Ch9 Test Bank Docx Motor Behavior

Chapter 9: Motor Behavior

1. True or False? Motor learning is the study of how individuals learn skilled movements from practice or experience.

A) True

B) False

2. True or False? Motor control is the study of the neurologic, physiologic, and behavioral aspects of movement and how our brain and spinal cord plan and perform those movements.

A) True

B) False

3. True or False? Motor behavior is the understanding of how the body develops, controls, and learns movement skills that individuals use in physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic competition.

A) True

B) False

4. True or False? Most of the prominent information in motor development came from observing the activities of infants and their changes in reflexes, movements, and feeding behaviors on a day-to-day basis.

A) True

B) False

5. True or False? Franklin Henry developed the memory drum theory and is often considered the “Father of motor skills research.”

A) True

B) False

6. True or False? In the area of motor development, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of individuals or groups of individuals are less prevalent than in the areas of motor learning and motor control.

A) True

B) False

7. True or False? Older adults respond to a greater extent than younger adults to the intervention and practice of motor skills.

A) True

B) False

8. True or False? An indirect measurement of how long it takes for an individual to process the information involved in making a decision and to respond is referred to as reaction time.

A) True

B) False

9. True or False? During sport and athletic competitions, anticipating a movement by an opponent increases the time required by an athlete to respond to a movement by an opponent.

A) True

B) False

10. True or False? Age-associated reductions in cardiovascular function lead to lower oxygen levels in the brain and high levels of cardiovascular fitness, and regular aerobic exercise can slow or retard cognitive declines because of an increased oxygen delivery to the brain.

A) True

B) False

11. True or False? In sport activities, a practice session that does not sufficiently challenge the individual enhances practice performance but restricts learning of the skill.

A) True

B) False

12. True or False? The recruitment of motor units during movement is responsible for the motor patterns that are executed and the force generated by a muscle during contraction.

A) True

B) False

13. True or False? The closed-loop theory suggests that body movements are completely preplanned prior to the initiation of the movement.

A) True

B) False

14. True or False? The process of scaling involves modifying equipment to meet the age and skill level of the participant involved in the sport.

A) True

B) False

15. True or False? Although specific exercises cannot stop the progression of Parkinson disease, improving muscle strength through physical activity and exercise can help an individual feel more confident and capable in his/her movements.

A) True

B) False

16. True or False? Fluid intelligence is a measure of the state of the brain, because it is a measure of an individual’s ability to make new and unique connections.

A) True

B) False

17. True or False? As the complexity of the response decreases, the reaction time of the individual also decreases.

A) True

B) False

18. True or False? Information processing can be influenced by various factors that cause reaction time to increase or decrease.

A) True

B) False

19. True or False? Moving information from long-term memory to short-term memory signifies information moving from the working memory to the permanent memory.

A) True

B) False

20. True or False? Participation in a regular physical activity can result in an improvement in cognitive function.

A) True

B) False

21. True or False? A low degree of contextual interference can be established by having the individual practice several different skills during the same practice session.

A) True

B) False

22. True or False? Until an individual is experienced at a movement task or skill, high levels of contextual interference may be detrimental to the efficient learning of the skill.

A) True

B) False

23. True or False? As task difficulty increases, the quality of game performance also increases.

A) True

B) False

24. True or False? As practice organization becomes more complex and challenging, it leads to better practice performance but inferior retention performance.

A) True

B) False

25. True or False? Activities that are not developmentally appropriate for a child or an adult may lead to ineffective results and discouragement of the participant.

A) True

B) False

26. __________ is the study of change in motor behavior over a life span and the various processes which underlie these changes.

A) Motor development

B) Motor control

C) Motor learning

D) Motor knowledge

27. The concept of bioelectricity and how it controls muscle movement was formulated by:

A) Claudius Galen.

B) Rene Descartes.

C) Luigi Galvani.

D) Coleman Griffith.

28. During the period of infancy, the development of __________ is important to establish the foundation for normal growth and development.

A) reaching and grasping

B) early speech

C) voice recognition

D) face recognition

29. Common fundamental movement patterns during __________ involve specific movements such as walking, running, jumping, and throwing.

A) infancy

B) childhood

C) adolescents

D) young adulthood

30. The widening of the gap in motor performance between boys and girls during adolescence is:

A) infancy.

B) childhood.

C) adolescents.

D) young adulthood.

31. This period marks a transition from refining fundamental movement abilities to the establishment of transitional movement skills to simple games and athletic skills.

A) Infancy

B) Childhood

C) Adolescents

D) Young adulthood

32. Decreases in performance commonly begin to occur in cardiorespiratory function, muscular function, and psychomotor function at around __________ years of age.

A) 30–40

B) 40–50

C) 50–60

D) 60–70

33. Which of the following maturation changes is most likely to provide males with advantages in physical performance over females?

A) Higher level of body fat percentage

B) Lower center of gravity

C) Larger shoulder girdle

D) Wider pelvic girdle

34. Information about successful completion of a movement skill requires three stages, the first of which is:

A) response programming.

B) stimulus recognition.

C) response selection.

D) cognitive learning.

35. When individuals move information about a movement learned during practice from short-term to long-term memory store, the process is called:

A) selective attention.

B) decoding.

C) encoding.

D) stimulus recognition.

36. In those individuals with limited experience of a particular motor skill or activity, high levels of contextual interference during practice of the skill will __________ learning of the skill.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) increase and then decrease

D) have no effect on

37. The appropriate amount of time between when a skill is performed and when the knowledge of results is provided depends on the:

A) summary knowledge of results.

B) fading knowledge of results.

C) task complexity.

D) knowledge of the outcome.

38. Inexperienced individuals perform better during both practice and competition if the summary knowledge of results is:

A) short and direct.

B) combined with cognitive tasks.

C) given prior to practice.

D) discussed with the complete team.

39. __________ is defined as the difficulty of the motor problem an individual must resolve to successfully complete a motor task relative to the performance abilities of the individual performing the task.

A) Contextual interference

B) Task complexity

C) Challenge point

D) Relative task difficulty

40. The __________ is the area of the brain in humans that serves to coordinate complex voluntary movements, posture, and balance.

A) cerebellum

B) basal ganglia

C) motor cortex

D) peripheral motor neurons

41. The __________ is comprised of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that the motor neuron innervates.

A) cerebrum

B) basal ganglia

C) peripheral nervous system

D) central nervous system