Ch9 Verified Test Bank Annelids, Primates, Biodiversity

Student name:__________

1) From the list provided, select those that are considered prezygotic isolating mechanisms.

A) Habitat isolation
B) Behavioral isolation
C) Zygotic mortality
D) F₂ fitness
E) Gamete isolation

2) From the list provided, select all statements that relate to mass extinction.

A) It occurs in a short period of time.
B) It impacts only one species.
C) It is a global event.
D) It is an isolated event.

3) From the list provided, select all statements that relate to protists.

A) They are prokaryotes.
B) They are able to ingest food.
C) They undergo photosynthesis.
D) They are multicellular.

4) The endosymbiotic theory process consists of two phases. From the list provided, select the two phases.

A) Internal modifications that result in the formation of the nucleus.
B) The replication of genetic material.
C) The formation of the internal membranes.
D) The formation of the cell wall.

5) From the list provided, select the characteristics of all fungi.

A) Eukaryotic
B) Utilize photosynthesis
C) Saprophytic
D) Asexual and sexual reproduction

6) From the list provided, select the characteristics that all plants have.

A) Multicellular
B) Utilize photosynthesis
C) Alternation of generation life cycle
D) Vascular tissue

7) From the list provided, select all statements that describe annelids.

A) They have a mouth, digestive and nervous systems.
B) They absorb their nutrients through their skin.
C) They are segmented.
D) They have a hydroskeleton.
E) They have radial symmetry.

8) To demonstrate your understanding of the phylum Nematoda, from the list provided, select all statements that characterize roundworms.

A) They have a false body cavity.
B) They have a mouth and an anus.
C) They lack a reproductive system.
D) They have a ventral nerve cord.

9) Sea stars are in the phylum Echinoderms. From the list provided, select the characteristics that are observed in this phylum.

A) They prey on molluscs.
B) Most have radial symmetry.
C) They are pseudoceolomates.
D) They have an incomplete nervous system.

10) Which two characteristics separate primates from other mammals?

A) Hair
B) Mammary glands
C) Opposable thumbs
D) Larger brain

11) From the list provided, select the two criteria that are used to classify an area as a biodiversity hotspot.

A) Possess at least 1,500 endemic vascular plants
B) Have less than 30% of its original vegetation remaining
C) It has an average rainfall of 60 inches per year
D) It must be located along the equator

12) Species that are defined based on their placement on an evolutionary tree is referred to as the ______ species concept.

13) The International Union for the Conservation of Nature considers the loss of ______ populations a form of extinction.

14) ______ are prokaryotes that are either photoautotrophs or chemoheterotrophs and are further classified by their shape and DNA similarities.

15) Some protists like ______ are able to form colonies of cells.

16) The newest level of classification in the domain Eukarya is called the ______. This allows for further division based on genetic information.

17) Thinking of the adaptations involved in the evolution of plants, ______represented a more efficient means of reproduction over spores.

18) The ______ is our current geological time frame that focuses on the human activity and the loss of diversity.

19) Biodiversity is

A) the total number of species.
B) how many different species are in a given location.
C) the number of species and how many different species are in a given location.

20) Which evidence shifted fungi from being classified as plants to being placed in the supergroup Opisthokonta?

A) Fungi do not utilize photosynthesis.
B) Based on DNA sequence data, fungi are more closely related to animals.
C) Fungi spores may have flagella that allow for movement.
D) Fungi evolved before plants.

21) Biodiversity hotspots only cover 2.4% of the world's surface. If we were to lose these areas, we would also lose approximately ______of all plants, and ______ of all animal species.

A) 50%; 42%
B) 25%; 50%
C) 75%; 40%
D) 35%; 60%

22) Biodiversity is determined by the number of ______ in an area.

A) species
B) communities
C) abiotic factors
D) species interactions

23) Where are species placed in the hierarchy of biological organization?

A) Between organism and population
B) Between population and community
C) Between community and ecosystem
D) At the end, after ecosystem.

24) A species is defined as one that

A) is reproductively isolated from other species.
B) is isolated based on geographical barriers.
C) interacts at any level with others within a community.
D) contributes to the health of an ecosystem.

25) Currently, scientists estimate there are approximately ______ known species on the planet.

A) 5 million
B) 2 million
C) 100 thousand
D) 500 thousand

26) Of the total number of identified species, approximately how many of these are plants?

A) 391,000
B) 33,000
C) 3,100
D) 140,000

27) New species form over time in response to

A) adaptations that allow for survival in different environments.
B) events that promote rapid changes in a species.
C) isolation of organisms from one another.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

28) Major extinction events occur

A) as a result of punctuated events.
B) as a result of gradual events.

29) Charles Darwin observed multiple species of finch on the Galápagos islands. He proposed they adapted over time to different habitats of the islands. This is an example of the ______ model of speciation.

A) gradualistic
B) punctuated equilibrium

30) The ______ model of speciation results in rapid speciation with a period of no change being interruption by events.

A) gradualistic
B) punctuated equilibrium

31) Charles Darwin stated that species of finch evolved due to their different locations on the Galápagos islands. This is a type of ______ speciation.

A) allopatric
B) sympatric

32) If two plants mate to produce a hybrid, and the hybrid is able to reproduce between other hybrids, this will result in a new species. This is an example of ______ speciation.

A) allopatric
B) sympatric

33) There are two basic categories that prevent reproduction and therefore prevent speciation. If hybrid offspring survives but is sterile this is an example of

A) prezygotic isolation.
B) postzygotic isolation.

34) Which extinction period results in the evolution of the first mammals and dinosaurs appearing and forests of conifers and cycades dominate the land?

A) 83% of all species on land and sea die
B) 50% of coastal marine species, including coral
C) 48% of all species, including corals and ferns
D) 57% of marine species

35) Which statement best describes the number of evolutionary events?

A) There have been 5 major extinction events and the 6th is in progress.
B) There have been 3 major extinction events and the 4th is in progress.
C) There have been 3 major extinction events and there will be no future events.
D) There have been 5 major extinction events and there will be no future events.

36) Phylogenetic trees relate organisms

A) based on homologous structures.
B) based on their evolutionary relationships.
C) using their ribosomal RNA.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

37) Which of the two domains are mostly closely related to one another?

A) Archaea and Bacteria
B) Archaea and Eukarya
C) Eukarya and Bacteria

38) A split between organisms in a phylogenetic tree is represented by a

A) node.
B) root.
C) stem.
D) fork.

39) Mass extinction accounts for almost ______ of species that have gone extinct. This is much greater than background extinction.

A) 85%
B) 60%
C) 25%
D) 5%

40) What caused the Permian mass extinction, which resulted in a 95% extinction rate?

A) Volcanic activity
B) Asteroid impact
C) Comet impact
D) Rapid climate change

41) We are currently in the 6th mass extinction. What is causing this extinction?

A) Volcanic activity
B) Asteroid impact
C) Comet impact
D) Human-induced climate change

42) What percentage of amphibians do scientists predict will be lost during the current mass extinction?

A) 33%
B) 12%
C) 68%
D) 21%

43) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote?

A) Single-celled organisms
B) Plasma membrane
C) Nucleus
D) Ribosomes

44) Which structure of the prokaryotic cell allows for cell locomotion?

A) Ribosomes
B) Nucleoid
C) Flagellum
D) Capsule

45) Prokaryotic cells can be defined by their metabolic abilities. A chemoheterotroph is an organism that uses ______ for energy.

A) organic material
B) inorganic compounds
C) the sun

46) What is the main reproductive process used by prokaryotic that results in two identical cells?

A) Binary fission
B) Mitosis
C) Meiosis
D) Fragmentation

47) What were the two key events needed for the first cells to evolve?

A) the formation of the plasma membrane and genetic material
B) the formation of the cell wall and genetic material
C) the formation of a capsule and the plasma membrane
D) the formation of the pilus and the flagella

48) For protists to have evolved during the Precambrian period, approximately 800 MYA,

A) the earth's atmosphere must have contained oxygen.
B) the earth's atmosphere was still without oxygen.
C) the earth's atmosphere consisted mainly hydrogen sulfide.
D) the earth's atmosphere consisted mainly of methane.

49) Which group of prokaryotes are considered to be more closely related to eukaryotes and often live in extreme environments?

A) Archaeans
B) Bacteria

50) Which supergroup consists of protists that have a reduced mitochondria, or have lost their mitochondria, and a long oral feeding grove?

A) Excavata
B) Rhizaria
C) Amoebozoa
D) Opisthokonta

51) Which supergroup consists of dinoflagellates and parasitic sporozoans?

A) Excavata
B) Rhizaria
C) Chromalveolata
D) Opisthokonta

52) Which supergroup consists of organisms with external structures that consist of calcium carbonate or silicon?

A) Excavata
B) Rhizaria
C) Chromalveolata
D) Opisthokonta

53) Fungi

A) are believed to out number plants species.
B) species have all been discovered.
C) are nonessential to the growth of other organisms.
D) are so abundant that they will never be on the endangered species list.

54) Fungi are saprobes. This means they

A) absorb dead or decaying material for nutrients.
B) ingest any organic nutrients using pseudopods.
C) utilize sunlight to make their energy.

55) Asexual reproduction in fungi produces a ______, while sexual reproduction in fungi produces a ______.

A) sporangium; zygote
B) zygote; sporangium
C) plasmodium; blastula
D) blastula; plasmodium

56) Sexual reproduction in fungi is through a process called ______ that results the formation of a zygote.

A) nuclear fusion
B) binary fission
C) mitosis
D) sporulation

57) Which fungi phyla consists of over 92,000 identified species and 49 of those are threatened or endangered?

A) Zygomycota
B) Ascomycota
C) Basidiomycota

58) Shelf fungus are found in the phyla

A) Zygomycota.
B) Ascomycota.
C) Basidiomycota.

59) Black bread mold is found in the phyla

A) Zygomycota.
B) Ascomycota.
C) Basidiomycota.

60) Fungi that form a symbiotic relationship on the roots of plants are called

A) mycorrhizal fungi.
B) shelf fungi.
C) sac fungi.
D) lichen.

61) Plants

A) supply us with food and fuel.
B) are part of the carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles.
C) are used for medicines.
D) All answer choices are correct.

62) In the alternations of generations life cycle, the zygote divides to produce a ______, and a spore divides to produce a ______.

A) sporophyte; gametophyte
B) gametophyte; sporophyte

63) Which aquatic green algae is known as the common ancestor of plants?

A) Charophyte
B) Lichen
C) Mosses
D) Lycophytes

64) In the alternation of generation life cycle, which generation is dominant that supports vascular tissue?

A) Gametophyte
B) Sporophyte

65) Which group of plants lack vascular tissue and include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts?

A) Bryophytes
B) Pterophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms

66) Which group of plants have naked-seeds and consists of ginkgos, cycads, and conifers?

A) Bryophytes
B) Pterophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms

67) ______ were the first plants to have leaves called microphylls and vascular tissue.

A) Lycophytes
B) Bryophytes
C) Angiosperms
D) Gymnosperms

68) Invertebrates are separated from vertebrates by not

A) having a backbone.
B) conducting cellular respiration.
C) producing offspring by sexual reproduction.
D) being affected by the extinction crisis.

69) All animals

A) lack cell walls.
B) are diploid adults that produce haploid gametes for reproduction.
C) are motile and ingest their food.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

70) The major body plans of animals were established ______ MYA.

A) 500
B) 600
C) 200
D) 1,000

71) Which structure of the sponge is close in structure to the choanoflagellates?

A) Collar cells
B) Amoeboid cells
C) Epidermal cells
D) Central cavity

72) Which phylum is the only one with members that exhibit radial symmetry and the first to have true tissue?

A) Porifera
B) Cnidaria
C) Platyhelminthes
D) Molluca

73) Jellyfish were the first to evolve with true tissues. This led to a(an)

A) increase in specialized cells.
B) increase in motility.
C) decrease in asexual reproduction.
D) decrease in evolutionary advances.

74) Coral, cnidarians with a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic protist, are currently listed as a threated with ______ species of concern.

A) 868
B) 7,000
C) 180
D) 600

75) Which phylum was the first to exhibit bilateral symmetry with a distinct head with sensory organs?

A) Porifera
B) Cnidaria
C) Platyhelminthes
D) Molluca

76) Internal body cavities is an important evolutionary event. The first body cavity observed in flatworms is called (a)an

A) acoelomate.
B) pseudocoelomate.
C) coelomate.

77) Molluscs were the first organisms to have a(an) ______ body plan and well-developed organ systems.

A) acoelomate
B) pseudocoelomate
C) coelomate

78) Molluscs account for ______ of animals lost over the past few hundred years.

A) 41%
B) 25%
C) 10%
D) 72%

79) When comparing annelids to other worms, they are more advanced in that they

A) have a true body cavity and organ systems.
B) have a false organ system but still have some internal organs.
C) have the ability to absorb nutrients through their skin.

80) The Oregon Giant earthworm is currently on the threatened list due to

A) agricultural development.
B) climate change.
C) invasive species.
D) pollution.

81) Which organ system was first observed in the body plan of nematodes?

A) Reproductive system
B) Digestive system
C) Nervous system
D) Secretory system

82) Which phylum has been the most successful animal on the planet, with over 1 million species?

A) Arthropods
B) Porifera
C) Cnidarians
D) Nematodes

83) Which of the following is not found in any of the described categories of arthropods?

A) Starfish
B) Shrimp
C) Butterflies
D) Spiders

84) Which of the following shared characteristics among arthropods introduced an increase in locomotion in the evolutionary timeline?

A) Jointed appendages
B) Exoskeleton
C) Segmentation
D) Nervous system

85) Over the past 30 years, the arthropod population had declined by approximately

A) 80%.
B) 50%.
C) 25%
D) 10%.

86) Which of the following statements about vertebrates is false?

A) Vertebrates have backbones.
B) Vertebrates have complete body cavities.
C) Vertebrates have complete organ systems.
D) Vertebrates have the lowest extinction rates.

87) In the evolution of vertebrates, which feature allows for the development of vertebral column?

A) A notochord.
B) A dorsal tubular nerve cord.
C) A postanal tail.
D) Pharyngeal pouches.

88) Which invertebrate is the closest relative of vertebrates?

A) Sea stars
B) Jelly fish
C) Roundworms
D) Butterflies

89) Thinking about evolutionary development, which of the four major classes of vertebrates is the least advanced?

A) Fish
B) Amphibians
C) Reptiles
D) Mammals

90) What was the first group of vertebrates that evolved from lobe-finned fish with adaptations to support life on land?

A) Amphibians
B) Reptiles
C) Mammals

91) What was the first group of vertebrates that evolved amniotic eggs?

A) amphibians
B) reptiles
C) mammals

92) Which of the following is the closest extinct relative toHomo sapiens?

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Australopithecus sediba
D) Australopithecus africanus

93) Which of the following has been caused by anthropogenic events?

A) Climate change
B) Habitat destruction
C) Invasive species
D) All of these have been caused by anthropocene events.

94) Fifty percent of endangered species are threatened by the presence of ______ because they have no defense mechanisms against this anthropogenic factor.

A) invasive species
B) pollution
C) overexploitation
D) habitat destruction

95) Ocean acidification is an effect of climate change. It is estimated that by 2050, that only ______ of coral will be able to survive which will increase the number of threatened fish species.

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 80%

96) Which human impact has globally placed over 85% of species on the endangered species list?

A) Habitat destruction
B) Introduction of invasive species
C) Pollution
D) Overexploitation

97) Commercial fishing uses drag nets that often kill undesired fish. This "clear-cutting" of the ocean floor is an example of

A) overexploitation.
B) habitat destruction.
C) pollution.

98) The Deepwater Horizon oil spill decreased the Atlantic bluefin tuna population by 70%. This is an example of a loss of diversity due to

A) overexploitation.
B) habitat destruction.
C) pollution.

99) It is difficult to determine the exact amount of species loss because

A) most studies are typically focused on plants and animals.
B) the exact number of current species is unknown.
C) fewer studies involve tracking the biodiversity loss of microbes and fungi.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

100) Why do conservation groups focus their attention on biodiversity hotspots?

A) These spots have over half the world's plant species and 43% of all vertebrate species.
B) These spots contain large amounts of water.
C) These spots have not be affected by habitat destruction or overexploitation.
D) These spots are highly restricted from human access.

101) Which of the following is not used to classify rainforests as biodiversity hotspots?

A) Deforestation by humans
B) They act as carbon sinks
C) Their location
D) Over 50,000 rainforest species are endangered or threatened

102) Which of the following has had the largest impact on the loss of biodiversity in rainforest?

A) Climate change
B) Deforestation
C) Use of plants for medicine
D) Decrease in rainfall

103) Why are coral reefs considered biodiversity hotspots?

A) The level of diversity exceeds terrestrial ecosystems.
B) They provide habitats for over 4,000 marine species.
C) People rely on the reefs as a source of income.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

104) Coral bleaching is caused by

A) nitrogen runoff into the ocean.
B) the rise of ocean temperature from climate change.
C) overexploitation of fish.
D) the introduction of invasive species.

105) The idea behind a wildlife corridor is to

A) allow safe movement of wildlife without human interference.
B) provide human interaction with animals while they are moved to a new location.
C) provide an area or "corridor" where wildlife can live and reproduce.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.

106) Marine Protected Areas

A) provide habitat for endangered and commercially valuable species.
B) are used to raise and harvest species that cannot be caught at any other location.
C) act as fragmented habitats because the organisms are restricted to the area.

107) The symbiotic relationship between coral and algal partners may be preserved by

A) genetically engineering both to withstand higher water temperatures.
B) genetically engineering coral to survive without their algal partners.
C) genetically engineering coral to increase nutrient absorption from their algal partners.
D) genetically engineering the algal partners to have a more efficient photosynthesis process.

108) Which of the following evolutionary events happened during the Cenozoic Era?

A) Modern humans appear
B) Placental mammals appear
C) Reptiles appear
D) Oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere

109) Which of the following evolutionary events happened during the Mesozoic Era?

A) Modern humans appear
B) Placental mammals appear
C) Reptiles appear
D) Oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere

110) Which of the following evolutionary events happened during the Paleozoic Era?

A) Modern humans appear
B) Placental mammals appear
C) Reptiles appear
D) Oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere

111) Which of the following evolutionary events happened during the Precambrian Era?

A) Modern humans appear
B) Placental mammals appear
C) Reptiles appear
D) Oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere

112) Which of the following is included in the excavata supergroup?

A) Euglenozoans
B) Red and green algae
C) Fungi, choanoflagellates, animals
D) Dinoflagellates, gold and brown algae

113) Which of the following is included in the chromalveolata supergroup?

A) Euglenozoans
B) Red and green algae
C) Fungi, choanoflagellates, animals
D) Dinoflagellates, gold and brown algae

114) Which of the following is included in the opisthokota supergroup?

A) Euglenozoans
B) Red and green algae
C) Fungi, choanoflagellates, animals
D) Dinoflagellates, gold and brown algae

115) Which of the following is included in the archaeplatida supergroup?

A) Euglenozoans
B) Red and green algae
C) Fungi, choanoflagellates, animals
D) Dinoflagellates, gold and brown algae

116) What are the characteristics of the opisthokonta supergroup?

A) Consists of ancestors to modern plants
B) Organisms in this supergroup have pseudopods
C) Organisms in this group have flagellated cells at some point in their life cycle
D) This is the most diverse group that are closely related based on their genetic information

117) What are the characteristics of the archaeplastids supergroup?

A) Consists of ancestors to modern plants
B) Organisms in this supergroup have pseudopods
C) Organisms in this group have flagellated cells at some point in their life cycle
D) This is the most diverse group that are closely related based on their genetic information

118) What are the characteristics of the amoebozoans supergroup?

A) Consists of ancestors to modern plants
B) Organisms in this supergroup have pseudopods
C) Organisms in this group have flagellated cells at some point in their life cycle
D) This is the most diverse group that are closely related based on their genetic information

119) What are the characteristics of the rhizaria supergroup?

A) Consists of ancestors to modern plants
B) Organisms in this supergroup have pseudopods
C) Organisms in this group have flagellated cells at some point in their life cycle
D) This is the most diverse group that are closely related based on their genetic information

120) Which of the following are characteristics of the Ascomycota major fungal phyla?

A) Consists of over 1,000 species, including bread mold
B) Contains sac-like fruiting bodies and includes yeast for baking and brewing
C) Consists of club fungi, specifically mushrooms

121) Which of the following are characteristics of the Zygomycota major fungal phyla?

A) Consists of over 1,000 species, including bread mold
B) Contains sac-like fruiting bodies and includes yeast for baking and brewing
C) Consists of club fungi, specifically mushrooms

122) Which of the following are characteristics of the Basidiomycota major fungal phyla?

A) Consists of over 1,000 species, including bread mold
B) Contains sac-like fruiting bodies and includes yeast for baking and brewing
C) Consists of club fungi, specifically mushrooms

123) Which of the following examples belong in the bivalves group of molluscs?

A) Snails and conches
B) Octopus, squid, and nautiluses
C) Clams, scallops, and oysters

124) Which of the following examples belong in the gastropods group of molluscs?

A) Snails and conches
B) Octopus, squid, and nautiluses
C) Clams, scallops, and oysters

125) Which of the following examples belong in the cephalopods group of molluscs?

A) Snails and conches
B) Octopus, squid, and nautiluses
C) Clams, scallops, and oysters

126) Which of the following species belongs in the jawless class of fish?

A) Lamprey
B) Rays
C) Trout
D) Ancient fish

127) Which of the following species belongs in the bony class of fish?

A) Lamprey
B) Rays
C) Trout
D) Ancient fish

128) Which of the following species belongs in the cartilaginous class of fish?

A) Lamprey
B) Rays
C) Trout
D) Ancient fish

129) Which of the following species belongs in the lobe-finned class of fish?

A) Lamprey
B) Rays
C) Trout
D) Ancient fish

130) Biodiversity is determined by the number and different types of ______ in an area.

A) species
B) abiotic factors
C) habitats
D) communities

131) Which of the following is included in the opisthokonta supergroup?

A) Euglenozoans
B) Red and green algae
C) Fungi, choanoflagellates, animals
D) Dinoflagellates, gold and brown algae

132) Which of the following is included in the archaeplastida supergroup?

A) Euglenozoans
B) Red and green algae
C) Fungi, choanoflagellates, animals
D) Dinoflagellates, gold and brown algae

133) What characteristics do sponges lack that are found in any other animal group?

134) List and describe the evolutionary purpose of the two common characteristics observed in all mammals?

135) In 2020, the new epoch was named Anthropocene. What was the reason for identifying a new epoch?

136) Provide the original goal of Marine Protected Areas.

137) Based on the three methods of defining species, scientists now know the exact number of species on the planet.

⊚ true
⊚ false

138) The classification system is always evolving as scientists continuously question the organization and placement of organisms.

⊚ true
⊚ false

139) All eukaryotes are multicellular, contain organelles, and replicate via binary fission.

⊚ true
⊚ false

140) Fungi were once classified as plants.

⊚ true
⊚ false

141) Even though sponges have been overhavested, there is still no concern to include them on the threatened species list.

⊚ true
⊚ false

142) Fragmented habitats are those that prevent movement of species and promote inbreeding and reduced reproduction.

⊚ true
⊚ false

143) Scientists have yet to use genetic engineering to prevent the loss of biodiversity.

⊚ true
⊚ false