Ch6 Eliminating Rival Plausible Explanations The Exam Prep - Updated Test Bank | Research Methods in the Social and Health Sciences 1e by Palys by Ted Palys. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 6: Eliminating Rival Plausible Explanations: The Experiment
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria you need to meet before we can say an event or person caused an effect?
B. elimination of rival plausible explanations
C. temporal precedence
D. association or relationship
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Isolating Causes: The Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. ______ requires us to show that the thing we think is a cause occurred prior to any changes or differences that we think might have been produced by it.
A. Ecological validity
B. Elimination of rival plausible explanations
C. Temporal precedence
D. Association or relationship
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Isolating Causes: The Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. ______ in research show that changes in the suggested cause co-varies in some reliable way with its alleged effect.
A. Ecological validity
B. Elimination of rival plausible explanations
C. Temporal precedence
D. Associations or relationships
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Isolating Causes: The Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. To ensure that the cause is responsible for changes in the dependent measure and not another related variable, artifact, nuisance variable, or other potential causal agent you need to engage in ______.
A. ecological validity
B. elimination of rival plausible explanations
C. temporal precedence
D. associations or relationships
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Isolating Causes: The Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Jessica thinks her experiment was successful and the scent of the perfume she is wearing is the reason her participants have stayed to complete a second unrelated task. Which of the following is NOT necessary to see whether the perfume was the cause?
A. perspective taking
B. elimination of rival plausible explanations
C. temporal precedence
D. associations or relationships
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Isolating Causes: The Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Hard
6. The ______ variable is the variable whose impact we are trying to assess, and the ______ variable is the variable we measure in order to see whether any effect has occurred.
A. independent; dependent
B. causing; dependent
C. dependent; independent
D. dependent; causing
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Independent and Dependent Variables
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. Jason is conducting research on how the consumption of foreign films impacts perceptions regarding immigration. In this scenario the perceptions of immigration is the ______.
A. independent variable
B. nuisance variable
C. related variable
D. dependent variable
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Independent and Dependent Variables
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. Selena is conducting a research study to see whether the use of Cornell notes increases exam scores in a research methods course. In this scenario Cornell notes are the ______.
A. independent variable
B. nuisance variable
C. related variable
D. dependent variable
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Independent and Dependent Variables
Difficulty Level: Hard
9. ______ is the extent to which differences observed in the study can be unambiguously attributed to the experimental treatment itself, rather than to other factors.
B. External validity
C. Elimination of rival plausible explanations
D. Ecological validity
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Internal Validity
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. In terms of internal validity in pretest/posttest designs, history refers to which of the following?
B. specific events occurring between the first and second measurements
C. participants who have previously completed the study
D. historical research context
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: History
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Jamie has been selected for a research study that involves a mock trial, prior to the actual study she takes a pretest about her familiarity with the court process. Afterward, she watches several shows about the law and reads articles about the role of the jury. What threat to internal validity might this cause?
A. regression toward the mean
B. maturation
C. testing
D. history
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: History
Difficulty Level: Hard
12. Brittany is conducting a study in an elementary school. In the morning she collects data about how they feel about their teacher, she asks similar questions right before lunch and receives more negative responses. What threat to internal validity should she consider as a possible reason for this change?
A. regression toward the mean
B. maturation
C. testing
D. history
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Internal Validity
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. ______ are changes or improvements that result from practice or repetition of having taken similar tests/experiments.
A. Regression toward the mean
B. Pretest sensitization
C. Testing
D. Practice effects
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Testing
Difficulty Level: Hard
14. Regina completes a questionnaire about cervical cancer. Weeks later she takes a posttest with similar questions. Which threat to internal validity is likely impactful in this scenario.
A. regression toward the mean
B. pretest sensitization
C. testing
D. practice effects
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Testing
Difficulty Level: Hard
15. Shannon is a participant in a study on attitudes toward local politicians, she participated in a pretest and now is more attentive to information regarding local politics. What is this issue called?
A. regression toward the mean
B. pretest sensitization
C. testing
D. practice effects
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Testing
Difficulty Level: Hard
16. ______ involves changes that are more apparent than real.
A. Regression toward the mean
B. Pretest sensitization
C. Testing
D. Practice effects
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Testing
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. The ______ group is treated identically to the ______ group in all respects except the ______ group doesn’t receive the independent variable.
A. control; comparison; control
B. control; experimental; control
C. pretest; experimental; pretest
D. More information is needed
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Control/Comparison Groups
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. ______ occurs when two (or more) groups are equal or similar on average prior to the introduction of the independent variable.
A. Internal validity
B. Pretest equivalence
C. Statistical conclusion validity
D. Ecological validity
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ensuring Pretest Equivalence
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. ______ bias threatens internal validity by making the source of the observed change more ambiguous.
A. Internal
B. Pretest
C. Statistical
D. Selection
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ensuring Pretest Equivalence
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. The ______ allows you to assume pretest equivalence.
A. matching
B. pretest equivalence
C. statistical conclusion
D. random assignment
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Random Assignment
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. The ______ process intentionally creates equivalence.
A. matching
B. pretest equivalence
C. statistical conclusion
D. random assignment
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Matching
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. ______ refers to the generalizability of results to other person’s.
A. Internal validity
B. External validity
C. Statistical conclusion validity
D. Ecological validity
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: External Validity
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. Cory conducted a study asking teenagers about their views on romance. He wants to know how much his results are applicable to other teenagers. Cory is interested in how ______ his research is.
A. ecological
B. internally valid
C. generalizable
D. relatable
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: External Validity
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. ______ can be considered a type of external validity.
A. Internal validity
B. Generalized validity
C. Statistical conclusion validity
D. Ecological validity
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ecological Validity
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. The degree of verisimilitude (i.e., lifelikeness) of the research to the events and characteristics of real life is relevant to which type of validity.
A. internal validity
B. external validity
C. statistical conclusion validity
D. ecological validity
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ecological Validity
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. All experiments must include the situation or intervention that does not need to exist in the real world.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Terminology and Logic of Experimentation
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. This variable whose impact we are trying to assess is known as the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Independent and Dependent Variables
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The first potential threat to internal validity is history.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: History
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. If we can assume our experimental and control groups were equal to begin with and if we use appropriate controls, high internal validity will result.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ensuring Pretest Equivalence
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The random assignment is achieved by letting “chance” be the sole determinant of which group.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Random Assignment
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. External validity refers to the generalizability of results beyond the specifics of the study.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: External Validity
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. The matching process unintentionally creates equivalence.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Matching
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Cultural context is not necessary when interpreting meaning because human behavior occurs outside of cultural influence.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Context, Meanings, and Behavior
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short Answer
1. Identify the key differences between internal and external validity and discuss how to achieve internal and external validity.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Internal Validity | External Validity
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Summarize and distinguish between the four threats to internal validity.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Internal Validity
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. Compare and contrast external validity and ecological validity.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: External Validity | Ecological Validity
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Compare and contrast random selection and random assignment and discuss how they both relate to internal and external validity.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Random Assignment | Control/Comparison Groups
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. Summarize what it means to have statistical conclusion validity and discuss why it is important.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Statistical Conclusion Validity
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. Consider the process of isolating causes and discuss the role of causation in experimentation.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Isolating Causes: The Controlled Experiment
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Propose a research study and include information regarding the following study elements:
- name the independent variable in this study
- name the dependent variable in this study
- Wwhat does it mean to say that the differences between groups are statistically significant?
- evaluate the study’s internal validity, identify what threat(s) to internal validity you believe might be present, and state how you might safeguard the study to control for those threats.
- show that you understand the concept of external validity by identifying potential external validity concerns in this study
- evaluate the study’s ecological validity
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Terminology and Logic of Experimentation
Difficulty Level: Hard
Document Information
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Updated Test Bank | Research Methods in the Social and Health Sciences 1e by Palys
By Ted Palys
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