Chapter 19 Inferential Statistics Full Test Bank - Educational Research Quantitative Approaches 7e Bank by R. Burke Johnson. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 19: Inferential Statistics
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. The field of statistics that uses the laws of probability to make inferences about populations from samples is called?
A. descriptive statistics
B. parameterization
C. inferential statistics
D. nonparametric statistics
Learning Objective: 19-1: Define inferential statistics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Which of the following symbols represents a population parameter?
A. SD
B. σ
C. r
D. 0
Learning Objective: 19-4: Recognize the symbols used for the mean, variance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, proportion, and regression coefficient.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction | Table 19.1: A List of Symbols Used for Statistics and Parameters
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Which of the following symbols stands for the population mean?
A. ρ
B. μ
C. SD
D. σ
Learning Objective: 19-4: Recognize the symbols used for the mean, variance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, proportion, and regression coefficient.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction | Table 19.1: A List of Symbols Used for Statistics and Parameters
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Which of the following symbolizes a correlation in a sample?
A. SD
B. σ
C. r
D. 0
Learning Objective: 19-4: Recognize the symbols used for the mean, variance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, proportion, and regression coefficient.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction | Table 19.1: A List of Symbols Used for Statistics and Parameters
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Which of the following symbolizes a population proportion?
A. SD
B. σ
C. r
D. π
Learning Objective: 19-4: Recognize the symbols used for the mean, variance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, proportion, and regression coefficient.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction | Table 19.1: A List of Symbols Used for Statistics and Parameters
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Which of the following is a directional alternative hypothesis?
A. m1 = m2
B. 02 ≠ 02
C. m1 > m2
D. m1 ≠ m2
Learning Objective: 19-10: Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. An index (e.g., a mean or a correlation) calculated with sample data is called a ______, whereas an index calculated with the complete set of population data (i.e., everyone in the population) is called a ______.
A. statistic; parameter
B. parameter; statistic
C. sample; population
D. population; sample
Learning Objective: 19-3: Explain the difference between a statistic and a parameter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. If you drew all possible samples from some population, calculated the mean for each of the samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of the distribution) based on all of those means, what would you have?
A. a population distribution
B. a sample distribution
C. a sampling distribution
D. a parameter distribution
Learning Objective: 19-5: Provide the definition of sampling distribution.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distribution of the Mean
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Which of the following best characterizes a sampling distribution?
A. The average value is equal to the true population parameter.
B. The standard error is always less than 1.
C. It is based on 50 samples.
D. The sampling error is the same as the standard error.
Learning Objective: 19-5: Provide the definition of sampling distribution.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. What is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution called?
A. sampling deviation
B. standard deviation
C. standard error
D. standard variance
Learning Objective: 19-5: Provide the definition of sampling distribution.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. When you use the value of your sample statistic as your best guess of the unknown population parameter this is called?
A. descriptive statistics
B. standard error of estimation
C. point estimation
D. interval estimation
Learning Objective: 19-6: Compare and contrast point estimation and interval estimation.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Point Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. What is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter called?
A. sampling error
B. sampling deviation
C. standard error
D. confidence error
Learning Objective: 19-5: Provide the definition of sampling distribution.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Which hypothesis is viewed as the “status quo” or the “nothing new” hypothesis?
A. null hypothesis
B. inferential hypothesis
C. alternative hypothesis
D. research hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. A researcher has calculated the 95% confidence interval. What does that mean?
A. The process she used captures the true population statistic 95% of the time in the long run.
B. She can be “95% confident” that her interval will include the population parameter.
C. She can be “5% confident” that her interval will include the population parameter.
D. She can reject the null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 19-7: Explain how confidence intervals work over repeated sampling.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. What would happen (all other things being equal) to a confidence interval if you were able to increase the sample size?
A. It will become narrower.
B. It will not change.
C. It will become wider.
D. The sample size has no effect of the width of a confidence interval.
Learning Objective: 19-7: Explain how confidence intervals work over repeated sampling.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Hard
16. For a given set of data, compared to a 95% confidence interval, a 99% confidence interval is ______.A. narrower
B. the same
C. something that cannot be calculated
D. wider
Learning Objective: 19-7: Explain how confidence intervals work over repeated sampling.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. In statistical hypothesis testing, the hypothesis that is tested is the ______.
A. alternative hypothesis
B. null hypothesis
C. research hypothesis
D. probability hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. Which of the following statements is a null hypothesis?
A. The coin is not fair.
B. There is a correlation in the population.
C. There is no difference between the incomes of men and women in the population.
D. The defendant is guilty.
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
19. What significance level do most educational researchers use?
A. .5
B. .1
C. .01
D. .05
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. A researcher does a study and reports that the statistic she calculated has a p <.05. What does this statement mean?
A. Her outcome was very likely assuming the null is true.
B. The probability of this outcome was high.
C. The probability of this outcome or one more extreme was .95.
D. The probability of this outcome or one more extreme is less than .05 if the null hypothesis is true.
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Hard
21. A researcher reports in a mainstream educational research journal that the statistic she calculated had a p >.05. What does this statement mean?
A. The outcome was very unlikely assuming the null is true.
B. The research finding is statistically significant.
C. The research finding is not statistically significant.
D. The probability of this outcome or one more extreme is less than .05.
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Hard
22. What does the researcher usually hope to do in hypothesis testing?
A. retain the null hypothesis
B. reject the null hypothesis
C. the researcher usually does not care which hypothesis is supported
D. the researcher hopes not to obtain statistical significance
Learning Objective: 19-14: Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Which of the following steps occurs first in hypothesis testing?
A. obtain the probability value
B. determine practical significance
C. set the significance level
D. compare the probability value with the significance level
Learning Objective: 19-15: Explain the basic logic of significance testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. If you reject the null hypothesis, which of the following should you avoid?
A. tentatively accepting the alternative hypothesis
B. claiming that your finding is statistically significant
C. claiming that you have proved the alternative hypothesis to be true
D. making sure that your result also is practically significant
Learning Objective: 19-15: Explain the basic logic of significance testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Which of the following significance levels provides the greatest protection against making a Type I error?
A. .5
B. .1
C. .01
D. .05
Learning Objective: 19-13: State how to decrease the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. Which of the following is a function of the samples of data you collected and is obtained from the computer statistical output?
A. significance level
B. alpha level
C. probability value
D. beta level
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Easy
27. If you claim that your evidence suggests that the observed result was not due to chance, what are you doing?
A. You are claiming that your finding is practically significant.
B. You are claiming that your finding must be theoretically important.
C. You are claiming that finding was due to sampling error.
D. You are claiming that your finding is statistically significant.
Learning Objective: 19-14: Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. If you failed to reject a false null hypothesis (i.e., a false negative), you are making a ______A. Type I error
B. Type II error
C. Type III error
D. Type IV error
Learning Objective: 19-12: Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. What type of error would you make if you rejected a true null hypothesis (i.e., a false positive)?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Learning Objective: 19-12: Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. Assume that the null hypothesis says a person is “innocent.” What is the problem when a guilty person is found to be innocent?
A. A Type I error was made.
B. A Type II error was made.
C. A Type III error was made.
D. A Type IV error was made.
Learning Objective: 19-12: Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Hard
31. Assume that the null hypothesis says a person is “innocent.” What is the problem when an innocent person is found guilty?
A. A Type I error was made.
B. A Type II error was made.
C. A Type III error was made.
D. A Type IV error was made.
Learning Objective: 19-12: Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Hard
32. How can you minimize the risk of both Type I and Type II errors?
A. use a smaller alpha level
B. use a smaller relationship
C. decrease the sample size
D. increase the sample size
Learning Objective: 19-13: State how to decrease the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. When should you set the significance level for your research study?
A. Before the research data have been analyzed.
B. After the research data have been analyzed.
C. After looking at the probability values.
D. The computer sets the significance level.
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision | Table 19.3: Steps in Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. If you use a significance level of .01 rather than a significance level of .05, then which of the following will be true (assuming other things equal, such as sample size)?
A. You are more likely to fail to reject your null hypothesis.
B. You are more likely to reject your null hypothesis.
C. You are more likely to reject a true null hypothesis.
D. You are more likely to retain your alternative hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 19-15: Explain the basic logic of significance testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
35. Which of the following is NOT an effect size indicator?
A. probability value
B. η2
C. ω2
D. correlation coefficient squared
Learning Objective: 19-18: Explain what an effect size indicator is.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
36. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for testing a correlation coefficient for statistical significance?
A. H0: µGRE-V = 476
B. H0: µM = µF
C. H0: βYX1.X2 = 0
D. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses | Table 19.2: Examples of Null and Alternative Hypotheses in Inferential Statistics
Difficulty Level: Hard
37. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for testing a regression coefficient for statistical significance?
A. H0: µGRE-V = 476
B. H0: µM = µF
C. H0: βYX1.X2 = 0
D. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses | Table 19.2: Examples of Null and Alternative Hypotheses in Inferential Statistics
Difficulty Level: Hard
38. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for testing the difference between two means for statistical significance?
A. H0: µGRE-V = 476
B. H0: µM = µF
C. H0: βYX1X2 = 0
D. h0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses | Table 19.2: Examples of Null and Alternative Hypotheses in Inferential Statistics
Difficulty Level: Hard
39. An effect size indicator tells the researcher ______.
A. how big of an effect is present
B. if a result is statistically significant
C. about the strength of statistical significance
D. about the strength of the null hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-18: Explain what an effect size indicator is.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Error
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. Post hoc tests in the analysis of variance are generally required when the independent variable ______.
A. has one level
B. has two levels
C. has three or more levels
D. is quantitative
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Medium
41. If a research finding is statistically significant, what else should you determine?
A. the probability of a Type I error
B. the effect size
C. the probability value
D. the alpha level
Learning Objective: 19-17: Explain the difference between statistical and practical significance.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
42. A researcher is interested in doing a study comparing the effectiveness of two different approaches to teaching place value in mathematics. One approach uses manipulatives that represent the base-10 system and the other teaches in a traditional way. She randomly assigns 30 first-grade children to the manipulatives-based approach and 30 children to the other approach. Her dependent variable is the number of problems solved on a place value test. In order to compare the groups, what inferential test should she use?
A. χ2 test for contingency tables
B. partial correlation coefficient
C. t test for independent groups
D. post hoc analysis of variance
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: t Test for Independent Samples
Difficulty Level: Medium
43. What sampling distribution is used to test the statistical significance of correlation coefficients?
A. the t distribution
B. the F distribution
C. the χ2 distribution
D. the Z distribution
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: t Test for Correlation Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Easy
44. What sampling distribution is used for one-way analysis of variance?
A. the t distribution
B. the F distribution
C. the χ2 distribution
D. the Z distribution
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: One-Way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Easy
45. The cutoff that a researcher uses to decide when to reject a null hypothesis is the ______A. alternative hypothesis
B. null hypothesis
C. probability value
D. significance level
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Easy
46. A statement that there is no difference between population means or no relationship between variables in the population is known as the ______.
A. alternative hypothesis
B. null hypothesis
C. probability value
D. significance level
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
47. The ______ is a statement that the population parameter is some value other than the value stated by the null hypothesis.
A. alternative hypothesis
B. null hypothesis
C. probability value
D. significance level
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy
48. The likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is known as ______.
A. power
B. strength
C. direction
D. force
Learning Objective: 19-13: State how to decrease the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
49. What hypothesis do we directly test in statistical hypothesis testing?
A. the null hypothesis
B. the alternative hypothesis
C. the primary hypothesis
D. the directional hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
50. When a researcher wants to investigate the differences between the means of two independent groups, he or she can analyze the data using the t test for independent samples or ______A. the one-way analysis of variance
B. t test for correlation coefficients
C. χ2 test for a contingency table
D. t test for regression coefficients
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: One-Way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Medium
51. If one has two categorical variables and constructs a contingency table, what statistical test would be appropriate to tell whether the variables were related or not?
A. t test
B. normality test
C. ω2 test
D. χ2 test
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Medium
52. Roger’s hypothesis states that the two groups are not equal. He has a ______.
A. directional null hypothesis
B. null hypothesis
C. directional alternative hypothesis
D. nondirectional alternative hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-10: Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
53. In a directional alternative hypothesis, ______.
A. the two groups are equal on the dependent variable
B. one group scores higher or lower on the dependent variable than the other
C. the two groups do not differ on the dependent variable
D. the two groups’ scores on the dependent variable are not equal
Learning Objective: 19-10: Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
54. Bree hypothesized that members of the experimental group would score differently than the control group. Her hypothesis was a ______.A. nondirectional alternative hypothesis
B. directional alternative hypothesis
C. null hypothesis
D. Type 1 hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-10: Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
55. In his research, William proposed that his treatment would be so effective that the experimental group would have a higher mean than the control group. He has made a ______.A. nondirectional alternative hypothesis
B. directional alternative hypothesis
C. null hypothesis
D. Type 1 hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-10: Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
56. During significance testing, Dr. Gray looked at his data to see if the relationship between his independent and dependent variables was large enough to be meaningful. In doing so, he was investigating ______.
A. statistical significance
B. practical significance
C. probability significance
D. effect size significance
Learning Objective: 19-17: Explain the difference between statistical and practical significance.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Hard
57. If we drew all possible samples from a population, calculated the correlation coefficient for each of the samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of the distribution) based on all of those sample correlation coefficients, what would we have?
A. the population distribution
B. a sample distribution
C. a sampling distribution
D. a parameter distribution
Learning Objective: 19-5: Provide the definition of sampling distribution.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Hard
58. Jean has conducted a study with an experimental and control group. She conducted an analysis of variance and found that there was a significant difference between the groups. How does she need to follow up the significant F-test?
A. She will carry out Bonferroni protected comparisons.
B. She does not need to follow, but simply look at the two group means and see which group scored higher.
C. She will calculate a correlation coefficient between the two groups.
D. She will conduct an independent samples t-test.
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Hard
59. When analyzing her data, Janie found that her sample statistic differed from the population parameter. This is an example of ______A. sampling error
B. standard error
C. distribution error
D. sample error
Learning Objective: 19-3: Explain the difference between a statistic and a parameter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
60. Because a point estimate is limited by being only a single numerical value, what do researchers often use instead?
A. repeated sampling when estimating parameters from the sample data
B. an interval estimate
C. population and parameter estimation
D. hypothesis testing
Learning Objective: 19-6: Compare and contrast point estimation and interval estimation.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Point Estimation | Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
61. An experimental researcher usually begins with the null hypothesis of no treatment effect. What does this researcher do when he finds that the probability level is less than the significance level?
A. The null hypothesis is retained and tested one more time before a determination can be made about the effectiveness of the treatment
B. The alternative hypothesis (that there is a treatment effect) is said to be true and the null hypothesis is discarded
C. The null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (that there is a treatment effect) is tentatively accepted
D. The researcher designs another study to prove the null hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-12: Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
62. Dr. Callahan wrote in her report that the findings for her study were statistically significant. What did she mean?
A. The results she observed from her research were most likely not due to chance.
B. The results of her research indicated that the alternate hypothesis was proved in this case.
C. The statistical analysis indicated that the null hypothesis will be completely inappropriate in all future studies.
D. The results she observed from her research were most likely due to chance.
Learning Objective: 19-15: Explain the basic logic of significance testing.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Hard
63. After analyzing her empirical data, Susan was able to reject her original hull hypothesis but later she found out that it had been true. What type of mistake had she made when she rejected her null hypothesis?
A. alpha level error
B. Type II error
C. Type I error
D. effect size error
Learning Objective: 19-12: Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Hard
64. “Significance testing” is another way of saying ______.
A. “effect size testing”
B. “hypothesis testing”
C. t test
D. one-way analysis of variance
Learning Objective: 19-14: Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
65. Which of the following is the alternative hypothesis for the significance test for a correlation coefficient?
A. H1: ρXY = 0
B. H1: µM ≠µF
C. H1: βYX1.X2 ≠ 0
D. H1: ρXY ≠ 0
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: t Test for Correlation Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Hard
66. Which of the following is the alternative hypothesis for testing the difference between two means for statistical significance?
A. H0: µGRE-V = 476
B. H0: µM = µF
C. H1: µM≠µF
D. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: t Test for Correlation Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Hard
67. Walt’s directional alternative hypothesis was that male students would score better on the GRE verbal test than female students. This hypothesis would be written as ______.
A. H0: µGRE-V = 500
B. H1: µM > µF
C. H1: βYX1.X2 = 0
D. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 19-10: Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
68. How would you write a nondirectional alternative hypothesis for the following research question: Do education, arts and sciences, and business students have different starting incomes?
A. H0: µGRE-V = 500
B. H1: µE ≠ µA&S ≠ µB
C. H0: µE = µA&S = µB
D. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 19-10: Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
69. What null hypothesis would be tested for this research question: Is there a correlation between GPA and starting salary?
A. H0: µGRE-V = 500
B. H0: µE = µA&S = µB
C. H0: βYX1.X2 = 0
D. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 19-9: Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
70. To draw conclusions about a population based upon data obtained from a sample, a researcher would use ______A. descriptive statistics
B. inferential statistics
C. population statistics
D. parameter statistics
Learning Objective: 19-1: Define inferential statistics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
71. A range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain probability or chance of including the population parameter is known as the ______A. confidence interval
B. confidence limits
C. confidence range
D. point estimate
Learning Objective: 19-7: Explain how confidence intervals work over repeated sampling.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Easy
72. Dr. Jones conducted a study and found that the 95% confidence interval for the data in his sample was 42–64. Based upon this information we know that the margin of error is ______.A. 11
B. 20
C. 22
D. 47
Learning Objective: 19-7: Explain how confidence intervals work over repeated sampling.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Hard
73. Dr. White is planning a study of the effectiveness of different memory strategies. When should he set the alpha level to be used in his study?
A. before she analyzes the data
B. after she has analyzed the data
C. after looking at the probability values from the analyses
D. The computer will set the alpha level when it analyzes the data.
Learning Objective: 19-12: Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Hard
74. Increasing the sample size in a research study will ______ the study’s power.
A. decrease
B. not impact
C. increase
D. be unrelated to
Learning Objective: 19-13: State how to decrease the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
75. The strength or magnitude of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is known as the ______A. power of the study
B. effect size indicator
C. type of error
D. alternative hypothesis
Learning Objective: 19-18: Explain what an effect size indicator is.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
76. A numeric characteristic of a sample is a ______, whereas a numerical characteristic of a population is a ______.
A. parameter; coefficient
B. parameter; statistic
C. statistic; parameter
D. statistic; coefficient
Learning Objective: 19-2: Explain the difference between a sample and a population
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
77. The first step in hypothesis testing is ______.
A. to analyze data and obtain the probability level
B. to set the alpha level for the study
C. to compute effect size, interpret result, and judge practical significance
D. to develop null and alternative hypotheses
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
78. The third step in hypothesis testing is ______.
A. to analyze data and obtain the probability level
B. to set the alpha level for the study
C. to compute effect size, interpret result, and judge practical significance
D. to develop null and alternative hypotheses
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
79. The fifth step in hypothesis testing is ______.
A. to analyze data and obtain the probability level
B. to set the alpha level for the study
C. to compute effect size, interpret result, and judge practical significance
D. to develop null and alternative hypotheses
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
80. The second step in hypothesis testing is ______.
A. to analyze data and obtain the probability level
B. to set the alpha level for the study
C. to compute effect size, interpret result, and judge practical significance
D. to develop null and alternative hypotheses
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
81. In hypothesis testing, the step that involves the comparison of the probability value to the significance level is ______.
A. Step 1
B. Step 2
C. Step 3
D. Step 4
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
82. In hypothesis testing, the step that involves making the statistical decision is ______.
A. Step 1
B. Step 2
C. Step 3
D. Step 4
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
83. In hypothesis testing, if the probability value is greater than the significance level, the researcher should ______.
A. accept the alternative hypothesis
B. fail to reject the null hypothesis
C. conclude that the study’s result is statistically significant
D. reanalyze the data because the probability level must equal the significance level.
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Hard
84. Denise has just completed analyzing the data for her study. She set her alpha level at .05. On her computer printout it said “r = .01.” What decision should Denise make based on this information?
A. accept the alternative hypothesis that there was a relationship between the two variables
B. fail to reject the null hypothesis that the variables were not related
C. conclude that there was a real difference in the means of the three groups in her study
D. reanalyze the data because the probability level must equal the significance level
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
85. Which of the following symbols represents a sample statistic?
A. ρ
B. μ
C. SD
D. σ
Learning Objective: 19-4: Recognize the symbols used for the mean, variance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, proportion, and regression coefficient.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction | Table 19.1: A List of Symbols Used for Statistics and Parameters
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. The calculation of effect size indicators is not very important because all that is really important is whether a finding is statistically significant.
Learning Objective: 19-18: Explain what an effect size indicator is.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. If a finding is statistically significant, we should also examine it for practical significance.
Learning Objective: 19-17: Explain the difference between statistical and practical significance.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. When we calculate a single 99% confidence interval, we know that 99% of the time, this interval will capture the true population parameter.
Learning Objective: 19-7: Explain how confidence intervals work over repeated sampling.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. The probability value is an effect size indicator.
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision | Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. The researcher sets the probability value.
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. The significance level is the same as the alpha level.
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. The alpha level is set by the researcher rather than being determined by the data.
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. A researcher will usually test his or her regression coefficients for statistical significance in order to ensure that the observed coefficient is not due simply to chance.
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: t Test for Regression Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is appropriate when you have one or more categorical independent variables and a quantitative dependent variable.
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: One-Way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Most researchers consider an observed significance level of .05 or less to be small enough to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the finding is statistically significant.
Learning Objective: 19-11: Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. Nora’s results were statistically significant so they must also be practically significant.
Learning Objective: 19-17: Explain the difference between statistical and practical significance.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. David has calculated the regression coefficient for his sample. In his write-up of his research he will use β to symbolize the regression coefficient.
Learning Objective: 19-4: Recognize the symbols used for the mean, variance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, proportion, and regression coefficient.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Table 19.1: A List of Symbols Used for Statistics and Parameters
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. The null hypothesis refers to population parameters.
Learning Objective: 19-3: Explain the difference between a statistic and a parameter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. The alternative hypothesis refers to sample statistics.
Learning Objective: 19-3: Explain the difference between a statistic and a parameter.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. The margin of error is one-half of the width of a confidence interval.
Learning Objective: 19-7: Explain how confidence intervals work over repeated sampling.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Delores calculated the mean IQ score for the participants in her sample. This average IQ score is a point estimate.
Learning Objective: 19-6: Compare and contrast point estimation and interval estimation.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Point Estimation
Difficulty Level: Hard
17. Dr. Harris’ hypothesis was that students attending an urban school would have higher achievement test scores than children attending suburban or rural schools. This is an example of a nondirectional alternative hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 19-10: Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
18. Educational researchers work to avoid making a Type II error by decreasing the significance level they use in their studies.
Learning Objective: 19-13: State how to decrease the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Hypothesis testing involves investigating how well the data collected from a sample fit with the null hypothesis and whether the null hypothesis should be rejected or retained.
Learning Objective: 19-14: Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. When using inferential statistics, researchers go beyond their data to make statements about the population from which the sample was chosen.
Learning Objective: 19-1: Define inferential statistics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Inferential Statistics
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. In hypothesis testing, the statistical decision is made in the final step.
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (entire section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. In hypothesis testing, the significance level is set just after the null and alternative hypotheses are developed.
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (entire section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. Choose two of the different significant tests discussed in the chapter and describe what it is and when it is used.
Learning Objective: 19-16: Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Discuss the similarities and differences between point estimation and interval estimation.
Learning Objective: 19-6: Compare and contrast point estimation and interval estimation.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Point Estimation | Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Describe the purpose and process of hypothesis testing.
Learning Objective: 19-8: List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing | Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Compare and contrast Type I and Type II errors and ways to prevent making each type of error.
Learning Objective: 19-13: State how to decrease the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix | Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Compare and contrast what is meant by probability value and significance level?
Learning Objective: 19-12: Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing | Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Explain why it is insufficient to consider just statistical significance when analyzing data.
Learning Objective: 19-17: Explain the difference between statistical and practical significance.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
Document Information
Connected Book
Educational Research Quantitative Approaches 7e Bank
By R. Burke Johnson