Ch.10 The Limits Of Social Control Policing + Test Bank Docx

CHAPTER 10

THE LIMITS OF SOCIAL CONTROL: POLICING VICE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. What constitutes "vice" varies significantly across:

a. laws

b. time

c. cultures

d. both b and c

2. What is defined as any consensual act that offends the moral standards of the community that has defined the act as worthy of condemnation and legal control?

a. vice crime

b. social crime

c. mala in se crime

d. street crime

3. The harm principle was best enunciated by which British philosopher?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. John Stuart Mill

c. John Locke

d. Thomas Hobbes

4. In the early part of the twentieth century, several cities instituted special "morals courts" to deal with:

a. illicit drug-related crimes

b. homosexual sodomy

c. fornication and adultery

d. alcohol-related crimes

5. Which early writer considered sodomy to "cover any genital contact intended to produce orgasm except penile-vaginal intercourse in an approved position" and/or sexual activity that "could not result in procreation regardless of the gender involved"?

a. John Locke

b. John Rawls

c. St. Thomas Aquinas

d. Thomas Hobbes

6. In general (throughout most of early history), people who engaged in homoerotic behavior were not seen as a special class of people, but rather as ordinary folks who engaged in:

a. immoral acts

b. criminal acts

c. civil acts

d. unnatural acts

7. For many years, homosexuality was considered by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to be a:

a. disease

b. variant

c. choice

d. crime

8. The term sexual orientation is used today in recognition of the growing scientific consensus that the roots of homosexuality are:

a. biological

b. environmental

c. social

d. psychological

9. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court uphold Georgia's anti-sodomy law?

a. Atkins v. Georgia

b. Bowers v. Hardwick

c. Furman v. Georgia

d. Gregg v. Georgia

10. Which U.S. Supreme Court case invalidated all remaining anti-sodomy statutes throughout the United States?

a. Bowers v. Hardwick

b. Lawrence v. Texas

c. Texas v. Johnson

d. Dungeon v. United Kingdom

11. Homosexuals, who were once classified as having a disease are now a(n) ______________ category in the aftermath of recent U.S. Supreme Court landmark rulings.

a. quasi-protected

b. absolute-protected

c. rationally-protected

d. strictly-protected

12. Changes in the ______________ definition of marriage have resulted in the collision of constitutional rights that pose seemingly irreconcilable demands.

a. clinical

b. secular

c. religious

d. statutory

13. Some see the battle between religious liberty and gay rights as a ______________ battle in that "once the nation realizes that there will be a winner or loser, then the only question is whether religious liberties and free speech rights should be repressed to promote legal recognition of same-sex relationships."

a. massive

b. major

c. zero-sum

d. losing

14. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that the company involved in the case does not have to provide contraceptive methods to its employees that violate the Christian beliefs of the company's owners?

a. Elane Photography v. Willock

b. Bowers v. Hardwick

c. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.

d. City of Boerne v. Flores

15. Prostitution:

a. is sometimes engaged in voluntarily by prostitutes

b. has been associated with religious communion

c. has been considered a “necessary evil”

d. all of the above

16. The earliest-known writings on prostitution are contained in the:

a. Bible

b. Code of Hammurabi

c. Justinian Code

d. Twelve Tables of Roman Law

17. High-born women in ancient Greece who had fallen on hard times, became high-class courtesans, and provided their wealthy clients with stimulating conversation as well as sexual services were known as:

a. hookers

b. pornae

c. hetaerae

d. auletrides

18. In modern America, the equivalent to ancient Greece's ______________ would be the brothel-based prostitutes.

a. hookers

b. hetaerae

c. auletrides

d. pornae

19. Prostitutes were particularly active in the ______________, where women were a rare commodity.

a. Mid-West

b. Old West

c. Old South

d. North

20. Which federal act made it a felony to transport females across state lines for immoral purposes?

a. Volstead Act

b. Fanny Act

c. Mortensen Act

d. Mann Act

21. In Roe v. Butterworth, Roe claimed that Florida’s prostitution laws:

a. denied her "due process right to earn a living as she saw fit"

b. violated the privileges and immunity clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

c. violated her "First Amendment rights to free expression"

d. violated her "fundamental right to privacy"

22. What refers to the use of law to control prostitution by determining the legal conditions under which it can operate?

a. decriminalization

b. tolerating

c. legalization

d. legitimizing

23. What simply means the removal of laws against prostitution without imposing regulatory controls on it?

a. legalization

b. de facto legalization

c. decriminalization

d. tolerating

24. Sweden has:

a. decriminalized and legalized prostitution

b. decriminalized prostitution but also maintains laws criminalizing the purchasing of prostitutes' services

c. legalized prostitution but confined it to certain areas

d. legalized prostitution in massage parlors

25. Which vice terms are used interchangeably in everyday speech, but are different concepts in law?

a. pornography and obscenity

b. prostitution and madam

c. obscenity and homosexuality

d. pimp and prostitute

26. What is a legal term for any subcategory of pornography that is not constitutionally protected?

a. obscenity

b. porno

c. explicit

d. criminal

27. In which 1973 case did the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirm that obscenity is not protected speech and offer a way to define it?

a. Miller v. California

b. Jacobellis v. Ohio

c. Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition

d. Roth v. United States

28. In all its forms, what has been strongly criticized by religious leaders and conservatives as eroding moral standards by representing deviant sexuality as normal and by separating sex from love and marriage?

a. prostitution

b. homosexuality

c. adultery

d. pornography

29. Defenders of pornography claim that it does not cause ______________ harm and, according to the harm principle, that only that type of harm should be prohibited.

a. indirect

b. direct

c. felony

d. criminal

30. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court establish that even child pornography is not outside the protection of the First Amendment as long as the images presented are "virtual" (i.e., computer-generated) rather than real children?

a. Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition

b. Roth v. United States

c. Miller v. California

d. Jacobellis v. Ohio

31. Few issues more strongly divide modern America and raise more hackles than which issue?

a. obscenity

b. adultery

c. abortion

d. pornography

32. When abortion was prohibited in the United States, it was considered a ___________ crime.

a. felony

b. misdemeanor

c. property

d. vice

33. As with sodomy and prostitution, attitudes regarding abortion have ______________ across the centuries.

a. fluctuated

b. remained constant

c. remained positive

d. remained negative

34. Which early legal code stipulated fines for causing "miscarriage"?

a. Justinian Code

b. Twelve Tables of Roman Law

c. Sumerian Code

d. Code of Hammurabi

35. In Western Europe from the Middle ages and into the nineteenth century, the point at which abortion was prohibited was:

a. only in cases of rape or incest

b. only in cases in which the woman was unmarried

c. in any case after the second trimester

d. at the quickening

36. In Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court gave women the right to unlimited:

a. abortion

b. abortion up to the beginning of the third trimester

c. access to abortion in the first trimester

d. abortion in cases of rape or incest only

37. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court overturn the trimester scheme it introduced in Roe v. Wade by upholding a Pennsylvania act that permitted states to regulate abortion before as well as after fetal viability?

a. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

b. Doe v. Bolton

c. Rex v. Beare

d. Stenberg v. Carhart

38. Which act passed by Congress in 2003 led a number of states, including Nebraska, to reinstitute partial-birth abortion bans?

a. Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act

b. Abortion Ban Act

c. Medical-Birth Abortion Ban Act

d. Partial-Birth Act

39. Which Founding Father once wrote: "Beer is proof positive that God loves us and wants us to be happy"?

a. John Adams

b. Alexander Hamilton

c. George Washington

d. Ben Franklin

40. Which of the following mood-altering substances is most directly linked to crime?

a. marijuana

b. alcohol

c. heroin

d. cocaine

41. Of the number of neurological disorders that can result from mothers drinking while pregnant, which is indicated as the most serious?

a. conduct disorder

b. low intelligence

c. fetal alcohol syndrome

d. impulsiveness

42. Early beer was less potent than today's beer so most of the problems associated with alcohol abuse arose from:

a. wine

b. strong liquor

c. champagne

d. sake

43. The first recorded attempt at prohibition of alcohol in North America was made by the Massachusetts colony in which year?

a. 1651

b. 1654

c. 1657

d. 1670

44. Which of the following was designed to prohibit the production, sale, transportation, or importation of alcoholic beverages in the United States?

a. Mann Act

b. Eighteenth Amendment

c. Volatile Act

d. Harrison Act

45. Prohibition was repealed by the:

a. Prohibition Repeal Act

b. Twenty-First Amendment

c. Volstead Act

d. Nineteenth Amendment

46. What illicit drug was used by early Egyptians in their religious ceremonies?

a. cocaine

b. opium

c. heroin

d. methamphetamine

47. Which early ingredient of Coca-Cola is also used to process cocaine?

a. coca nut

b. kola nut

c. coca leaf

d. kola leaf

48. Although earlier federal and state acts had aimed at specific practices and substances, which of the following was the benchmark act for changing America's attitudes toward drugs?

a. Prohibition

b. Eighteenth Amendment

c. Volstead Act

d. Harrison Narcotics Act

49. The link between drugs and crime is largely driven by their:

a. pharmacological effects

b. morality

c. users

d. illegality

50. Most countries have abandoned their own wars on drugs today and reverted to:

a. legalization of drugs

b. criminalization policies

c. harm-reduction policies

d. denying that drugs cause harm to anyone other than the user

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

1. What constitutes vice varies significantly across time and culture.
2. Vice crime is any consensual act that offends the moral standards of the community.
3. The key term in the definition of a vice crime is moral.
4. The case of Lawrence v. Texas occurred in the year of 2004.
5. Sodomy is anal sex between two men or a man and a woman.
6. Reynolds v. United States, points to a solution for mutual protection of rights.
7. The common term for the keeper of a brothel is pimp.
8. A high-class courtesan is known as a pornae.
9. The first Supreme Court decision interpreting the scope of the free exercise clause was in Reynolds v. United States (1878).
10. A prostitute is a person who engages in prostitution as a source of income.
11. In Ancient Greek, hetaerae work for the less selective services.
12. The White-Slave Traffic Act is also known as the Mann Act.
13. Legalizing prostitution means that it can become a legitimate occupation that can be regulated.
14. The American Civil Liberties Union favors the decriminalization of prostitution.
15. Sweden has decriminalized prostitution but has laws criminalizing those who purchase their services.
16. Pornography and obscenity have the same concepts within law.
17. The Miller test deals with how to define pornography.
18. Feminists are defenders of pornography.
19. Abortion is victimless and consensual.
20. Abortion is the unintentional termination of a pregnancy.
21. Obscenity can be defined as, “I know it when I see it”.
22. Abortion in the early stages of pregnancy was generally accepted in Western Europe.
23. By 1973, a total of 19 states had amended their laws to allow abortion under certain circumstances.
24. Regarding abortion, viability is the point at which the fetus is able to survive outside the womb.
25. The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 was a result of the case in Stenburg v. Carhart.
26. Pro-life advocates believe that termination of an abortion is the killing of a fetus.
27. The legal availability of abortion granted females license to engage more freely in unprotected sex.
28. 50 percent of American prison inmates are alcohol and/or drug addicted.
29. The Volstead Act defined intoxicating liquor as anything containing more than 0.7 percent of alcohol.
30. The Harrison Narcotics Act was passed in 1916.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Explain your understanding of the harm principle.
2. Adultery can cause more hurt and harm than most mala in se felony crimes. If this is so, why do we no longer seriously criminalize it?
3. Discuss your understanding of the ongoing legal battle between the law and gay rights versus religious liberty. Do you think there can be a “winner”? Explain your answer.
4. Do you believe the United States should legalize or decriminalize prostitution? Justify your answer.
5. Explain your position regarding how the United States should deal with its drug problem.