Ch9 Full Test Bank Sexual Reproduction And Meiosis

Chapter 09

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A cell with two full sets of chromosomes would be termed a cell.
2. haploid
3. germ
4. sperm
5. diploid
6. sister
7. A cell with one set of chromosomes would be termed a cell.
8. diploid
9. sister
10. None of the answer choices is correct.
11. haploid
12. somatic
13. If a sperm cell combines with an egg cell, then the result is a
14. gamete.
15. diploid cell.
16. duplicated chromosome.
17. gametophyte.
18. haploid cell.
19. An example of a haploid cell is a
20. All of the answer choices are correct.
21. skin cell.
22. zygote.
23. stem cell.
24. sperm cell.
25. In humans, specialized cells that produce gametes are
26. germ cells.
27. somatic cells.
28. sperm cells.
29. egg cells.
30. All of the answer choices are correct.
31. In biology lab, you are observing specimens of muscle cells and nerve cells, as examples of
32. germ cells.
33. gametes.
34. somatic cells.
35. zygotes.
36. haploid cells.
37. Meiosis is a process that produces
38. All of the answer choices are correct.
39. sperm cells.
40. haploid cells.
41. egg cells.
42. gametes.
43. The process by which a bacterium uses a sex pilus to transfer genetic information to another bacterium is
44. conjugation.
45. mitosis.
46. replication.
47. apomixis.
48. parthenogenesis.
49. Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of a species in a changing environment because
50. sexual reproduction produces genetically variable individuals in the population.
51. sexual reproduction requires less overall energy expenditure than asexual reproduction.
52. sexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals.
53. All of the answer choices are correct.
54. sexual reproduction requires only one individual to survive and produce germ cells.
55. A desert plant called Kalanchoe can reproduce, either with sexual reproduction through flowers, or asexually by budding off miniature leaf and root clusters from its leaves. When buds are produced, they land on the ground, take root, and grow, genetically identical to the original. If budding is used for several years, a large area may be covered with these descendents from the

same original plant. The resulting population of plants will

1. automatically experience more genetic mutations, so that some of the plants will survive environmental change.
2. None of the answer choices is correct.
3. be more strongly able to adapt to environmental change, compared to the Kalanchoe that are reproducing sexually.
4. not be as strongly able to adapt to environmental change, compared to the Kalanchoe that are reproducing sexually.
5. adapt to environmental change, by shifting from asexual budding to conjugation, so they can sexually reproduce.
6. Human zygotes contain a total of chromosomes.
7. 46
8. 12
9. 32
10. 52
11. 23
12. Diploid (2n) means having
13. the somatic cells have all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.
14. a single set of chromosomes not having homologous pairs.
15. both the allele and the autosome form of chromosomes.
16. two complete sets of homologous chromosomes.
17. one complete set of chromosomes in each gamete.
18. If human gametes were diploid
19. the products of fertilization would have the same number of chromosomes as their parents.
20. the products of fertilization would have more chromosomes than their parents.
21. fertilization could not occur.
22. the products of fertilization would have fewer chromosomes than their parents.
23. the embryo would be diploid.
24. The abbreviation n indicates cells are
25. diploid.
26. autosomal.
27. haploid.
28. mutated.
29. somatic cells.
30. In humans, germ cells are located in the
31. ovaries and bone marrow.
32. ovaries.
33. bone marrow.
34. testes and ovaries.
35. testes.
36. A diploid germ cell reduces its chromosome number by half to generate four haploid cells in
37. replication.
38. parthenogenesis.
39. meiosis.
40. fertilization.
41. mitosis.
42. In humans during meiosis, a diploid germ cell reduces its chromosome number by half to generate haploid cells.
43. 46
44. 4
45. 2
46. 3
47. 23
48. The process that merges the gametes from two parents is
49. fertilization.
50. conjugation.
51. meiosis.
52. mitosis.
53. parthenogenesis.
54. A zygote
55. has a diploid set of homologous chromosomes.
56. is formed by fertilization.
57. All of the answer choices are correct.
58. has mixed chromosomes from two gametes.
59. is the result of sexual reproduction.
60. Mitotic cell division results in two identical cells by replicating the cell's DNA and then dividing .
61. None of the answer choices is correct.
62. once; once
63. twice; twice
64. twice; once
65. once; twice
66. Meiotic cell division replicates a cell's DNA and then divides .
67. once; once
68. once; twice
69. twice; once
70. twice; twice
71. None of the answer choices is correct.
72. The chromosome content of most human cells includes all of the following except
73. a pair of homologous X chromosomes (in females).
74. 2 pairs of sex chromosomes.
75. 23 pairs of chromosomes.
76. 22 pairs of autosomes.
77. a pair of nonhomologous X and Y chromosomes (in males).
78. The human chromosomes that do not determine whether an individual is male or female are
79. autosomes.
80. not found in pairs.
81. the X and Y chromosomes.
82. sex chromosomes.
83. None of the answer choices is correct.
84. The sex chromosomal combination for a human male is
85. XX.
86. YY.
87. XY.
88. XO.
89. XXX.
90. The normal sex chromosomal combination for a human female is
91. XYY.
92. XY.
93. YY.
94. XX.
95. XXX.
96. Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits, such as these shown from two parents, are
97. homologous chromosomes.
98. the X and Y chromosome.
99. found in females only.
100. found in males only.
101. all the autosomes.
102. Identify the correct comparison between the human X and Y chromosomes.
103. Only the X chromosome is paired with a homologous match in human females.
104. The X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome.
105. Only the Y chromosome is always found without a homologous match.
106. Although both are sex chromosomes, they do not share the same genes.
107. All of the answer choices are correct.
108. In a cell dividing by meiosis, DNA is replicated
109. during prophase II.
110. during prophase I.
111. before meiosis I.
112. between meiosis I and again before meiosis II.
113. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes align next to one another during
114. prophase II.
115. prophase I.
116. metaphase II.
117. interphase I.
118. metaphase I.
119. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during
120. prophase II.
121. anaphase I.
122. prophase I.
123. anaphase II.
124. metaphase I.
125. In meiosis I, cytokinesis usually occurs after telophase I and produces
126. one diploid cell.
127. one haploid cell.
128. four haploid cells.
129. two diploid cells.
130. two haploid cells.
131. In meiosis, paired homologous chromosomes align down the center of the cell during
132. metaphase I.
133. metaphase II.
134. prophase I.
135. anaphase II.
136. prophase II.
137. In meiosis, chromosomes containing sister chromatids (not homologous chromosomes) align along the center of the cell during
138. metaphase II.
139. prophase II.
140. prophase I.
141. interphase II.
142. metaphase I.
143. In meiosis, the separated sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell during
144. anaphase II.
145. anaphase I.
146. telophase I.
147. metaphase I.
148. metaphase II.
149. In meiosis II, cytokinesis results in the production of
150. two genetically unique haploid daughter cells.
151. four genetically unique diploid daughter cells.
152. one daughter cell identical to the parent cell that underwent meiosis.
153. two genetically unique diploid daughter cells.
154. four genetically unique haploid daughter cells.
155. Among humans, you can observe that there is variability in shape (size), skin color, and other traits. The variety in a small population results from in either sexual reproduction or meiosis.
156. random fertilization
157. crossing over
158. independent assortment
159. All of the answer choices are correct.
160. The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material
161. is crossing-over.
162. occurs only during DNA replication.
163. is independent assortment.
164. is random fertilization.
165. occurs only in animals.
166. Alternate forms of the same gene
167. do not exist.
168. are alleles.
169. do not occur in the same individual.
170. are homologs.
171. are sister chromatids.
172. You have an opportunity in biology lab to observe the prepared, stained karyotypes of a stallion, a mare, and their foal offspring horses. Banding patterns of some of the autosomes from the foal match those of the stallion, while others from the foal match those of the mare. This variability is produced in meiosis due to
173. random alignment of chromosome pairs.
174. semiconservative replication.
175. random fertilization.
176. mutation.
177. nonrandom fertilization.
178. A gamete having more than one complete set of paired chromosomes
179. is polyploid.
180. will undergo mitosis.
181. cannot be produced by meiosis.
182. is not yet through meiosis.
183. cannot participate in fertilization.
184. Nondisjunction may cause
185. Jacobs syndrome.
186. Klinefelter syndrome.
187. All of the answer choices are correct.
188. trisomy 21.
189. Turner syndrome.
190. Which of the following statements below is an incorrect link in human gamete production?
191. Gametogenesis produces gametes in human testes and ovaries.
192. Human eggs are produced by oogenesis in the ovaries.
193. Meiosis to form eggs is only completed if an egg cell is fertilized.
194. Human sperm are formed through spermatogenesis in the testes.
195. Gametes form after meiosis, in the process of parthenogenesis.
196. What is the major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
197. genetic variability when the environment is stable
198. requirement of less energy
199. simpler form of reproduction
200. faster reproduction
201. genetic variability during an ecological disaster
202. Why does sexual reproduction produce more genetic variability in a population than asexual reproduction?
203. Sexually reproducing organisms mutate more rapidly during DNA replication than asexually reproducing organisms.
204. Sexually reproducing organisms mix parental genetics in addition to crossing-over and random alignment.
205. Organisms arising from sexual reproduction can change their genetic material in response to environmental changes.
206. In sexual reproduction, the parents exchange genetic material of the nuclei, thus increasing their variability.
207. Offspring are identical to one parent, when produced through sexual reproduction.
208. Among variations in human sex chromosomes, individuals who have a single X chromosome are female, while those with XXY sex chromosomes are males. In order to be a female, a human
209. must have paired XX chromosomes.
210. must have one X chromosome.
211. must have two X chromosomes.
212. must have one Y chromosome.
213. cannot have a Y chromosome.
214. In humans, how many of the mother's chromosomes are present in the egg before it is fertilized?
215. 2
216. 1
217. 46
218. 23
219. 4
220. Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. What gametes could an AABB individual produce, if crossing-over and nondisjunction do not occur?
221. AB
222. AAB
223. B
224. A
225. AABB
226. Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. The genes have alleles A and B on one homologous chromosome, and the alleles a and b on its paired homolog. How could an individual with this allele arrangement produce a gamete with a chromosome containing the alleles Ab or aB?
227. mitosis
228. fragmentation of the chromosome
229. random fertilization
230. independent assortment
231. crossing-over
232. A species has 6 chromosome pairs in each diploid cell. How many genetically unique gametes could be produced from sexual reproduction in this species, accounting only for independent assortment?
233. 64
234. 8
235. 36
236. 9
237. 16
238. Which of the following may occur in meiosis but not in mitosis?
239. DNA replication
240. chromosome condensation
241. metaphase
242. cytokinesis
243. crossing-over
244. If a chromosome in one of your bone cells becomes mutated, you will not pass this mutation on to your children because
245. germ cells cannot undergo mitosis.
246. germ cells cannot undergo meiosis.
247. somatic cells cannot undergo meiosis.
248. somatic cells cannot undergo mitosis.
249. germ cells neither undergo mitosis nor meiosis.
250. Most cultivated bananas are triploid. How could these be generated from diploid parent banana plants?
251. nondisjunction in mitosis followed by normal fertilization
252. All of these answer choices are different options for creating triploid cells.
253. fertilization of a haploid egg by a haploid sperm
254. fertilization of a diploid somatic cell by a haploid sperm
255. nondisjunction in meiosis followed by normal fertilization
256. If you mate a donkey (2n = 62) with a horse (2n = 64) you get a mule. Mules are sterile and cannot produce gametes by meiosis because they
257. contain too few chromosomes.
258. have an odd number of chromosomes.
259. have an even number of chromosomes.
260. contain too many chromosomes.
261. lack genes that are essential for life.
262. In humans, the sex of a child is determined by the
263. number of autosomes in the sperm.
264. sex chromosome in the egg.
265. number of autosomes in the egg.
266. number of X chromosomes in the egg.
267. sex chromosome in the sperm.
268. In plants, haploid gametophytes produce gametes by
269. mitosis.
270. nondisjunction.
271. sporulation.
272. meiosis.
273. fertilization.
274. In plants, sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce spores.
275. diploid
276. fertilized
277. triploid
278. haploid
279. tetraploid
280. In humans, the egg provides the mitochondria to the zygote. In plants, which organelles would be provided by the egg and not by the sperm?
281. nuclei and chloroplasts
282. chloroplasts and mitochondria
283. nuclei
284. mitochondria
285. chloroplasts
286. Pollen contains that produce .
287. gametophytes; sperm
288. sporophytes; sperm
289. gametophytes; spores
290. sperm; spores
291. sporophytes; spores
292. Plants have an intermediate body form called a sporophyte that undergoes meiosis. The cells produced grow, through mitosis, into another intermediate body form called a gametophyte, which divides by mitosis to form gametes. The gametes fertilize, and the zygote grows, through mitosis, into another sporophyte. This form of a sexual life cycle is referred to as
293. alternation of generations.
294. crossing-over.
295. polyploidy.
296. an asexual life cycle.
297. germination.

True / False Questions

1. In spermatogenesis there are two divisions in meiosis, resulting in four daughter cells.

True False

1. The number of chromosomes in a daughter cell produced by mitosis is the same as the number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

True False

1. The number of chromosomes in a daughter cell produced by meiosis is the same as the number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

True False

1. In mitosis, homologous chromosomes do not pair up.

True False

1. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up, allowing crossing-over to occur.

True False

1. If a human zygote has either 45 or 47 chromosomes, it might be assumed that this was due to nondisjunction.

True False

1. A male having an extra X chromosome (XXY) would have Turner syndrome.

True False

1. A female missing an X chromosome (XO) would have Turner syndrome.

True False

1. If a woman in her late forties wants to have a baby and seeks medical advice, she would most likely be advised of the risks related to nondisjunction occurring and a higher rate of fetal chromosomal abnormality.

True False

1. Identical twins result from one zygote splitting into two genetically identical embryos.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The movement of a section of DNA from a chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome is an example of
2. translocation during meiosis.
3. translocation during mitosis.
4. nondisjunction during meiosis.
5. crossing-over during meiosis.
6. random alignment during mitosis.
7. A size-ordered chart, containing images of all the chromatids (chromosomes) of a cell, is
8. a karyotype.
9. All of the answer choices are correct.
10. used to detect damages to chromatids.
11. used to show autosomes and sex chromosomes.

E. used to detect chromosmal abnormalities such as trisomy.

1. In contrast to human X and Y chromosomes, autosomes
2. are nonhomologous, self-expressing chromosomes.
3. include the X and Y sex-associated chromosomes in humans.
4. All of the answer choices are correct.
5. are chromosomes that do not usually mutate during meiosis.
6. are homologous chromosomes found in both sexes.

True / False Questions

1. Without genetic diversity, a population might more easily fall victim to parasites and pathogens.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A karyotype is produced by inducing cells to divide in culture, and then treating them with a molecule that arrests
2. interphase.
3. anaphase.
4. prophase.
5. metaphase.
6. telophase.
7. The major characteristics that uniquely identify each chromosome in a karyotype are the
8. types of proteins, number of telomeres, and banding pattern.
9. size, number of telomeres, and banding pattern.
10. sequence of nitrogen bases, types of proteins, and banding pattern.
11. centromere position, banding pattern, and size.
12. position and orientation, types of proteins, and genes.

True / False Questions

1. Caenorhabditis elegans is a hermaphrodite, which means it only undergoes sexual reproduction.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Researchers exposed Caenorhabditis elegans to bacteria, which caused the parasite to use sexual reproduction instead of asexual reproduction. What advantage did C. elegans have in using sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
2. The offspring were unique, giving the roundworms a better chance of survival.
3. The offspring were identical, giving the roundworms a better chance for survival.
4. The offspring wer identical, giving the bacteria a greater chance to kill the entire population.
5. The offspring were unique, giving the roundworms a more energy-conserving type of reproduction.
6. All of the answer choices are correct.