Chapter 11: Prison and Jails

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. A ______ is a facility that is designed to house individuals for a period of time as a form of punishment for breaking the law.

a. prison

b. jail

c. penitentiary

d. work house

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: History of Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

2. Which of the following was identified as a characteristic of early jails?

a. There was space for all inmates.

b. Prisoners were required to pay their own way.

c. They had the basic necessities such as heating, water, or plumbing.

d. Facilities had large cell sizes designed for multiple inmates.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: History of Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

3. ______ first opened in 1776 and was designed to serve as a workhouse.

a. Sing Sing

b. Walnut Street Jail

c. Eastern State Penitentiary

d. Castle Island Fortress

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: History of Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

4. Which prison was reapportioned as a military prison until 1784?

a. Sing Sing

b. Walnut Street Jail

c. Eastern State Penitentiary

d. Castle Island Fortress

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: History of Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

5. The ______ was characterized by larger cells that allowed inmates to remain isolated from each other. This system of solitary confinement was developed to prevent inmates from corrupting one another.

a. Massachusetts System

b. Pennsylvania System

c. New York System

d. Southern Agricultural System

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Pennsylvania System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

6. The flagship institution of the Pennsylvania System is ______.

a. Eastern State Penitentiary

b. Sing Sing

c. Castle Island Fortress

d. Parchman Farms

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Pennsylvania System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

7. ______ was a significant component of the rehabilitative efforts in the Pennsylvania system.

a. Politics

b. Economics

c. Religion

d. Medical treatment

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Pennsylvania System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

8. The ______ was a silent system in which inmates engaged in congregate labor systems.

a. Massachusetts System

b. Pennsylvania System

c. New York System

d. Southern Agricultural System

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The New York System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

9. The earliest facility that embodied the concepts of the New York System was ______.

a. Eastern State Penitentiary

b. Sing Sing

c. Castle Island Fortress

d. Auburn Prison

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The New York System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

10. ______ first opened in 1831 with 800 cells. Over time, more units were added to increase the number of inmates that could be housed. The days were filled with corporal punishment and abuse of the prisoners in the name of “rehabilitation.”

a. Eastern State Penitentiary

b. Sing Sing

c. Castle Island Fortress

d. Parchman Farms

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The New York System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

11. In 1891, Carlos was sent to a prison facility where he was required to maintain total silence, and he was subjected to harsh whippings. Carlos was most likely serving time in what facility?

a. Eastern State Penitentiary

b. Sing Sing

c. Castle Island Fortress

d. Parchman Farms

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The New York System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

12. Sing Sing prison in New York was made famous by the use of which of the following execution methods?

a. firing squad

b. hanging

c. electrocution

d. lethal gas

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The New York System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

13. What year did the reformatory era emerge?

a. 1842

b. 1876

c. 1946

d. 1953

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

14. The reformatory era emerged at ______.

a. Elmira Reformatory

b. Auburn Reformatory

c. Parchman Reformatory

d. El Dorado Reformatory

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

15. The reformatory era emerged in ______.

a. Philadelphia

b. Los Angeles

c. Chicago

d. New York

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

16. Which of the following was identified as a characteristic of the reformatory era?

a. Inmates ability to earn time off was eliminated.

b. Inmates were evaluated to determine what led to their criminal behavior.

c. Inmates’ aptitude for work and rehabilitation was ignored.

d. Inmates were able to leave the premises to visit family and friends

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

17. This reformatory era saw the introduction of ______ as an early release program to reward inmate’s rehabilitative efforts.

a. probation

b. work release

c. parole

d. community service

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

18. When inmates arrived at the Elmira Reformatory they were evaluated for which of the following?

a. to determine whether they were physically to work

b. to assess their ability to pay for their stay

c. to assess their aptitude for rehabilitation

d. to determine whether they are a danger to themselves and other prisoners

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

19. Custodial institutions were popular in ______ states.

a. northern

b. southern

c. western

d. eastern

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

20. Besides reformatories, during this time period, which of the following facilities were also used?

a. workhouses

b. custodial institutions

c. private prisons

d. gaols

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

21. Which of the following statements pertaining to custodial institutions is true?

a. They were more likely to house inmates who were White.

b. They were popular in the northern states.

c. Inmates were provided with little programming or treatment.

d. Inmates were housed in separate and comfortable cells.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

22. Between 1900 and 1940, the ______ era dominated the prison landscape.

a. punishment

b. treatment

c. reformatory

d. restoration

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Punishment Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

23. Today, ______ are used to house individuals who are awaiting criminal prosecution and are either NOT eligible for bail or cannot afford it.

a. jails

b. prisons

c. reformatories

d. penitentiaries

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Jails

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

24. Most prisons are run by the ______ government.

a. federal

b. state

c. local

d. county

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

25. ______ are managed by local city or county governments and are often staffed by the local police or sheriff.

a. Jails

b. Prisons

c. Reformatories

d. Penitentiaries

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

26. In addition to jails that are run by local authorities, there are ______ jails that are operated by Tribal authorities and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. These facilities house individuals who are arrested or sentenced for crimes that occur on tribal land.

a. 15

b. 36

c. 64

d. 80

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jail Inmates

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

27. More than half of all inmates in state prisons are in for ______ offenses

a. violent

b. property

c. drug

d. public order

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

28. ______ make up the majority of all inmates in local jails.

a. Blacks

b. Whites

c. Hispanics/Latinos

d. Asians

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jail Inmates

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

29. The average length of stay for an individual house in a tribal jail was ______ days.

a. one

b. three

c. five

d. eight

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jail Inmates

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

30. The majority of offenders housed in tribal facilities are ______.

a. female

b. male

c. elderly

d. juveniles

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jail Inmates

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

31. The most common cause of death in custody while in jail is ______.

a. suicide

b. murder

c. illness related

d. use of force by staff

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jail Challenges

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

32. While men are more likely to be incarcerated for violent crimes, women are more likely to be incarcerated for which of the following?

a. property offenses and drug offenses

b. drug offenses and violent offenses

c. violent offenses and white-collar offenses

d. public order offenses and drug offenses

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

33. ______ have higher rates of incarceration for violent offenses.

a. Whites

b. Blacks

c. Hispanics

d. Asians

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

34. Which of the following states was identified as having the largest number of people incarcerated?

a. California

b. Missouri

c. Colorado

d. Texas

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

35. In terms of severity, 54.5% of all inmates are in state prison for ______.

a. drug crimes

b. public-order offenses

c. property crimes

d. violent crimes

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

36. ______ have higher rates of incarceration for property crimes.

a. Blacks

b. Whites

c. Hispanics/Latinos

d. Asians

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

37. California’s ______ efforts have led to significant changes in the state’s incarceration population.

a. reformation

b. deterrent

c. tough on crime

d. realignment

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

38. The Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act of 2014 changed which of the following nonviolent offences from felony crimes to misdemeanors?

a. jaywalking

b. shoplifting

c. truancy

d. grand theft

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

39. The average cost per incarcerated inmate in California is ______ per year.

a. $15,000

b. $27,000

c. $47,000

d. $54,000

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

40. Which of the following contributed to the increase in federal prisons and inmate populations?

a. determinate sentencing practices

b. indeterminate sentencing practices

c. creation of parole and probation

d. the use of good time credits

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Federal Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

41. The majority of the inmates in federal prisons are ______.

a. male and Black

b. male and White

c. female and White

d. female and Black

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Federal Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

42. The majority of offenders in federal prison are between the ages of _____.

a. 18 and 25

b. 26 and 30

c. 31 and 40

d. 41 and 65

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Federal Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

43. Which of the following states houses a large number of inmates in private facilities

a. California

b. Texas

c. Arizona

d. Hawaii

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Private Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

44. The majority of individuals in military prison were from the ______.

a. marines

b. navy

c. army

d. air force

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Military Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

45. The majority of all offenders in military branches are incarcerated for ______.

a. drug crimes

b. public crimes

c. crimes against the government

d. sexually based crimes

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Military Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

46. A ______ security-level prison is designed to house serious and violent offenders. Inmate movement and autonomy is significantly restricted, and inmates are often a risk to themselves, other inmates, and staff.

a. minimum

b. medium

c. maximum

d. supermax

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

47. Inmates in ______ facilities are generally locked up in individual cells for 23 hours a day and are kept in solitary confinement with limited interaction with others.

a. minimum

b. medium

c. maximum

d. supermax

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

48. The majority of prisons in the United States are classified as ______ security prisons.

a. minimum

b. medium

c. maximum

d. supermax

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

49. Placement at minimum security prisons are based on which of the following?

a. socioeconomic status

b. military status

c. length of time left on their sentence

d. medical history of the inmate

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

50. At ______ inmates have less freedom of movement and are more likely to be housed in cells with another offender or in smaller dormitory-style units.

a. minimum

b. medium

c. maximum

d. supermax

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

51. ______ are characteristics about an offender that do NOT change.

a. Static risk factors

b. Dynamic risk factors

c. Criminogenic risk factors

d. Temporary risk factors

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inmate Classification

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

52. There is a disproportionate number of ______ in state prisons.

a. white males

b. black males

c. white females

d. black females

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racial Disproportionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

53. Which of the following occurs when inmates of color are overrepresented in the prison population, compared with their representation in society in general?

a. racial disproportionality

b. prison misconduct

c. proliferation of gangs

d. overcrowding

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Racial Disproportionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

54. Which of the following were identified as consequences of overcrowding?

a. inmate jobs increased

b. rehabilitative programming increased with capacity

c. decreased tension between inmates

d. impact on the welfare of the prison staff

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overcrowding

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

55. As part of California’s efforts to reduce prison overcrowding, correctional officials have shifted the correctional supervision of lower level offenders to ______.

a. local governments

b. private prisons

c. rehabilitation centers

d. federal prisons

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overcrowding

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

56. Much of the rise in female criminality is the result of minor ______.

a. drug crimes

b. property crimes

c. public-order crimes

d. lower-level felony crimes

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Incarceration of Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

57. Which of the following as identified as being an important demographic of incarcerated women?

a. poverty

b. age

c. motherhood

d. location

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Incarceration of Women

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

58. Which of the following factors was identified as a predictor of higher levels of prison misconduct?

a. younger inmates

b. older inmates

c. inmates with shorter sentences

d. minimum security level

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prison Misconduct

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

59. It was once the prevailing legal philosophy that prisoners forfeited their constitutional rights as a consequence of their crimes. ______ shifted this philosophy and opened the floodgates on prisoner litigation.

a. Batson v. Kentucky

b. Cooper v. Pate

c. Estelle v. Gamble

d. Brown v. Plata

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

60. The Eighth Amendment that has issued some of the more sweeping reforms to the prison environment. One of the most significant decisions occurred in the case of ______ , which held that institutions may NOT engage in the deliberate indifference of the serious medical needs of inmates.

a. Batson v. Kentucky

b. Cooper v. Pate

c. Estelle v. Gamble

d. Brown v. Plata

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

61. Which of the following was identified as a challenge faced by correctional officers?

a. a low degree of bureaucracy within prison walls

b. a risk of harm from the inmates

c. officers feel like they can move up in their roles

d. they are unable to receive raises and promotions within the system

Learning Objective: 11-7: Identify the challenges that correctional officers face on the job.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Careers in Criminal Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

62. Solitary confinement falls in line with which of the following punishment philosophies?

a. deterrence

b. incapacitation

c. reformation

d. rehabilitation

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Controversy 11.1: Should We Use Solitary Confinement to Control Violent and Disruptive Behaviors?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

62. Opponents of rehabilitation argue that ______.

a. retribution satisfies societal demands for discipline and order and subjects an offender to just punishment

b. incarceration has negative consequences for mental health

c. rehabilitation is necessary to prepare prisoners for reentry to society

d. rehabilitation leads to less recidivism rates

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Controversy 11.2: Should Prisons Punish or Rehabilitate Offenders?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

True/False

1. Facilities that are designed to house individuals for a period of time as a form of punishment for breaking the law are referred to as prison.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: History of Jails and Prison

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

2. The New York System was a system of solitary confinement.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Pennsylvania System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

3. The Pennsylvania System was a silent system where inmates engaged in congregate labor.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The New York System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

4. During the reformatory era, good time credits allowed inmates to earn time off of their sentence for good behavior.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Reformatory Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

5. The failures of the reformatory era sent the pendulum swinging back to a focus on punishment over rehabilitation.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Punishment Era

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

6. Prisons are used to house individuals who are awaiting criminal prosecution, individuals on shorter term sentences, or individuals that are being held for a probation or parole violation.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Jails

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

7. Like the inmate population, the majority of jail employees are female.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jail Inmates

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

8. Most prison inmates are housed in federal prisons.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

9. Incarceration is an expensive investment.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: State Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

10. Texas houses the greatest number of inmates in private facilities.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Private Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

11. A minimum security-level prison is designed to house serious and violent offenders. Inmate movement and autonomy is significantly restricted, and inmates are often a risk to themselves, other inmates and staff.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

12. Many minimum-level facilities have limited or no fencing around the perimeter of the institution.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

13. Dynamic risk factors are characteristics or situations involving the offender than cannot change.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Inmate Classification

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

14. Risk assessment tools help reduce bias by eliminating extralegal factors, such as race or gender, from consideration in the determination of risk

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Inmate Classification

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

15. Racial disproportionality occurs when inmates of color are overrepresented in the prison population, compared to their representation in society in general.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racial Disproportionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

16. For young inmates, black males had the greatest disparity of incarceration as they were 10 times more likely to be in prison compared to similarly aged white men.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racial Disproportionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

17. Overcrowding occurs when there are more individuals in prison than a facility is designed to house. Both the Bureau of Prisons and at least 18 states are currently dealing with issues of prison overcrowding.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overcrowding

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

18. Gang members, sex offenders, and those who have a history of mental health issues have higher rates of violence behind bars.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prison Misconduct

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

19. Prison gangs first emerged in California facilities during the 1950s.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prison Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

20. Correctional officers do NOT need a warrant in order to search an inmate’s cell or to seize materials and use it as evidence against them.

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

21. The case of Estelle v. Gamble validated and made clear the right of inmates to sue prison systems and prison staff.

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

22. In the case of Cooper v. Pate, the Supreme Court ruled that deliberate indifference to inmate medical needs constitutes cruel and unusual punishment and is therefore unconstitutional.

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

23. The majority of correctional officers are men.

Learning Objective: 11-7: Identify the challenges that correctional officers face on the job.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Careers in Criminal Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

24. For correctional officers, there is a high degree of bureaucracy within the prison walls, which can contribute to feelings of job dissatisfaction.

Learning Objective: 11-7: Identify the challenges that correctional officers face on the job.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Careers in Criminal Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

25. Many correctional officers may feel stuck in their roles as they perform the same duties day in and day out.

Learning Objective: 11-7: Identify the challenges that correctional officers face on the job.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Careers in Criminal Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

Short Answer

1. Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: History of Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

2. What are the characteristics of the New York System?

Learning Objective: 11-1: Discuss the historical significance of prisons and their influence on today’s institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: New York System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

3. What are some characteristics of military prisons?

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Military Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

4. Describe the purpose and demographics of military prisons.

Learning Objective: 11-3 Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Military Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

5. What is the purpose of private prisons? What are some characteristics of private prisons?

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Private Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

6. Describe the different prison security levels.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

7. What are the characteristics of a maximum security prison?

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

8. What are the characteristics of a supermax prison?

Learning Objective: 11-4: Identify the different security levels of prison institutions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Security Levels

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

9. Explain the significance of Cooper v. Pate (1964).

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

10. Explain the significance of Estelle v. Gamble (1976).

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

Essay

1. What are some of the major differences between jails and prisons?

Learning Objective: 11-2: Discuss how jails are similar to and different from prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: History of Jails and Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

2. What are the major types of prisons and what are they used for?

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

3. What is overcrowding and how does it affect the correctional system?

Learning Objective: 11-5: Discuss how issues such as racial disproportionality, overcrowding, and prison misconduct impact the management of prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overcrowding

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

4. Which amendment would you hold most dear if you were incarcerated? Explain.

Learning Objective: 11-6: Discuss how the Supreme Court has interpreted the bill of rights for inmates.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Legal Rights of Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.

5. Are private prisons a good idea? Defend your answer.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Compare the differences between federal, state, private, and military prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Private Prisons

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Identify the goals, methods, and effectiveness of various forms of corrections.