Ch.6 Verified Test Bank Somatic And Dissociative Disorders

Chapter 6: Somatic and Dissociative Disorders

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A psychologist reviews a client’s records. "This individual’s issue is that a part of her consciousness—her memory—has split off from the rest of her consciousness, even though there is no evidence of brain damage." The psychologist is describing a person with a(n) ____.

2. Which of the following is indicative of a dissociative disorder?

3. In a classroom presentation, Kato reports, "Dissociative disorders are nonpsychotic conditions in which people develop physical problems even though there is no physiological cause. They are very rare." What error has Kato made?

4. Children and adolescents are rarely affected by the dissociative disorder known as ____.

5. The symptoms of dissociative disorders generally become known through ____.

6. Which type of dissociative amnesia disorder is correctly paired with its chief characteristic?

7. Which form of dissociative amnesia involves the inability to remember only certain details of an incident and is quite commonly claimed by individuals charged with homicide?

8. Pedro has the most common form of dissociative amnesia. He was a witness to his father's murder but has no memory of the event. This illustrates ____.

9. Jane Doe had total memory loss of her previous life. Even when her parents identified her when she appeared on television, she claimed she could not remember them as her parents. Jane illustrates ____.

10. Repressed memories that surface after many years, often within the context of therapy, are generally believed to involve ____.

11. Jerald wakes up in New Jersey, some four hundred miles from his home in New Hampshire. He cannot remember how he got there, and he has no memory of his former life. He establishes a new identity in New Jersey. This illustrates ____.

12. Dante is a middle-aged man with a history of depression. Recently, he has been diagnosed with dissociative fugue. He adopts a completely new identity while staying in his hometown. His amnesia lasts only a short time. What aspect of this case is unusual for dissociative fugue?

13. Research by Pezdek, Blandon-Gitlin, and Gabbay (2006) on false memories points out that ____.

14. Are reports of formerly repressed memories authentic?

15. Teresa has an intense and terrifying feeling that she is no longer real and that she is looking at herself and the world from a distance. These feelings have caused major impairments in her work and personal life The most likely diagnosis is ____.

16. Colleen has been diagnosed with depersonalization disorder. Which symptoms should be present?

17. Depersonalization disorder differs from other dissociative disorders in that it ____.

18. Caitlyn has been diagnosed with depersonalization disorder. We can presume that she would make which statement?

19. Which statement about the validity of repressed memories is accurate?

20. Maria, an adolescent with a history of sleepwalking, is diagnosed as having dissociative identity disorder (DID). She was severely abused as a child and, in response, has developed three distinct personalities. She has no gaps in her memory. What aspect of Maria's case is unusual for DID?

21. Fleeting depersonalization episodes are more prevalent in ____.

22. Which statement about the development of dissociative identity disorder (DID) is accurate?

23. The hypothesized origin of dissociative identity disorder (DID) is that it is ____.

24. The post-traumatic model (PTM) of dissociative disorders is based on which perspective?

25. Dr. Young asks these questions of a child: "Do you ever sort of space out? Does it ever happen that time goes by and you can't remember what you were doing during that time? Do you ever do things that surprise you and you later stop and ask yourself why you did that?" What problem is Dr. Young investigating?

26. A friend of yours asks, "Isn't it easy to tell when a person is faking the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder?" What would be an accurate answer?

27. According to the sociocognitive model (SCM) of dissociative identity disorder (DID), the disorder develops ____.

28. Dr. Hart is a psychoanalyst treating a patient with dissociative identity disorder. He will probably explain the loss of memory in his patient as being due to ____.

29. Harvey is diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder. His mother severely abused him from the time he was six years old. The first of his personalities developed around seven. According to his psychoanalyst, the development of separate personalities served the purpose of ____.

30. A psychologist explains a disorder as follows. "The disorder develops because, in the face of overwhelming stress, the person has the capacity to dissociate and wall off the traumatic experience. This happens when there is no support in the family." The psychologist probably holds a ____ perspective on ____.

31. According to psychodynamically-oriented thinkers, traumatic events alone do not produce multiple personalities. There must also be a ____.

32. Dr. Kim believes that increases in the frequency of diagnosing dissociative identity disorder have occurred because of iatrogenic effects. Which argument would Dr. Kim most likely use?

33. What mental health problem is typically associated with both dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?

34. Displays of multiple role enactments and social reinforcement are both key concepts in which explanation for dissociative disorders?

35. What is a particular concern when using hypnosis with clients who have dissociative disorders?

36. Dr. Abdullah's new patient is diagnosed with dissociative fugue. Rather than doing in-depth psychotherapy, the doctor prescribes an antidepressant and provides emotional support. Why would Dr. Abdullah respond this way?

37. Which symptoms are often found in association with dissociative fugue and amnesia?

38. The cognitive approach to treating depersonalization disorder would emphasize the use of ____.

39. Treatment of individuals with dissociative identity disorder tends to ____.

40. Dr. Newman used hypnosis to help Marianne return to her childhood and uncover a hidden trauma that might be causing her symptoms. Dr. Newman's therapeutic orientation is probably ____.

41. Donna is diagnosed as having dissociative identity disorder. She can expect that her therapist will first address ____.

42. What is the final step in treating dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

43. Joshua is a rehabilitation counselor whose job is to help people with disabilities become employed in an appropriate occupation. Joshua is concerned that there has been an increase in the number of people feigning physical injuries in order to receive government disability payments. What concept best identifies Joshua's concern?

44. Which of the following is a somatic symptom disorder?

45. A psychologist says, "We know it is a psychological disorder because there are cognitive distortions regarding the physical symptoms, which are not under voluntary control." What is the psychologist describing?

46. What is the primary difference between factitious disorder and malingering?

47. The chief difference between somatic symptom disorder and factitious disorders is whether the condition is ____.

48. Wanda fakes debilitating pain in hopes of receiving a large monetary award from an insurance company. Roberta experiences fever and pain because she has injected herself with bacteria. Wanda's behavior illustrates ____; Roberta's behavior illustrates ____.

49. In the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Ferris deliberately fakes his own headaches and stomach pains so that he could avoid going to school. Aside from his irresponsibility, Ferris would best be diagnosed as exhibiting ____.

50. Suppose you are the director of a mental health clinic in a neighborhood where many immigrants from India, China, and Korea live. You could expect that clients coming from these Asian backgrounds would ____.

51. Which symptom is necessary for a diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder?

52. Bethany has spent the past ten years in and out of hospitals. She suffers from numerous physical complaints including severe hip, joint, leg, and head pain, and frequent bouts of diarrhea and bloating, and often reports breathing problems. Although numerous doctors and extensive tests revealed no physical problems, Bethany still reports vague symptoms of physical problems. Her problems would best fit a diagnosis of ____.

53. Worldwide, the most common forms of somatic symptom disorder symptoms are ____.

54. Marge has gone to doctors with more than twenty different somatic complaints in the past year and has had surgery four times. She has few anxiety or depressive symptoms, but doctors never satisfy her when they say, "There's nothing wrong with you physically." What is unusual about this patient?

55. Which statement about somatic symptom disorder is accurate?

56. Tulugaq, an Inuit, experiences dissociative-like episodes that are accompanied by extreme excitement. He often performs aggressive and dangerous acts, although he does not remember them. One of his recent episodes was followed by convulsions and he went into a coma for two days. Tulugaq suffers from ____.

57. Monica complains of chest and head pains, amnesia, nausea, and sexual problems. She goes from doctor to doctor, but none can find a physical cause for her complaints. Stephen suddenly becomes blind one day shortly after his boss gives him several stressful deadlines. There is no physiological explanation for his blindness. Monica best illustrates ____, whereas Stephen best illustrates ____.

58. Anita's parents are from India and continue to follow the traditions of that country. Her parents have matched a husband for her, and she is to be married in two weeks. One morning, however, Anita wakes up paralyzed, and has no use of her legs. A thorough medical examination can find nothing physically wrong that would account for Anita's paralysis. Anita would most likely be diagnosed with ____.

59. Which individual has symptoms that most likely indicate a possible functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)?

60. As Will approaches the witness stand, he stops and clutches his throat. He has to leave the courtroom because he is unable to speak. If he has no other symptoms, his condition might be diagnosed as ____.

61. Paralysis, anesthesia, and impairment in sight or hearing are common complaints in ____.

62. Because glove anesthesia does not correspond to the distribution of nerve pathways in the body, it leads to a diagnosis of ____.

63. Yassir has been under great stress at work. He tells his doctor that he cannot feel his hand from his wrist to his fingertips. He says it is as though all the feeling in the nerves has been cut off at the wrist. The doctor, knowing how nerves are distributed, will probably see Yassir as having ____.

64. Sharon frequently causes diarrhea in her three-year-old daughter by feeding her spoiled milk and rotten eggs. When the child is repeatedly hospitalized, Sharon acts like a very worried and caring mother. Because Sharon is not playing the sick role and receives no obvious reward for her behavior, the most appropriate diagnosis is ____.

65. Barbie has complained of an unexplained illness for several years. She has had many painful and high-risk surgeries and other treatments, which she has willingly undergone. In fact, she seems to enjoy playing the "sick role." She gets extremely angry when anyone questions whether she really has an actual physical problem. These symptoms suggest that Barbie suffers from ____.

66. Pain is to ____ as paralysis and absence of pain are to ____.

67. Barbara is in a car accident and experiences neck pain immediately afterward. Doctors say that any injury to her neck will heal within two weeks of the accident. Nine months later, Barbara begins to visit her doctor weekly, saying the pain is still unbearable and she needs stronger pain medication. What is a reasonable diagnosis?

68. "A chronic pattern (at least 6 months) of preoccupation with having or contracting a serious illness despite having minimal or no somatic symptoms" is a definition of ____.

69. Mrs. Klinger has a ten-year history of fearing a heart attack, although no doctor has found anything wrong with her heart. She frequently calls emergency services and lies in bed most days worrying that she will have a coronary. Mrs. Klinger suffers from ____.

70. Mr. Able is diagnosed with illness anxiety disorder, while Mr. Baker is diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder. How will their symptoms be different?

71. Suppose we interviewed fifty people with illness anxiety disorder. Which quote do you expect we would hear most often?

72. Dissociative fugue is best described as ____.

73. Which statement about dissociative amnesia is accurate?

74. A psychologist discusses a patient with illness anxiety disorder this way: "She focuses on her health so that she can be protected from the anxiety her underlying conflicts cause. Then, when she is shown attention and sympathy, her dependency needs are met." This psychologist ____.

75. Reinforcement of illness behaviors and parental modeling of how to act sick are both etiological factors in which theory of functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)?

76. Dr. Krank says, "Patients who continually report being in pain have a higher-than-normal sensitivity level." Dr. Krank's explanation of somatic symptom disorder reflects which perspective?

77. Research has found that Asian Americans often react to stress by ____.

78. Evidence supporting the biological perspective on patients with illness anxiety disorder includes research showing they ____.

79. The biological perspective on somatic symptom disorder emphasizes which difference in these patients?

80. Angel has been prescribed an SSRI to help her cope with complex somatic symptom disorder. The medication is most likely to help Angel with ____.

81. A particularly promising treatment for somatic symptom disorders involves which approach?

82. Dr. Bar-Illan wants to overcome his negative reactions toward his clients with a somatic symptom disorder. Which quality should he develop?

83. From a social perspective, somatic complaints reflect ____.

84. Which therapists educate their patients about the relationship between misinterpreted bodily sensations and selective attention to topics of illness for treatment of illness anxiety disorder?

85. The approaches that are particularly effective in treating somatic symptom disorders are ____.

86. The class of drugs that appears to be most effective with patients that have a complex somatic symptom disorder is ____.

87. When clients learn to experience and observe their problematic thoughts and symptoms without judgment or emotion, and without reacting to them, they are undergoing which form of therapy?

a. biological therapy

b. psychodynamic therapy

c. behavioral therapy

d. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

88. Which form of amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall any events that occur between a specific time in the past and the present time?

a. continuous amnesia

b. systematized amnesia

c. selective amnesia

d. localized amnesia

89. Some individuals who have experienced several fugue episodes decide to ____in the event of a future occurrence.

a. keep maps handy

b. wear personal identification

c. register with a national database

d. alert their friends and family

90. Dissociative identity disorder can involve an experience of ____, in which the person’s sense of personal identity is replaced by a supernatural presence.

a. depersonalization

b. derealization

c. possession

d. spiritual identification

1. What form does the dissociation take in depersonalization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder? What are the major differences in the symptoms and prospects for recovery in these three disorders?

2. Describe the features of somatic symptom disorder, factitious disorders, and malingering, delineating how the three can be differentiated from one another.

3. Describe the psychological approaches to the treatment of somatic symptom and related disorders.

Treatment for SSD and related disorders focuses primarily on understanding the client’s view of his or her problem. Individuals with somatic symptom, illness anxiety, and conversion disorders are often frustrated, disappointed, and angry following years of encounters with the medical profession. They believe that treatment strategies have been ineffective and resent the implication that they are “fakers” or “problem patients” (Frohm & Beehler, 2010). Medical personnel have been found to show negative reactions when interacting with individuals with these disorders (P. G. Williams et al., 2010). A newer approach to treating SSD and illness anxiety disorder involves demonstrating empathy regarding the physical complaints, accepting them as genuine, and providing information about symptoms that are often stress-related such as hypertension and headaches (Marshall et al., 2013).

Many patients with somatic symptom and health anxiety disorders have cognitive distortions, such as a conviction that they are especially vulnerable to disease. In these cases, cognitive-behavioral approaches focused on correcting these misinterpretations have been successful. In one program, individuals with illness anxiety disorder who feared having cancer, heart disease, or other fatal illnesses were educated about the relationship between misinterpretations of bodily sensations and selective attention to illness themes. Six 2-hour group sessions covered topics such as “What Is Illness Anxiety?” “The Role of Your Thoughts,” “Bodily Attention and Illness Anxiety,” “Stress and Bodily Symptoms,” and “Your Own Vicious Cycle.” As homework, participants monitored and challenged illnessrelated anxiety thoughts. After completing these sessions, most participants showed considerable improvement or no longer met the criteria for the disorder (Hiller, Leibbrand, Rief, & Fichter, 2002). A similar cognitive-behavioral program also led to marked reductions in somatic symptoms and illness concerns in individuals with SSD (Schröder et al., 2012).

Because individuals with SSD often show a fear of internal bodily sensations, cognitive-behavioral therapists include exposure to bodily sensations during treatment. Therapists ask clients to perform activities that typically trigger anxiety symptoms, such as breathing through a straw, hyperventilating, spinning, or climbing stairs, until feared reactions such as light-headedness, chest discomfort, or increased heart rate occur. The activities are repeated until the bodily sensations no longer elicit anxiety or fear (Flink, Nicholas, Boersma, & Linton, 2009). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is another approach that can lower anxiety in those with SSD. Clients learn to experience and observe their problematic thoughts and symptoms without judgment or emotion, and without reacting to them. Instead of responding with fear and anxiety, the individual merely observes and reflects on thoughts and physical reactions. This process weakens the connection between emotional arousal and physical symptoms or distressing thoughts and has been effective in treating somatic symptom and illness anxiety disorders (Blacker, Herbert, Forman, & Kounios, 2012; McManus, Surawy, Muse, Vazquez- Montes, & Williams, 2012).

REF: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

OBJ: UABB.SUES.17.6.1 Explain what somatic symptom and related disorders have in common and describe the causes and treatments of these conditions. KEY: Bloom’s: Understand