Chapter 15 Test Bank Docx Nuclear Chemistry

Introduction to Chemistry, 5e (Bauer)

Chapter 15 Nuclear Chemistry

1) Which of the following statements regarding nuclear chemistry is correct?

A) Atoms with the same mass number but different atomic numbers are called isotopes.

B) All isotopes are radioactive.

C) Radioactive decay always results in the emission of an alpha particle.

D) Radioactive decay processes result in a change in the nucleus of the isotope undergoing reaction.

E) A nuclear particle (a proton or neutron) is called a nuclide.

2) Which of the following statements regarding nuclear chemistry is correct?

A) Most of the known nuclides are stable.

B) There is no clear relationship between the stability of a radioactive nuclide and the combination of neutron and proton numbers in the nucleus.

C) A nuclide is an atom with a specific atomic number, mass number, and neutron number.

D) Nucleon is the term used to describe either a proton or an electron.

E) Each element has only one isotope.

3) Which of the following statements regarding nuclear chemistry is correct?

A) In the lighter elements that are stable, the neutron to proton ratio is about 2.

B) Nuclides inside the band of stability are radioactive.

C) A positron is a particle that is similar to an electron, except that it has a positive charge.

D) A beta particle is a particle that has less penetrating ability than an alpha particle.

E) An alpha particle is equivalent to the nucleus of a hydrogen atom.

4) Which of the following forms of radiation has no mass?

A) alpha

B) beta

C) gamma

D) positron

E) proton

5) Which of the following is a form of radiation composed of negatively charged particles?

A) alpha

B) beta

C) gamma

D) positron

E) proton

6) Which process increases the atomic number of an element by one?

A) gamma ray emission

B) alpha particle emission

C) beta particle emission

D) positron emission

E) electron capture

7) Which process decreases the atomic number of an element by one?

A) both beta particle emission and electron capture

B) alpha particle emission

C) beta particle emission

D) positron emission

E) gamma ray emission

8) Which process decreases the atomic number of an element by two?

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta particle emission

C) positron emission

D) gamma ray emission

E) none of these

9) Which of the following processes results in the conversion of a neutron to a proton within a nucleus?

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta () particle emission

C) positron emission

D) neutron emission

E) proton emission

10) Which of the following processes results in the conversion of a proton to a neutron within a nucleus?

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta () particle emission

C) positron emission

D) neutron emission

E) proton emission

11) Which of the following changes occur to the nucleus when a heavy element undergoes alpha particle emission?

A) Only the number of neutrons decreases.

B) Only the number of protons decreases.

C) Only the number of neutrons increases.

D) Only the number of protons increases.

E) Both the number of neutrons and protons decreases.

12) Beta particles are equivalent to

A) He nuclei.

B) H atoms.

C) electrons only.

D) positrons only.

E) either electrons or positrons.

13) Alpha particles are equivalent to

A) He atoms.

B) H atoms.

C) electrons.

D) positrons

E) He nuclei.

14) Gamma rays are

A) high-energy electromagnetic radiation.

B) H nuclei.

C) electrons.

D) He nuclei.

E) positrons.

15) An alpha particle has a mass number of ________ and a charge of ________.

A) 1, 2+

B) 2, 0

C) 4, 2+

D) 4, 0

16) A beta particle has a mass number of ________ and a charge of ________.

A) 1, 0

B) 0, 0

C) 0, 1– or 1+

D) 1, 1+

E) 1, 1–

17) A gamma ray has a mass number of ________ and a charge of ________.

A) 1, 0

B) 1, 1+

C) –1, 1–

D) 0, 0

E) 0, 1+

18) Rank the following in order of increasing penetrating ability: alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays.

A) alpha particles < beta particles < gamma rays

B) alpha particles < gamma rays < beta particles

C) gamma rays < beta particles < alpha particles

D) beta particles < alpha particles < gamma rays

E) beta particles < gamma rays < alpha particles

19) Which of the following forms of radiation is most penetrating?

A) alpha

B) beta

C) gamma

D) positron

E) proton

20) Which of the following forms of radiation is least penetrating?

A) alpha

B) beta

C) gamma

D) positron

E) proton

21) Bombardment of boron-10 with a neutron produces a hydrogen-1 atom and another nuclide. What is this nuclide?

A) beryllium-10

B) boron-11

C) boron-9

D) carbon-12

E) beryllium-9

22) Bombardment of cobalt-59 with a neutron produces a manganese-56 atom and another particle. What is this particle?

A) an alpha particle

B) a beta particle (electron)

C) a positron

D) a gamma ray

E) a neutron

23) Bombardment of boron-10 with a projectile particle produces a nitrogen-14 atom and a gamma ray. What is the projectile particle?

A) an alpha particle

B) a beta particle (electron)

C) a positron

D) a gamma ray

E) a neutron

24) The neutron was discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick, when he bombarded beryllium-9 with an alpha particle. The products were a neutron and another nuclide. What is the other nuclide?

A) boron-12

B) lithium-8

C) carbon-13

D) carbon-12

E) boron-13

25) The first transmutation of an element was performed in 1919 by Ernest Rutherford when he bombarded nitrogen-14 with an alpha particle. The products were a proton, and another nuclide. What is the other nuclide?

A) nitrogen-18

B) nitrogen-17

C) fluorine-17

D) oxygen-17

E) oxygen-16

26) Identify the particle emitted by the nucleus that undergoes the transformation shown in the figure.

A) an alpha particle

B) a beta particle (electron)

C) a positron

D) a gamma ray

E) a neutron

27) Identify the particle emitted by the nucleus that undergoes the transformation shown in the figure.

A) an alpha particle

B) a beta particle (electron)

C) a positron

D) a gamma ray

E) a neutron

28) What is the missing symbol in the following nuclear transformation?

 +  → _____ + 

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

29) What is the missing symbol in the following nuclear transformation?

 +  → ______

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

30) What is the missing symbol in the following nuclear transformation?

 +  → + 

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

31) What is the missing symbol in the following nuclear transformation?

 +  → ________ + 

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

32) Thorium-234 decays by alpha emission to form a new nuclide. Identify the new nuclide.

A) radium-228

B) radium-230

C) protactinium-234

D) protactinium-230

E) thorium-232

33) Uranium-238 decays by alpha emission to form a new nuclide. Identify the new nuclide.

A) neptunium-238

B) protactinium-238

C) thorium-234

D) thorium-238

E) uranium-235

34) Uranium-234 decays by alpha emission to form a new nuclide. Identify the new nuclide.

A) neptunium-234

B) protactinium-234

C) thorium-230

D) thorium-234

E) uranium-235

35) Radon-222 decays by alpha emission to form a new nuclide. Identify the new nuclide.

A) francium-222

B) francium-223

C) polonium-222

D) polonium-218

E) bismuth-220

36) Thorium-234 decays by beta emission to form a new nuclide. Identify the new nuclide.

A) actinium-234

B) protactinium-231

C) protactinium-234

D) radium-230

E) radon-230

37) Protactinium-234 decays by beta emission to form a new nuclide. Identify the new nuclide.

A) thorium-234

B) uranium-234

C) actinium-230

D) francium-232

E) thorium-233

38) Carbon-14 decays by beta emission to form a new nuclide. Identify the new nuclide.

A) nitrogen-14

B) nitrogen-13

C) carbon-12

D) carbon-13

E) beryllium-10

39) Potassium-40 decays by beta emission to form a new nuclide. Identify the new nuclide.

A) argon-40

B) chlorine-36

C) calcium-40

D) calcium-39

E) phosphorus-38

40) Predict the type of radiation emitted when boron-8 decays spontaneously.

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta () particle emission

C) positron emission

D) neutron emission

E) proton emission

41) Predict the type of radiation that should be emitted when oxygen-18 undergoes radioactive decay.

A) beta particle ()emission

B) alpha particle emission

C) positron emission

D) neutron emission

E) proton emission

42) Predict the type of radiation that should be emitted when oxygen-14 undergoes radioactive decay.

A) beta particle () emission

B) positron emission

C) alpha particle emission

D) proton emission

E) neutron emission

43) Select the most stable isotope from the following choices.

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

44) Select the most stable isotope from the following choices.

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

45) Select the most stable isotope from the following choices.

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

46) What type of radioactive decay would be expected for the unstable nuclide ?

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta particle (electron) emission

C) positron emission

D) gamma ray emission

E) neutron emission

47) What type of radioactive decay would be expected for the unstable nuclide ?

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta particle (electron) emission

C) positron emission

D) gamma ray emission

E) neutron emission

48) What type of radioactive decay would be expected for the unstable nuclide ?

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta particle (electron) emission

C) positron emission

D) gamma ray emission

E) neutron emission

49) What type of radioactive decay would be expected for the unstable nuclide ?

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta particle (electron) emission

C) positron emission

D) gamma ray emission

E) neutron emission

50) What type of radioactive decay would be expected for the unstable nuclide ?

A) alpha particle emission

B) beta particle (electron) emission

C) positron emission

D) gamma ray emission

E) neutron emission

51) The half-life of technetium-99 is 6.0 hours. How much of a 50.0 mg sample will remain after 24 hours?

A) 25.0 mg

B) 12.5 mg

C) 6.25 mg

D) 3.12 mg

E) none of the sample will remain

52) The half-life of technetium-99 is 6.0 hours. How much of a 25.0 mg sample will remain after 24 hours?

A) 25.0 mg

B) 12.5 mg

C) 6.25 mg

D) 3.12 mg

E) 1.56 mg

53) The half-life of iodine-123 is 13.3 hours. How much of a 25.0 mg sample will remain after 39.9 hours?

A) 25.0 mg

B) 12.5 mg

C) 6.25 mg

D) 3.12 mg

E) 1.56 mg

54) The half-life of iodine-123 is 13.3 hours. How much of a 50.0 mg sample will remain after 39.9 hours?

A) 50.0 mg

B) 25.0 mg

C) 12.5 mg

D) 6.25 mg

E) 3.12 mg

55) The half-life of iodine-131 is 8.1 days. How much of a 75.0 mg sample will remain after 24.3 days?

A) 75.0 mg

B) 37.5 mg

C) 18.8 mg

D) 9.38 mg

E) 4.68 mg

56) The half-life of iodine-131 is 8.1 days. How much of a 45.0 mg sample will remain after 24.3 days?

A) 2.81 mg

B) 5.62 mg

C) 11.2 mg

D) 22.5 mg

E) 45.0 mg

57) Phosphorus-32 has a half-life of 14 days. What fraction of a sample of this isotope will remain after 6 weeks?

A) 1/2

B) 1/4

C) 1/3

D) 1/8

E) 1/16

58) Strontium-90 has a half-life of 28 years. How long will it take for 75% of the isotope to decay?

A) 28 years

B) 14 years

C) 42 years

D) 56 years

E) 84 years

59) Iridium-192 has a half-life of 74 days. How long will it take for 75% of the isotope to decay?

A) 74 days

B) 111 days

C) 37 days

D) 185 days

E) 148 days

60) Iridium-192 has a half-life of 74 days. What fraction of a sample of this isotope will remain after 222 days?

A) 1/2

B) 1/4

C) 1/3

D) 1/8

E) 1/16

61) Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 yr. A living organism has an activity of 15.2 counts per minute (cpm) per gram of carbon. If a bone is determined to have an activity of 3.80 cpm per gram of carbon, how old is the bone?

A) 5730 yr

B) 17,200 yr

C) 22,900 yr

D) 8600 yr

E) 11,500 yr

62) Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 yr. A living organism has an activity of 15.2 counts per minute (cpm) per gram of carbon. If a bone is determined to have an activity of 1.90 cpm per gram of carbon, how old is the bone?

A) 5730 yr

B) 17,200 yr

C) 22,900 yr

D) 8600 yr

E) 11,500 yr

63) Carbon-11 radioactively decays by positron emission with a half-life of 20.4 minutes. If a dosage of carbon-11 is administered to a patient for a PET scan, what percentage of carbon-11 will remain in the patient's system after 61.2 min?

A) 75.0%

B) 12.5%

C) 87.5%

D) 25.0%

E) 50.0%

64) Carbon-11 radioactively decays by positron emission with a half-life of 20.4 minutes. If a dosage of carbon-11 is administered to a patient for a PET scan, what percentage of carbon-11 will remain in the patient's system after 81.6 min?

A) 75.0%

B) 12.5%

C) 87.5%

D) 25.0%

E) 6.25%

65) Which of the following statements regarding the possible effects of radiation on a cell is incorrect?

A) Radiation can pass through a cell with no damage.

B) Radiation can damage a cell, but it is possible for the cell to repair the damage.

C) Radiation may damage a cell so severely that it cannot repair itself.

D) A damaged cell may mutate, and cause cancer.

E) The degree of damage does not depend on the ionizing ability of the radiation.

66) Which of the following statements regarding nuclear stability is incorrect?

A) The N/Z ratio is about 1 for the first 20 elements.

B) The N/Z ratio is about 1.6 for elements at the upper end of the band of stability.

C) An N/Z ratio of 1 means that an element has an equal number of protons and electrons.

D) Elements outside the band of stability are radioactive.

E) All isotopes with Z greater than 83 are radioactive.

67) Which of the following statements regarding nuclear stability is incorrect?

A) Isotopes with excess mass tend to undergo alpha decay.

B) Isotopes with an N/Z ratio that is too high tend to undergo beta decay.

C) Isotopes with an N/Z ratio that is too low tend to undergo either positron emission or electron capture.

D) Electron capture is the most common mode of decay for smaller isotopes.

E) An energetically excited nucleus can undergo gamma emission.

68) What product is formed when  undergoes 5 alpha emissions and 2 beta emissions in a total of seven steps?

A) mercury-214

B) polonium-214

C) polonium-224

D) mercury-204

E) plutonium-239

69) What product is formed when  undergoes 2 alpha emissions and 2 beta emissions in a total of four steps?

A) lead-234

B) radon-234

C) thorium-230

D) radon-232

E) radon-228

70) What product is formed when  undergoes 6 alpha emissions and 3 beta emissions in a total of nine steps?

A) lead-223

B) mercury-223

C) mercury-226

D) bismuth-214

E) lead-214

71) What product is formed when  undergoes 2 alpha emissions and 2 beta emissions in a total of four steps?

A) actinium-227

B) thorium-227

C) thorium-231

D) polonium-231

E) radon-227

72) What kind of isotope is used for PET scans?

A) proton absorbers

B) neutron emitters

C) positron emitters

D) beta emitters

E) neutron absorbers

73) Which of the following isotopes would be the best choice for use with PET?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

74) What is product of the first step of radioactive decay when decays by alpha emission?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

75) Why is radon gas dangerous?

A) It reacts chemically with lung tissue.

B) It emits gamma rays.

C) It undergoes fusion reactions, producing lots of energy.

D) It undergoes fission reactions at a very high rate.

E) Its decay products are radioactive solids that can attach to lung tissue and cause cell damage upon decay.

76) Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) Pacemakers for heart patients are powered by a plutonium-238 power device.

B) Iodine-131 is used for diagnosing thyroid tumors since iodine is preferentially absorbed by the thyroid gland.

C) Metastable technetium-99 is used for medical diagnosis because it is absorbed by tumor cells, but not normal brain cells.

D) Carbon-14 is used for PET imaging due to its long half-life and stability.

E) Gamma radiation from cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer patients.

77) The figure shows an example of

A) a fusion reaction.

B) beta-particle emission.

C) a fission reaction.

D) an electron capture reaction.

E) alpha-particle emission.

78) The reaction   +  →  +  + 2 is an example of

A) a fusion reaction.

B) beta-particle emission.

C) a fission reaction.

D) an electron capture reaction.

E) alpha-particle emission.

79) The reaction  + →  + + 3 is an example of

A) a fission reaction.

B) beta-particle emission.

C) a fusion reaction.

D) an electron capture reaction.

E) alpha-particle emission.

80) When bombarded by a neutron, uranium-235 undergoes fission. If the nuclides produced are xenon-139 and strontium-95, how many neutrons are emitted?

A) none

B) 1

C) 2

D) 3

E) 4

81) When bombarded by a neutron, uranium-235 undergoes fission. If the nuclides produced are barium-141 and krypton-92, how many neutrons are emitted?

A) none

B) 1

C) 2

D) 3

E) 4

82) The reaction   +  →  +  is an example of

A) a fission reaction.

B) beta-particle emission.

C) a fusion reaction.

D) an electron capture reaction.

E) alpha-particle emission.

83) The reaction  →  +  is an example of

A) a fission reaction.

B) beta-particle emission.

C) a fusion reaction.

D) an electron capture reaction.

E) alpha-particle emission.

84) Identify the particle that copper-63 is bombarded with in the reaction:

 + ? →  + 

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

85) When  undergoes a fusion reaction with  to produce only one particle product, what is the product?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

86) Alpha particles are the least harmful type of radiation upon external exposure of animal tissues.

87) Gamma radiation is the most penetrating type of radiation.

88) The amount of time that it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay is called half-time.

89) Two half-lives is the length of time required for a sample of a radioactive material to decay completely.

90) The critical mass is the amount of fissionable material necessary to support a continuing chain reaction.

91) The type of reaction that powers the sun is a fission reaction.

92) When food is irradiated to kill bacteria and mold, the food itself becomes radioactive.

93) Radon-222 is only dangerous if it undergoes radioactive decay while in the lungs.

94) Control rods in a nuclear reactor control the rate of water circulation through the reactor core.

95) In order for a chain reaction to be self-sustaining, there must be sufficient nuclear material present, and it must be in an appropriate physical configuration.

96) ________ includes all forms of energy that originates from a source and travels through matter or space, such as visible light, X-rays, and radio waves. ________ is a property of ________ atoms that have an excess of matter, energy, or both.

97) In the initial steps of the decay series for uranium-238, it emits 1 alpha particle, followed by 2 beta particles, and then 3 more alpha particles in six steps. Indicate the elemental symbol and the mass number of the final product.

98) Compare the decay of a 100.0 mg sample of iodine-131 (half-life = 8.0 days) to the decay of a 100.0 mg sample of phosphorus-32 (half-life = 14.3 days). After 15 days, which nuclide, I-131 or P-32, will have the greater number of atoms of the original nuclide?

99) If a sample of iron-52 is found to have an activity that decreases to 25% of its original value in 16 hours, estimate the half-life of iron-52.

100) What application of radioactive nuclides is based on the following characteristics? The radioactive nuclides can be tracked due to their radioactivity. Their chemical behavior is similar to that of non-radioactive versions of the same element, so the radioactive atoms will take part in the same reactions as their non-radioactive counterparts.

101) Fission involves the ________ of a ________ nucleus into ________ nuclei, and the release of energy. Fusion involves the combination of ________ nuclei into a ________ one, and the release of energy.

102) What substance must be contained at high temperature in order to make fusion a viable energy source for a power plant?

103) The control rods may be lowered down into the area where the ________ rods are, in order to absorb excess ________, and thereby ________ the chain reaction.

104) Write a nuclear equation for the fusion of two hydrogen-2 atoms to form helium-3 and one or more neutrons. How many neutrons are formed?

105) Write a nuclear equation for the neutron-induced fission of uranium-235 to form xenon-144, strontium-90, and neutrons. How many neutrons are formed?

106) Boron is used in control rods in nuclear reactors to absorb neutrons. What are the mass number and the atomic number of the missing particle in the following reaction?

 +  →  + _____