Ch6 Test Bank Docx + Foodways Foinding, Making, And Eating

Chapter 6: Foodways: Foinding, Making, and Eating Food

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 01

1) Anthropologists study the diversity of diets, the complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and political and economic processes, meaning that they study food

Feedback: Food is a fundamental aspect of culture: we organize our productive and social lives around it; reach out to friends, families, and enemies with it; find both pleasure and disgust in it; define social status and identity through it; get sick and die from it. Anthropologists bring a holistic perspective to the study of food and foodways, meaning that we focus on the complex interactions between human nutritional needs, ecology, cultural beliefs, industry, and political-economic processes.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. ethnocentrically.

b. structurally.

c. indifferently.

*d. holistically.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 02

2) The human diet is

Feedback: As a species, humans are omnivores, which means we eat both plants and animals. Our actual everyday diets usually come from a limited range of foods, determined by what is available, by dietary restrictions, and by what we have learned to prefer as individuals and as members of a particular social community. But most humans can eat a tremendous variety of things because the human diet evolved to be extremely fluid and adaptable.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. vegan.

b. vegetarian.

c. carnivorous.

*d. omnivorous.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 03

3) Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

Feedback: In spite of the sheer diversity of things humans can eat, the food we actually eat does seem to follow somewhat reliable patterns. Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that, except in a handful of unusual cases of people who eat only plants or only animals, the typical human meal forms a common core-legume-fringe pattern: a core, consisting of a complex carbo-hydrate (the starchy seeds of grasses or tubers) that provides the caloric basis of a meal, a legume like beans or a small piece of meat that provides a small amount of protein, and a fringe that provides flavour. This meal serves both biological needs, providing us with key nutrients, and cultural needs, such as providing taste and flavor. When it comes to human diets, culture and biology interact in complex ways.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. eat only plants.

b. eat only animals.

c. do not eat much dairy.

*d. eat a common patterned diet of core–legume–fringe foods.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 04

4) Why was meat eating important for human evolution?

Feedback: Six million years ago, our nonhuman primate ancestors were largely tree-dwelling frugivores (fruit-eaters), following an evolutionary past that helped make them biologically suited to a plant- and fruit-rich diet. A pivotal evolutionary shift came some 1.8 to 2 million years ago as certain primates began to consume meat more regularly and in larger quantities, developing increasingly sophisticated tools to expand their diets. Sometime around 400,000 years ago, this dietary shift was supported by the ability to use fire for cooking, which breaks down tendons and toxins in meats.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. It breaks down toxins in the body.

*b. It provides high-quality protein for human brain development.

c. It provides us with more muscle.

d. It is not important for human evolution.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 05

5) Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with _______________ and a formal dinner with a _______________.

Feedback: Anthropologist Douglas, for example, observed that an English formal dinner takes on a certain precise order, just like a sentence: appetizers, soup, fish, and so on, to dessert. Douglas also wrote about food taboos, which are prohibitions on eating certain foods. She argued that these are especially important modes of symbolic communication.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. theatre; play

b. music; opera

*c. language; sentence

d. sports; game

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 06

6) Eating practices are

Feedback: Eating practices might mark gender differences, as when men and women eat different foods. They might mark ethnic or regional differences, as when particular groups identify themselves closely with certain foods. Or they could mark profession or class status, as when certain individuals consume certain foods identified with their social station.

Page reference: Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting?

a. unique to each culture, and rarely show similarities across cultures.

b. disconnected from political and economic processes in a society.

c. influenced only by elders in a society.

*d. marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 07

7) Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are

Feedback: Because foodways are so bound up with people’s identities, it is easy to assume that people al-ways hold onto them tightly. In some cases, foodways are remarkably persistent. For example, the diet in region of Andalucía in southern Spain is about those same as it was during Roman times: crusty bread, olive oil, eggs, pork, wine, cabbage, herbs, onions, and garlic. But foodways change for many reasons.

Page reference: Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting?

a. stable.

b. irrational.

c. isolated.

*d. dynamic.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 08

8) Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

Feedback: Foraging is obtaining food by searching for it, as opposed to growing or raising it.
Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

*a. Foraging

b. Horticulture

c. Pastoralism

d. Intensive agriculture

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 09

9) Which theory would analyze the distinction between raw and cooked food as a distinction between the binaries of nature and culture?

Feedback: Structuralism is an anthropological theory that people make sense of their worlds through binary oppositions like hot–cold, culture–nature, male–female, and raw–cooked. These binary oppositions are expressed in social institutions and cultural practices.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

*a. Structuralism

b. Functionalism

c. Cultural materialism

d. Historical particularism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 10

10) Food security refers to

Feedback: Food security is access to sufficient nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life.

Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

a. protecting food from contamination.

*b. access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active.

c. government subsidies to agriculture to ensure a steady food supply.

d. providing food to all people equally.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 11

11) The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as

Feedback: Foodways are structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food.

Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. horticulture.

b. intensification.

c. life systems.

*d. foodways.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 12

12) A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is

Feedback: While the goals of horticulture and pastoralism are to feed families, the goal of intensive agriculture is to increase yields to feed a larger community. There are a number of approaches to intensification, which refers to processes that increase yields

Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

a. transhumance.

b. industrialization.

*c. intensification.

d. localization.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 13

13) Why do foragers turn to agriculture?

Feedback: One of the main questions surrounding foragers is why they persist in a world of food producers. Why do they not turn to agriculture? Remember first that the foraging life is not as brutal a struggle for existence as stereotypes about it suggest. Foragers tend to give up their mode of subsistence only because they are forced to give it up. One explanation is that increased population density within foraging groups, which brings greater competition for plants and game, causes foragers to settle in one place and grow a reliable food source. Another explanation is the over-exploitation of a resource base by neighboring non-foraging people or foreign corporations. For example, the deforestation that accompanies the work of Japanese lumber companies has put major pressure on foraging communities in Southeast Asian rain forests, forcing them to settle because they can no longer live nomadically.

Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

a. Foraging is too difficult and time-consuming

b. Agriculture provides a better diet

*c. Increased population density causes too much competition for resources

d. Old age

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 14

14) Most human diets follow a common pattern.

Feedback: In spite of the sheer diversity of things humans can eat, the food we actually eat does seem to follow somewhat reliable patterns. Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that, except in a handful of unusual cases of people who eat only plants or only animals, the typical human meal forms a common core-legume-fringe pattern: a core, consisting of a complex carbo-hydrate (the starchy seeds of grasses or tubers) that provides the caloric basis of a meal, a legume like beans or a small piece of meat that provides a small amount of protein, and a fringe that provides flavour. This meal serves both biological needs, providing us with key nutrients, and cultural needs, such as providing taste and flavor. When it comes to human diets, culture and biology interact in complex ways.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

*a. True

b. False

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 15

15) It is unusual for human adults to be able to digest milk.

Feedback: Few Americans know about biological variations in the ability to digest milk, and both the federal government and the dairy industry appear to sanction this lack of awareness, routinely telling us that cow’s milk is indispensable to healthy bones and brain development. This message re-mains strong even though as much as 25% of the American population is lactase impersistent.

Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

*a. True

b. False

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 16

16) There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world.

Feedback: A dimension of changing foodways is the role industrial foods have played in the dramatic global rise of people who are overnourished, as reflected in growing global rates of obesity and of overweight. There are now more people in the world who are suffering the effects of overnourishment—estimated at 1 billion overweight and 475 million obese people—than people classified as undernourished, estimated at 875 million.

Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

a. True

*b. False

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 17

17) In many parts of the world food is a very important way of communicating social identity.

Feedback: In the United States, we can observe the gendered associations made about certain foods, such as light and healthy salads (feminine) and loaded and unhealthy burgers (masculine). The issue here is not that men do not eat salads, or that women won’t eat burgers. Rather, these symbolic associations influence the food preferences of individuals and show how eating is related to the expression and performance of gendered identities.

Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

*a. True

b. False

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 18

18) The principles of agroecology are at the heart of industrial agriculture.

Feedback: A study of small farms in 52 countries found that when farmers adopted certain techniques of agroecology (the integration of the principles of ecology into agricultural production), their average yields rose 93%, increases that were greater than what the farmers could have achieved by using industrial methods of production. These agroecological techniques emphasize organic production and, instead of turning to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides sold by international conglomerates, involve the integration of natural processes such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, and soil regeneration, as well as the introduction of natural enemies of pests.
Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

a. True

*b. False

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 19

19) What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

Feedback: Six million years ago, our nonhuman primate ancestors were largely tree-dwelling frugivores (fruit-eaters), following an evolutionary past that helped make them biologically suited to a plant- and fruit-rich diet. A pivotal evolutionary shift came some 1.8 to 2 million years ago as certain primates began to consume meat more regularly and in larger quantities, developing increasingly sophisticated tools to expand their diets. Sometime around 400,000 years ago, this dietary shift was supported by the ability to use fire for cooking, which breaks down tendons and toxins in meats.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. Primates walked bipedally

*b. Meat consumption increased

c. Humans learned to make tools

d. Humans developed language

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 20

20) Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

Feedback: Anthropologist Douglas, for example, observed that an English formal dinner takes on a certain precise order, just like a sentence: appetizers, soup, fish, and so on, to dessert. Douglas also wrote about food taboos, which are prohibitions on eating certain foods. She argued that these are especially important modes of symbolic communication. For example, in her analysis of Jewish dietary laws that prohibit the consumption of pork, Douglas concluded that abiding by these taboos was a means through which ancient Israelites symbolically communicated their religious piety.

Page reference: Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting?

*a. Because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

b. Because they helped people avoid disease

c. Because they are wrong

d. Because they are strictly biological

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 21

21) What is the most important thing that the core–legume–fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?

Feedback: In spite of the sheer diversity of things humans can eat, the food we actually eat does seem to follow somewhat reliable patterns. Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that, except in a handful of unusual cases of people who eat only plants or only animals, the typical human meal forms a common core-legume-fringe pattern: a core, consisting of a complex carbo-hydrate (the starchy seeds of grasses or tubers) that provides the caloric basis of a meal, a legume like beans or a small piece of meat that provides a small amount of protein, and a fringe that provides flavour. This meal serves both biological needs, providing us with key nutrients, and cultural needs, such as providing taste and flavor. When it comes to human diets, culture and biology interact in complex ways.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. They love carbohydrates most of all

b. Relishes define a tasty meal

*c. There is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat

d. The intersections between culture and biology

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 22

22) A key component of nutritional anthropology as defined by Audrey Richards was attention to the

Feedback: Audrey Richards (1899–1984) is best known as a founder of the field of nutritional anthropology, which studies the relationship between human nutritional needs, ecological conditions, and what people actually eat (Anderson 2005). Because of Richards’s influence, nutritional anthropologists today approach eating holistically, exploring how biology, health concerns, ecology, political-economic processes, and most of all, culture, shape people’s relationships with food.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. eating of food.

b. manner in which food is grown.

*c. interrelationship between biology, health, ecology, political-economic, and cultural concerns.

d. ecological conditions necessary for growing nutritious food.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 23

23) Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

Feedback: Scholars have traced the current worldwide rise of obesity and overweight to a global nutrition transition, the combination of changes in diet toward energy-dense foods (high in calories, fat, and sugar) and a decline in physical activity. These changes in diet are related to an abundant, secure, and inexpensive food supply, which is the very definition of success for industrial agriculture. But this success is double-edged, because the result is a food supply of relatively low nutritional quality, offering processed grains, fats, and refined sugars instead of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats—the foods on which we thrive as a species.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

*a. it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings.

b. it directs attention to the spread of nutritious food because of industrial agriculture.

c. it will aid the creation of sustainable agriculture.

d. it demonstrates in a powerful way how foodways mark social boundaries.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 24

24) Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?

Feedback: In the United States, we can observe the gendered associations made about certain foods, such as light and healthy salads (feminine) and loaded and unhealthy burgers (masculine). The issue here is not that men do not eat salads, or that women won’t eat burgers. Rather, these symbolic associations influence the food preferences of individuals and show how eating is related to the expression and performance of gendered identities.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

*a. Men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from.

b. Foods take on qualities associated with one gender or another.

c. Men and women are enculturated to eat certain foods.

d. Foods are linked to gender-appropriate behaviors.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 25

25) One of the main reasons agricultural intensification interests anthropologists is that

Feedback: While the goals of horticulture and pastoralism are to feed families, the goal of intensive agriculture is to increase yields to feed a larger community. There are a number of approaches to intensification, which refers to processes that increase yields

Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

a. pastoralists and foragers practice it.

b. it's the basis of industrial agriculture, which is the only viable way to feed large populations.

c. it often leads to overproduction.

*d. there are many strategies for achieving it.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 26

26) One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that

Feedback: Anthropologist Marshall Sahlins suggested that hunter-gatherer societies are the “original affluent society” because they had more leisure time than people in most other societies. Sahlins did not define affluence in terms of material possessions, as many of us might think of it, but in terms of how much free time hunter-gatherers have compared to everyone else in the world. In addition, Sahlins’s idea of affluence reflects hunter-gatherers’ view that their natural environments are not harsh (as we might view them), but are always providing for their needs, even in times of objective scarcity such as drought.

Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

a. foraging people struggle to survive in harsh environments.

*b. foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving.

c. foraging people settle into agriculture the first chance they get.

d. foraging people lead largely unsustainable lifestyles.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 27

27) For anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk?

Feedback: Few Americans know about biological variations in the ability to digest milk, and both the federal government and the dairy industry appear to sanction this lack of awareness, routinely telling us that cow’s milk is indispensable to healthy bones and brain development. This message re-mains strong even though as much as 25% of the American population is lactase impersistent.

Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. The absence of genetic aspects of the practice among humans

b. The way human children innately crave cow’s milk

c. The lack of social and political power of the milk industry

*d. The ways cultural beliefs and practices can support milk consumption

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 28

28) The biocultural logic of local foodways is related to each of the following observations except

Feedback: Although foodways are dynamic, people have a pretty stable concept of an appropriate diet that reflects their understanding of proper foods, good taste, and nutritional requirements. It is relatively stable because our biological requirements of adequate energy and nutrition and the cultural requirements of meaning and satisfaction are themselves fairly stable. Underlying these facts is a simple biocultural logic: if a diet works, if it provides sustenance and meaning, then people are unlikely to drop it completely when something new comes along. People integrate new foods and cuisines into their existing dietary practices all the time, but since this biocultural logic of local foodways is also integrated into the production, preparation, and sharing of food, overnight change is unlikely.

Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

a. people typically have a stable understanding of good taste.

b. most local foodways have developed to provide nutritious energy to people.

*c. many groups of people will willingly change their foodways when something better, such as industrial agriculture, comes along.

d. foodways develop alongside and are influenced by political and economic processes.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 29

29) Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of

Feedback: While the goals of horticulture and pastoralism are to feed families, the goal of intensive agriculture is to increase yields to feed a larger community. There are a number of approaches to intensification, which refers to processes that increase yields

Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

a. pastoralism.

b. foraging.

c. horticulture.

*d. intensification.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 30

30) Slash-and-burn agriculture adds what to the soil?

Feedback: In slash-and-burn agriculture, old plots lie fallow so nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soils can regenerate the soil and trees and shrubs can grow.

Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

a. Pesticides

*b. Nitrogen

c. Oxygen

d. Hydrogen

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 31

31) The recent popularity of local, organic foods in certain places is an illustration of globalization.

Feedback: A study of small farms in 52 countries found that when farmers adopted certain techniques of agroecology (the integration of the principles of ecology into agricultural production), their average yields rose 93%, increases that were greater than what the farmers could have achieved by using industrial methods of production. These agroecological techniques emphasize organic production and, instead of turning to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides sold by international conglomerates, involve the integration of natural processes such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, and soil regeneration, as well as the introduction of natural enemies of pests.
Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

*a. True

b. False

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 32

32) Foodways rarely change because people are conservative.

Feedback: Because foodways are so bound up with people’s identities, it is easy to assume that people al-ways hold onto them tightly. In some cases, foodways are remarkably persistent. For example, the diet in region of Andalucía in southern Spain is about those same as it was during Roman times: crusty bread, olive oil, eggs, pork, wine, cabbage, herbs, onions, and garlic. But foodways change for many reasons.

Page reference: Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting?

a. True

*b. False

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 33

33) Foragers tend work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists.

Feedback: A common stereotype about foraging is that it is a brutal struggle for existence. This stereotype is inaccurate, because in reality foragers tend to work less to procure their subsistence than people who pursue horticulture or pastoralism.

Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

*a. True

b. False

Type: True/False

Title: Chapter 06 Question 34

34) Societies tend to stick with one mode of subsistence.

Feedback: For the past several thousand years, intensive agriculture has furnished most people with most of their food supplies. But foraging, horticulture, and pastoralism are still important dimensions in many of the world’s diets. Not only do these three modes persist in the contemporary world, but they also demonstrate the range and flexibility of human approaches to procuring and producing food. Societies are rarely committed to a single mode of subsistence, but often com-bine two or more modes. We explore each mode in turn.

Page reference: Type relevant section heading here

a. True

*b. False

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 35

35) A structuralist approach to the study of a large banquet would emphasize the

Feedback: Structuralism is an anthropological theory that people make sense of their worlds through binary oppositions like hot–cold, culture–nature, male–female, and raw–cooked. These binary oppositions are expressed in social institutions and cultural practices.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. spatial placement of the food on the table.

b. manner in which social relations were structured around the table.

*c. oppositions and contrasts in foods that help people make sense of the banquet.

d. food taboos that prevent some people from eating certain things.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 36

36) An anthropologist who promotes principles of agroecology would likely view horticulture as

Feedback: A study of small farms in 52 countries found that when farmers adopted certain techniques of agroecology (the integration of the principles of ecology into agricultural production), their average yields rose 93%, increases that were greater than what the farmers could have achieved by using industrial methods of production. These agroecological techniques emphasize organic production and, instead of turning to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides sold by international conglomerates, involve the integration of natural processes such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, and soil regeneration, as well as the introduction of natural enemies of pests.
Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

a. based on inadequate and inappropriate agricultural techniques.

b. better than pastoralism as an adaptation to nature.

c. completely opposed to the principles of agroecology.

*d. useful to learn new principles about sustainable farming.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 37

37) A nutritional anthropologist who studies the nutrition transition would probably focus on all of the following except

Feedback: Scholars have traced the current worldwide rise of obesity and overweight to a global nutrition transition, the combination of changes in diet toward energy-dense foods (high in calories, fat, and sugar) and a decline in physical activity. These changes in diet are related to an abundant, secure, and inexpensive food supply, which is the very definition of success for industrial agriculture. But this success is double-edged, because the result is a food supply of relatively low nutritional quality, offering processed grains, fats, and refined sugars instead of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats—the foods on which we thrive as a species.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. changes in bodily form associated with urbanization.

b. changes in residential patterns and mobility associated with urbanization.

*c. the labor conditions of migrant workers.

d. changes in ideas about what is healthy food.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 38

38) A foodways perspective on human evolution would emphasize

Feedback: Foodways are structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food.

Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

a. that people prefer the same kinds of fruit-based diet as primates, with periodic eating of meat.

*b. that changes in human dietary physiology are intertwined with how people grow, share, and eat food.

c. that modes of subsistence evolve from the most simple, foraging, to the most complex, industrial agriculture.

d. that all aspects of human culture are compartmentalized.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 39

39) A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists

Feedback: Pastoralism is the practice of animal husbandry, which is the breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals such as cattle, camels, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks. Rather than raising animals for butchering as food, pastoralists mainly consume their milk and blood and exploit their hair, wool, fur, and ability to pull or carry heavy loads. This approach allows them to get more out of the animal in the long run. Pastoralists typically occupy the landscapes beyond the reaches of productive agricultural lands, especially arid scrublands where irrigation cannot reach
Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

a. are living backward lives and need to modernize.

b. are inefficient in their adaptation to nature.

*c. have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape.

d. are a relatively new example of cultural adaptation to nature.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 40

40) Which of the following would be least likely as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?

Feedback: As industrial agricultural development has spread across India, most affected farmers have lost control of their production and now work as laborers or tenant farmers for large agri-businesses, most of whose production is for export to industrialized countries. Thus, there is little rice, grain, or vegetables available for the local population. These conditions have undermined local food security, which refers to access to sufficient nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life.
Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

*a. It's related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves.

b. It's related to the globalization of foodways.

c. It's related to government policies and priorities.

d. It's related to dynamics involved in the industrialization of foodways.

Type: Short Answer

Title: Chapter 06 Question 41

41) Do you think an anthropologist studying pastoralism in a non-Western setting, such as Ethiopia or Sudan, could offer useful insights about rangeland management to ranchers in a US state like Wyoming or Texas? Explain your answer.

Feedback: Pastoralism is the practice of animal husbandry, which is the breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals such as cattle, camels, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks. Rather than raising animals for butchering as food, pastoralists mainly consume their milk and blood and exploit their hair, wool, fur, and ability to pull or carry heavy loads. This approach allows them to get more out of the animal in the long run. Pastoralists typically occupy the landscapes beyond the reaches of productive agricultural lands, especially arid scrublands where irrigation cannot reach
Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

Type: Short Answer

Title: Chapter 06 Question 42

42) Is knowledge of how horticulture in small-scale societies works useful for rethinking how agriculture works in our society?

Feedback: Horticulture is the cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household. It is sometimes referred to as “subsistence agriculture,” which means cultivation for household provisioning or small-scale trade, but not investment (Bates 1998). Horticulturists tend to be sedentary, living in one place. Horticulture emerged some 12,000 years ago with domestication, which gave humans selective control over animal and plant reproduction. Domestication increases the amount of predictable or reliable food energy that humans can get out of a piece of land.

Page reference: How Do Different Societies Get Food?

Type: Short Answer

Title: Chapter 06 Question 43

43) One of Mary Douglas's major insights is that the ancient Israelites used food to communicate symbolic piety. Give an example of how people today might use food to communicate symbolic piety.

Feedback: Anthropologist Douglas, for example, observed that an English formal dinner takes on a certain precise order, just like a sentence: appetizers, soup, fish, and so on, to dessert. Douglas also wrote about food taboos, which are prohibitions on eating certain foods. She argued that these are especially important modes of symbolic communication. For example, in her analysis of Jewish dietary laws that prohibit the consumption of pork, Douglas concluded that abiding by these taboos was a means through which ancient Israelites symbolically communicated their religious piety.

Page reference: Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 44

44) Choose a meal you like to eat. Apply a foodways perspective to analyze it.

Feedback: Food is a fundamental aspect of culture: we organize our productive and social lives around it; reach out to friends, families, and enemies with it; find both pleasure and disgust in it; define social status and identity through it; get sick and die from it. Anthropologists bring a holistic perspective to the study of food and foodways, meaning that we focus on the complex interactions between human nutritional needs, ecology, cultural beliefs, industry, and political-economic processes.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 45

45) Discuss areas in American life where you see a nutrition transition taking place. Can you apply insights about those processes by applying insights from the textbook?

Feedback: Scholars have traced the current worldwide rise of obesity and overweight to a global nutrition transition, the combination of changes in diet toward energy-dense foods (high in calories, fat, and sugar) and a decline in physical activity. These changes in diet are related to an abundant, secure, and inexpensive food supply, which is the very definition of success for industrial agriculture. But this success is double-edged, because the result is a food supply of relatively low nutritional quality, offering processed grains, fats, and refined sugars instead of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats—the foods on which we thrive as a species.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 46

46) If you were asked to analyze food insecurity in your community as an anthropologist, what perspectives and concerns would you bring to the issue?

Feedback: As industrial agricultural development has spread across India, most affected farmers have lost control of their production and now work as laborers or tenant farmers for large agri-businesses, most of whose production is for export to industrialized countries. Thus, there is little rice, grain, or vegetables available for the local population. These conditions have undermined local food security, which refers to access to sufficient nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life.
Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 47

47) What are the major commonalities and differences in the human diet?

Feedback: Food is a fundamental aspect of culture: we organize our productive and social lives around it; reach out to friends, families, and enemies with it; find both pleasure and disgust in it; define social status and identity through it; get sick and die from it. Anthropologists bring a holistic perspective to the study of food and foodways, meaning that we focus on the complex interactions between human nutritional needs, ecology, cultural beliefs, industry, and political-economic processes.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 48

48) How does gender differentiation help organize women's and men's food preferences?

Feedback: Eating practices might mark gender differences, as when men and women eat different foods. They might mark ethnic or regional differences, as when particular groups identify themselves closely with certain foods. Or they could mark profession or class status, as when certain individuals consume certain foods identified with their social station.

Page reference: Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 49

49) How and why do social relationships differ in distinct modes of subsistence such as foraging, horticulture, and pastoralism?

Feedback: Food is a fundamental aspect of culture: we organize our productive and social lives around it; reach out to friends, families, and enemies with it; find both pleasure and disgust in it; define social status and identity through it; get sick and die from it. Anthropologists bring a holistic perspective to the study of food and foodways, meaning that we focus on the complex interactions between human nutritional needs, ecology, cultural beliefs, industry, and political-economic processes.
Page reference: Why Is There No Universal Human Diet?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 50

50) Is there a biocultural logic to the foodways in which you are involved? What is it?

Feedback: Although foodways are dynamic, people have a pretty stable concept of an appropriate diet that reflects their understanding of proper foods, good taste, and nutritional requirements. It is relatively stable because our biological requirements of adequate energy and nutrition and the cultural requirements of meaning and satisfaction are themselves fairly stable. Underlying these facts is a simple biocultural logic: if a diet works, if it provides sustenance and meaning, then people are unlikely to drop it completely when something new comes along. People integrate new foods and cuisines into their existing dietary practices all the time, but since this biocultural logic of local foodways is also integrated into the production, preparation, and sharing of food, overnight change is unlikely.

Page reference: How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing?