Ch8 Test Questions & Answers Juvenile Justice

CHAPTER 8

JUVENILE JUSTICE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Juveniles who commit acts that are criminal when committed by adults are considered a separate class of offenders called:

a. status offenders

b. criminals

c. delinquents

d. felons

2. ______________ constitute the largest proportion of juvenile offenses and thus consume an inordinate amount of juvenile courts' time and resources.

a. delinquents

b. status offenses

c. misdemeanors

d. crimes

3. No discussion of juvenile delinquency can proceed without noting that some degree of anti-social behavior is ______________ for juveniles.

a. irregular

b. normative

c. illegal

d. bad

4. What hormone is linked to aggression and dominance seeking in males?

a. serotonin

b. testosterone

c. myelination

d. inhibition sensors

5. It has long been known that the vast majority of youth who offend during adolescence ___________ and that only a small number continue to offend in adulthood.

a. continue

b. get into trouble

c. desist

d. get caught

6. Terrie Moffitt (1993) calls those adolescent offenders who continue to offend into adulthood ______________ offenders

a. life-course-persistent

b. adolescent-limited

c. status-persistent

d. criminally-desistent

7. The term used to describe the level to which persons are held legally responsible for their actions is:

a. culpability

b. responsibility

c. maturity

d. liability

8. The minimum legally defined age of criminal responsibility was defined at common law as:

a. 7 years

b. 10 years

c. 12 years

d. 14 years

9. Under the increasing influence of the Christian church during the ______________, the brutal nature of the treatment of children gradually lessened.

a. Renaissance

b. Bronze Age

c. Elizabethan period

d. Middle Ages

10. English courts of the Middle Ages afforded special status to children between the ages of ______________, during which time children could be held criminally responsible and treated as adults only if it could be shown that they were fully aware of the consequences of their actions.

a. 7 and 10

b. 7 and 12

c. 7 and 14

d. 10 and 14

11. English courts of chancery were formed in the ______________ century.

a. thirteenth

b. fourteenth

c. fifteenth

d. sixteenth

12. Which of the following is a more loose and practical meaning of the term parens patriae?

a. state as parent

b. delinquency

c. status offenses

d. none of the above

13. What early practice was more akin to indentured servitude, since children were generally accepted only by families who could profit from their labor?

a. Bridewells

b. binding out

c. workhouses

d. servitude

14. The first English workhouse was considered so successful that in 1576 the English Parliament passed a law establishing ______________, or workhouses, in every English county.

a. Servicewells

b. Bondwells

c. Bridewells

d. Groomwells

15. Following the Bridewell model, what was established in New York to house orphans, beggars, vagrants, and juvenile offenders?

a. House of Progression

b. House of Work

c. House of Refuge

d. House of Child Saving

16. The Ex Parte Crouse case challenged the:

a. legality of methods used by the Child Savers movement in placing children in workhouses

b. power of paterna pietas

c. legality of binding out children

d. power of magistrates to remove children from their parents and send them to houses of refuge

17. The first juvenile court was established in which location?

a. St. Louis County, Missouri

b. Cook County, Illinois

c. Albany County, New York

d. Riverside County, California

18. The burden of proof traditionally used in juvenile court has been:

a. beyond a reasonable doubt

b. reasonable suspicion

c. preponderance of the evidence

d. none of the above

19. Indictment in adult court is known as a ____________ in juvenile court.

a. sentence

b. trial

c. disposition

d. petition

20. A transfer to adult court is called a waiver because the juvenile court ______________ its jurisdiction over the child in question to the adult system.

a. collects

b. establishes

c. relinquishes

d. detains

21. Juveniles become increasingly more likely to be waived if they are ______________ offenders approaching the upper age limit of their state juvenile court's jurisdiction.

a. violent

b. drug

c. property

d. chronic

22. A prosecutorial discretion waiver is one in which:

a. the prosecutor can file the case directly with the adult court and bypass the juvenile court altogether

b. the judge waives a case to adult court after a full inquiry

c. legislatures have statutorily excluded certain offenses (the most serious ones) from juvenile courts

d. all of the above

23. Studies of juvenile waivers have shown that:

a. they have a definite deterrent effect

b. juveniles waived to adult courts are more likely to recidivate than youths adjudicated for similar crimes in juvenile courts

c. juveniles waived to adult courts are less likely to recidivate than youths adjudicated for similar crimes in juvenile courts

d. all waived juveniles are punished more severely than non-waived juveniles

24. Which case was the first instance in which the U.S. Supreme Court provided oversight to juvenile court proceedings, marking a steady shift away from the juvenile courts' traditional operating principle of parens patriae?

a. Haley v. Ohio

b. Kent v. United States

c. In re Gault

d. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

25. Due process protections extended under ______________ do not automatically apply in all cases; rather they only apply in adjudication hearings likely to result in a juvenile's deprivation of liberty.

a. In re Gault

b. Kent v. United States

c. Haley v. Ohio

d. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

26. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that preventative detention of juveniles was constitutionally permissible because it serves a legitimate state interest in protecting both society and the juvenile from the risk of further crimes while awaiting a hearing?

a. Eddings v. Oklahoma

b. Graham v. Florida

c. Miller v. Alabama

d. Schall v. Martin

27. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court's majority opinion hold that mandatory life without parole for juveniles violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment?

a. Schall v. Martin

b. Eddings v. Oklahoma

c. Graham v. Florida

d. Miller v. Alabama

28. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court decide to redraw the age line at 18 years, below which it was now constitutionally impermissible under the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment to execute anyone?

a. Thompson v. Oklahoma

b. Eddings v. Oklahoma

c. Stanford v. Kentucky

d. Roper v. Simmons

29. What may be defined as "every action that is primarily oriented toward justice by repairing the harm that has been caused by the act"?

a. healing justice

b. restorative justice

c. social justice

d. procedural justice

30. What programs are an integral part of the restorative justice balanced approach and bring offenders and victims together (voluntarily) in face-to-face meetings that are facilitated by a trained mediation counselor to iron out ways in which the offender can right the harm done to the victim?

a. social reparation

b. victim-offender reconciliation

c. community sanctioning

d. reparative boards

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

1. Juveniles that commit acts are civil when committed by adults are delinquents.
2. Intent describes the level to which a person is legally responsible for their actions.
3. Not obeying your parents is a status offense.
4. Paterna pietas translates to fatherly power.
5. Puberty marks the onset of the transition from childhood to adulthood.
6. Patria potestas translates to fatherly love.
7. The purpose of the House of Refugee was to train and care for children.
8. The social conception of adults is a fundamental consideration in the study of juvenile justice.
9. Child Savers were a group of concerned individuals generated by the dissatisfaction of government corruption.
10. Progressives are ideo-educated liberal reformers.
11. Progressives created an impetus for change in the way that juvenile offenders were handled.
12. In the juvenile system, the prosecutor seeks an indictment.
13. In the adult system, the jury returns a verdict of guilty.
14. In the juvenile system, a predispositional or social inquiry report is written.
15. Juveniles can be waived to adult criminal court.
16. A transfer to adult court means that the juvenile has been arraigned.
17. A judicial waiver is a direct file.
18. A legislative waiver is a statutory exclusion waiver.
19. The presumed social benefits of waivers are deterrence and the reduction of crime.
20. In the philosophy of parens patriae, the mission is to help troublesome, neglected or abandoned children.
21. In Kent v. United States, the US Supreme Court maintained a hands-off policy with regard to juvenile issues.
22. The Latin phrase In re translates to, for the court.
23. Within the case of In re Gault, the US Supreme Court established five basic constitutional due process rights for juveniles.
24. The case of Schall v. Martin, the juvenile was sentenced to life in prison without parole.
25. In Graham v. Florida, the juvenile was arrested at the age of 14.
26. The greatest moral issue associated with juvenile justice is the death penalty.
27. Amicus curiae translates to a friend of the court.
28. In Atkins v. Virginia, the Court ruled the execution of the mentally retarded was cruel and unusual punishment.
29. Restorative justice is a face-to-face confrontation between the court and the offender.
30. Megan’s law requires all 50 states to register sex offenders in their area.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. How does puberty impact delinquency?
2. Discuss the evolution of parens patriae. How has this principle impacted juvenile courts over the centuries?
3. Who were the Child Savers, what did they purport to believe, and what have some critics claimed about their motives?
4. What are the three primary ways of waiving juveniles to adult court? Describe them.
5. Explain the balanced approach as it applies to juvenile probationers.