regularly by Europeans in the late Middle Ages.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The Tower of London was used as a prison for over 1,000 years.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The Progressive period spelled out major changes in correctional reform and gave rise to such great thinkers as Cesare Beccaria.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Early correctional reformer John Howard was profoundly influenced by his Quaker beliefs.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. John Howard believed that English gaols treated inmates inhumanely and needed to be reformed.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. William Penn is credited with creating the panopticon, which was the first prison ever to be constructed.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Understand historical innovations in corrections (e.g., the panopticon) and how they worked out.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. William Penn proposed the Great Law, which deemphasized the use of corporal punishment and capital punishment for all crimes but the most serious.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. One of the oldest American prisons was a copper mine.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The first jail built in America was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1790.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Rotary jails were like squirrel cages segmented into small, “pie-shaped cells” that the sheriff could spin at will.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Understand historical innovations in corrections (e.g., the panopticon) and how they worked out.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. The Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, also served as a mine.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Debtors’ prisons were outlawed in America after the Revolutionary War.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. What constant themes appear throughout the history of corrections?

Learning Objective: 2-2: Appreciate that what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Entire chapter

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. John Howard’s genius was his main insight into corrections. What was this insight?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Although they created separate deterrence theories, on what specifics did Bentham and Beccaria agree?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Bentham believed that his creation, the panopticon, would greatly enhance the management of inmates by melding which two ideas?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What did William Penn’s Great Law seek to achieve?

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Discuss the main themes underlying correctional practice.

Learning Objective: 2-2: Appreciate that what we do now in corrections is often grounded in historical experience (or a repeat of it).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Entire chapter

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. What key events, as described in the text, facilitated the widespread use of gaols in England? How so?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Discuss the history of galley slavery from its first uses to its end, as well as the rationale behind it.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What are bridewells and what was the rationale behind their creation?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Discuss the history of transportation, as well as the rationale(s) for this practice.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. What was the significance of the Enlightenment on correctional thinking?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Discuss the impact Maconochie had on Norfolk Island.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Colonial Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Pick one of the four Enlightenment period reformers discussed in detail in the text. What did he or she believe in regard to reforming corrections? How did he or she propose to promote such reform?

Learning Objective: 2-4: Identify some of the key Enlightenment thinkers, their ideas, and how they changed corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Enlightenment--Paradigm Shift

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Discuss the history and significance of the Tower of London in regard to corrections.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Know the different types of corrections used historically.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Punishments in Westernized Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Discuss the differences and similarities between colonial jails/prisons and those in Europe.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Describe colonial jails and early prisons in America and how they operated.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Entire chapter

Difficulty Level: Medium