Ch5 | Infant Physical Development – Test Bank 9e - Infants and Children 9e | Test Bank with Answer Key by Laura E. Berk by Laura E. Berk. DOCX document preview.
View Product website:
https://selldocx.com/docx/ch5-infant-physical-development-test-bank-9e-1494
Chapter 5
physical development in infancy and toddlerhood
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Which statement about physical changes over the first two years of life is true?
A) Infants and toddlers have remarkably similar physical capabilities.
B) By the end of the first year, a typical infant’s height is more than 50 percent greater than at birth.
C) Typically, by five months of age, an infant’s weight is three times what it was at birth.
D) Typically, children’s height doubles between the end of the first year and the end of the second year.
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 153; screen 5.1.1
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
2) Which statement about the physical growth of infants and toddlers is true?
A) Infants and toddlers grow in spurts.
B) Infants and toddlers grow at a consistent, steady rate.
C) Infants grow in spurts, but toddlers grow at a consistent, steady rate.
D) Infants and toddlers grow more slowly than at any other time during childhood.
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 154; screen 5.1.1
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
3) Maggie is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round, plump baby. Maggie should know that her daughter’s rise in “baby fat” ________.
A) insulates brittle bones until proper cartilage is formed
B) helps the infant gain strength and physical coordination
C) is a trend that will continue into middle childhood
D) helps maintain a constant body temperature
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 154; screen 5.1.1
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
4) The cephalocaudal trend describes the tendency of the ________.
A) head to grow more rapidly than the lower part of the body during the prenatal period
B) lower part of the body to grow more rapidly than the head during the prenatal period
C) head to grow more rapidly than the lower part of the body between birth and age 2
D) center of the body to grow more rapidly than the extremities during infancy and childhood
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.2
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
5) Which statement about patterns of body growth is true?
A) During the prenatal period, the legs develop more rapidly than the head.
B) During the prenatal period, the arms and legs grow first.
C) Between birth and age 2, the legs grow more rapidly than the head.
D) At birth, the head takes up more of the baby’s total body length than the legs.
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.2
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
6) Which statement accurately reflects the proximodistal trend of body growth?
A) During infancy, the body grows from “head to tail.”
B) During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
C) During the prenatal period, the trunk grows first, followed by the chest and the head.
D) During infancy and childhood, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.2
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
7) During infancy, ________; these sex differences ________ at adolescence.
A) boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; disappear
B) girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys; disappear
C) girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; are greatly magnified
D) boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; are greatly magnified
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.3
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
8) Which statement about individual and group differences in physical growth is true?
A) Asian children tend to be slightly above North-American growth norms.
B) African-American children tend to be below North-American growth norms.
C) There are no apparent ethnic differences in physical growth.
D) Individual children of the same age differ in rate of physical growth.
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.3
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
9) The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is ________.
A) height
B) weight
C) skeletal age
D) chronological age
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.3
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
10) Skeletal age is determined by __________ to see the extent to which soft, pliable cartilage has hardened into bone.
A) X-raying the long bones of the body
B) measuring the circumference of the skull
C) X-raying the spinal cord and teeth
D) measuring the length of the arms and legs
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.3
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Difficult
11) Aruna and Brianna are the same age, but Aruna is larger and heavier than Brianna. Even so, Brianna may be making faster progress toward mature body size because ________.
A) a larger child may be less developed in skeletal age than a smaller child
B) growth proceeds from the center of the body outward
C) greater physical maturity may contribute to greater resistance to harmful environmental influences
D) as Aruna grows older, her rate of physical growth may change if she is exposed to harmful environmental influences
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.3
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
12) When skeletal ages are examined ________ tend to be ahead of ________.
A) Hispanic children; African-American children
B) European-American children; African-American children
C) boys; girls
D) girls; boys
Topic: Body Growth
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.1.3
Objective: 5.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
13) At birth, the __________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
A) heart
B) liver
C) brain
D) skull
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.2
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
14) Which statement about neurons is true?
A) Neurons store and transmit information.
B) Neurons are tightly packed together.
C) Neurons are gaps between body cells.
D) Neurons that are stimulated too soon lose their synapses.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
15) Which statement about synapses is true?
A) Synapses that are stimulated create new neurons.
B) Synapses are tiny gaps between neighboring neurons.
C) Synapses are pruned during myelination.
D) Synapses are responsible for myelination.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 155; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
16) Which statement about brain development is true?
A) As synapses form, many surrounding neurons die.
B) The neural tube produces neurons throughout childhood.
C) The prefrontal cortex is among the first regions to attain adult levels of synaptic connections.
D) Formation of synapses is rapid during the first two years, except in the language areas of the cerebral cortex.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 156; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
17) ________ make(s) space for neural fibers and synapses to increase.
A) Neural transmission
B) Myelination
C) Programmed cell death
D) Event-related potentials
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 156; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
18) In the first year, neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment ________.
A) gradually lose their synapses in a process called synaptic pruning
B) form increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities
C) return to an uncommitted state so they can support future development
D) help ensure that each new synapse serves a unique and vital function
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 156; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
19) When Samer was born, stimulation in his brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses. Neurons that were seldom stimulated soon lost their synapses, in a process known as ________.
A) myelination
B) synaptic pruning
C) neuroimaging
D) neurotransmission
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 156; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Easy
20) The process of synaptic pruning ________.
A) refers to a disorder affecting the ability to interpret new information
B) increases the number of synapses that do not receive stimulation
C) determines which neurons are related to basic survival needs
D) returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 156; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
21) The process of ________ involves coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer.
A) myelination
B) neuroimaging
C) synaptic pruning
D) neurotransmission
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 157; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
22) Which statement about glial cells is true?
A) At birth, the brain contains more glial cells than it will ever need.
B) Glial cells are responsible for myelination.
C) Brain volume increases as glial cells are replaced with neurons.
D) Glial cells pass on neuronal signals but do not release neurotransmitters.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 157; screen 5.2.1
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
23) In an electroencephalogram (EEG), researchers ________.
A) use a tunnel-shaped apparatus that creates a magnetic field
B) examine brain-wave patterns for stability and organization
C) create detailed, three-dimensional pictures of the entire brain
D) inject a radioactive substance that indicates activity in specific brain regions
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 157; screen 5.2.2
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
24) Event-related potentials (ERPs) allow researchers to ________.
A) identify general regions of stimulus-induced brain activity
B) detect increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain
C) capture images of brain activity every 1 to 4 seconds as it occurs
D) collect fine streams of X-rays representing activity anywhere in the brain
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: pp. 157-8; screen 5.2.2
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
25) When functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used, ________.
A) thin, flexible optical fibers are attached to the patient’s scalp
B) the patient lies in a tunnel-shaped scanner
C) the patient wears a head cap embedded with electrodes
D) a scanner emits fine streams of X-rays that interact with a radioactive substance
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: pp. 157-8; screen 5.2.2
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
26) Damon is injected with a radioactive substance and then lies on an apparatus with a scanner that emits fine streams of X-rays, which detect increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain as Damon processes particular stimuli. Damon’s brain functioning is being measured using ________.
A) an electroencephalogram (EEG)
B) event-related potentials (ERPs)
C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
D) positron emission tomography (PET)
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 157; screen 5.2.2
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
27) Unlike functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) ________.
A) enables identification of general regions of stimulus-induced activity
B) detects changes in electrical brain-wave activity in the cerebral cortex
C) is appropriate for infants and young children, who can move within a limited range during testing
D) records the frequency and amplitude of brain waves in response to particular stimuli
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 158; screen 5.2.2
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
28) The cerebral cortex ________.
A) contains the greatest number of neurons and synapses in the brain
B) is the first part of the brain to stop growing
C) is less sensitive to environmental influences than other parts of the brain
D) fully develops during the third trimester of pregnancy
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 158; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
29) The prefrontal cortex is primarily responsible for ________.
A) receiving sensory information
B) physical movement
C) complex thought
D) language development
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 159; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
30) The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is called ________.
A) lateralization
B) plasticity
C) pruning
D) dominance
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 159; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
31) For most people, the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is largely responsible for ________.
A) judging distances
B) negative emotion
C) verbal abilities
D) recognizing geometric shapes
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 159; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
32) Which statement about handedness is true?
A) Studies comparing fraternal and identical twins reveal that the heritability of handedness is strong.
B) Research has identified which environmental influences affect hand preference and the extent of those influences.
C) People who are left-handed usually display the same lateralization pattern for language as right-handers.
D) Handedness is a good indicator of how cognitive functions are organized in the cerebral cortex.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 159; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
33) In a highly plastic cerebral cortex, ________.
A) the areas of the brain are strongly committed to specific functions, and there is a high capacity for learning.
B) if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks the damaged area would have handled.
C) spatial skills develop more rapidly than language skills and are easier to recover after injury.
D) the right and left hemispheres of the brain have become strongly lateralized.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 160; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
34) Which statement about brain plasticity is true?
A) A highly plastic cerebral cortex has a low capacity for learning.
B) When there is damage to a highly plastic cerebral cortex, the tasks it handled can no longer be managed.
C) Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.
D) The brain is the most plastic during adolescence.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 160; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
35) Newborn Will is likely to show greater activation in the left hemisphere while ________.
A) displaying a positive state of arousal
B) listening to nonspeech sounds
C) drinking a sour-tasting fluid
D) feeling distress
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 160; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
36) If a specific region of the brain is damaged after cerebral lateralization, ________.
A) the abilities that region controls cannot be recovered to the same extent or as easily as earlier
B) other parts of the brain take over the functions of the prefrontal cortex
C) synaptic pruning increases to compensate for the diminished brain function
D) the left hemisphere will react more strongly to stimuli that evoke negative emotion
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 160; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
37) Animal studies confirming that early, extreme sensory deprivation results in permanent brain damage and loss of functions ________.
A) provide the basis for designing similar experiments on human brain development
B) identify the ages at which humans are most likely to recover from brain injuries
C) verify the existence of sensitive periods in brain development
D) show that animals raised in isolation have denser synaptic connections
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 160; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
38) Which statement about brain plasticity is true?
A) Brain plasticity is restricted to early childhood, when the brain is forming many new synapses.
B) When multiple tasks are completed by a smaller-than-usual volume of brain tissue, the brain processes information more quickly.
C) Adults with brain injuries rarely show deficits in spatial skills, even if language development is impaired.
D) The brain is more plastic during the first few years than it will ever be again.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 160; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
39) In a large study of children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred around the time of birth or in the first six months of life, researchers found that ________.
A) delays in language development persisted into adolescence if injury occurred in the left hemisphere.
B) delays in language development persisted into adolescence if injury occurred in the right hemisphere.
C) undamaged areas—in either the left or the right hemisphere—took over vocabulary and grammatical skills by age 5.
D) language skills were more likely to be permanently damaged than spatial skills.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: 161 Box: Biology and Environment: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Children with Brain Injury; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
40) When healthy brain regions take over the functions of damaged areas, ________
A) adults are less likely than children to display lasting cognitive deficits
B) language deficits are most likely to persist
C) complex mental abilities of all kinds suffer
D) performance of complex abilities becomes more efficient
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: 161 Box: Biology and Environment: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Children with Brain Injury; screen 5.2.3
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
41) Dyanna was born with cataracts in both eyes. What do physicians recommend about when she should have corrective surgery?
A) Dyanna should wait to have corrective surgery until adulthood, when her eyes are fully mature.
B) Dyanna should not have corrective surgery during the first six months of life because her vision would be severely and permanently impaired.
C) Dyanna should have corrective surgery within 4 to 6 months; the longer cataract surgery is postponed beyond infancy, the less complete Dyanna’s recovery of visual skills will be.
D) Dyanna should wait until late childhood to have corrective surgery because there are no sensitive periods in visual development.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 162; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Easy
42) A study of children who were transferred between birth and 3½ years from extremely deprived Romanian orphanages to adoptive families in Great Britain found that ________.
A) the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the higher their mental test scores during middle childhood and adolescence
B) most children were impaired in all domains of development, but those who were adopted before 6 months of age showed impressive cognitive catch-up
C) children who experienced adequate early nutrition were not negatively affected by early orphanage rearing
D) serious mental health problems only appeared in those children who spent more than 2 years in an orphanage
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 162; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
43) Martin and Lewis plan to adopt 3-year-old Alexandru, who has been living in an orphanage since birth. Martin and Lewis should know that early, prolonged institutionalization ________.
A) fosters resilience in later childhood and adolescence
B) increases the brain’s capacity to manage stress
C) leads to a decrease in size and activity in the cerebral cortex
D) affects cognition but not impulse control
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 162; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Easy
44) Which statement about the stress hormone cortisol is true?
A) Abnormally high levels are linked to behavior problems, but abnormally low levels are not.
B) Abnormally low levels are linked to behavior problems, but abnormally high levels are not.
C) Both abnormally high levels and abnormally low levels are linked to behavior problems.
D) Measuring levels of cortisol requires an analysis of fMRI images.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 162; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
45) In the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, in which 136 institutionalized Romanian babies were randomized into conditions of either care as usual or adoption into high-quality foster families supported by specially trained social workers, earlier entry into foster care ________.
A) predicted better outcomes at 2½ years, but not at 12 years
B) predicted better outcomes at 12 years, but not at 2½ years
C) predicted better outcomes at 2½ years and at 12 years
D) was not associated with better outcomes in later years
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 163; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Easy
46) In the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, in which 136 institutionalized Romanian babies were randomized into conditions of either care as usual or adoption into high-quality foster families supported by specially trained social workers, earlier entry into foster care predicted ________.
A) outcomes that were better than those of both the group that received care as usual and never-institutionalized agemates living with Bucharest families.
B) better outcomes, although the foster-care group remained behind never-institutionalized agemates living with Bucharest families.
C) outcomes that were substantially similar to those of the group that received care as usual
D) outcomes that were substantially similar to those of never-institutionalized agemates living with Bucharest families
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 163; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
47) Nicole is considering sending her 8-month-old son Austin to a new academic learning center where infants are trained with letter and number flash cards. What would be the best advice to give her on the likely effects of this program?
A) Austin will likely score 10 to 15 points higher in IQ than agemates who attend do not attend this kind of program.
B) Although this program will not likely raise Austin’s IQ, it will probably help him learn to read more quickly.
C) This program is as effective as a traditional early childhood program in promoting cognitive development.
D) This program could overwhelm Austin and cause him to withdraw, thereby threatening his interest in learning.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 163; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
48) Experience-dependent brain growth ________.
A) takes place through naturally occurring interactions with caregivers
B) provides a foundation for later-occurring, experience-expectant development
C) depends on ordinary experiences, such as moving about and exploring the environment
D) relies on specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 163; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
49) Which activity would most likely be associated with experience-dependent brain growth?
A) writing a poem
B) singing a song
C) imitating facial expressions
D) playing peekaboo
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 163; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
50) Experience-expectant brain growth ________.
A) is a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across cultures
B) usually occurs later than experience-dependent brain growth.
C) occurs naturally, as caregivers engage babies in enjoyable daily routines
D) provides mastery of skills that depend on extensive training
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 163; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
51) Which activity would likely be associated with experience-expectant brain growth?
A) coloring a picture
B) playing peekaboo
C) learning to ride a bike
D) playing the piano
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 163; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
52) Which statement about brain development is true?
A) The sensitive period for mastering gymnastic and musical performance skills is 3 to 4 years of age.
B) Experience-expectant brain growth depends on specific learning experiences that vary widely across cultures.
C) No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years for mastering skills that depend on extensive training.
D) Experience-dependent brain growth occurs early and naturally, as caregivers interact with babies and preschoolers.
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 164; screen 5.2.4
Objective: 5.2a Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
53) Between birth and 2 years, ________.
A) the number of naps and total sleep time both increase
B) fussiness and crying increase
C) total sleep time increases by three to six hours
D) the sleep–wake pattern increasingly conforms to a night–day schedule
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 164; screen 5.2.5
Objective: 5.2b Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
54) With respect to sleep regularity, Dutch parents _________________________.
A) view it as far less important than U.S. parents do
B) believe that it emerges naturally from within the child
C) believe that a sleep schedule must be imposed, or the baby’s development will suffer
D) have 6-month-olds who are put to bed later and sleep, on average 2 hours less than their U.S. agemates
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 164; screen 5.2.5
Objective: 5.2b Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
55) ________ is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world’s population.
A) Nighttime separation of baby from parent
B) Parent‒infant cosleeping
C) Imposing a strict infant sleep schedule
D) Infant crib sleeping
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 165 Box: Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements; screen 5.2.5
Objective: 5.2b Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
56) Parents who stress the importance of an interdependent self would be more likely to believe that ________
A) cosleeping builds a close parent–child bond
B) cosleeping helps prevent bad sleeping habits
C) having an infant sleep in a separate room from parents helps prevent bad sleeping habits
D) having an infant sleep in a separate room from parents instills an early sense of autonomy
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 165 Box: Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant screen 5.2.5
Objective: 5.2b Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
57) Parents who stress the importance of an independent self would be more likely to believe that ________.
A) cosleeping builds a close parent–child bond
B) cosleeping helps prevent bad sleeping habits
C) having an infant sleep in a separate room from parents helps children learn the ways of the people around them
D) having an infant sleep in a separate room from parents instills an early sense of autonomy
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 165 Box: Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant screen 5.2.5
Objective: 5.2b Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
58) In cultures where cosleeping is widespread, ________.
A) parents and infants usually sleep on soft surfaces and use quilts and comforters
B) parents typically place their infants on their stomachs to sleep
C) parents and infants usually sleep with light covering on hard surfaces
D) parents usually assume a distinctive sleeping posture by turning their backs to the infant
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 165 Box: Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant screen 5.2.5
Objective: 5.2b Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
59) In a study of over 10,000 mothers in Western and Asian nations, consistently engaging in bedtime routines was associated with their newborn to 5-year-old children ________.
A) staying up later
B) waking less often
C) getting less sleep
D) experiencing more daytime wakefulness
Topic: Brain Development
Content Ref: p. 166; screen 5.2.5
Objective: 5.2b Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
60) Which statement about lead exposure is true?
A) Children’s average blood lead levels have increased significantly since 1980.
B) Cognitive risks from lead exposure tend to be greater for low-SES than higher-SES children.
C) In the United States, the only significant source of lead exposure is paint flakes.
D) Impaired cognitive functioning is not evident when children are exposed to small quantities of lead.
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 167 Box: Social Issues: Health: Lead Exposure and Children’s Development; screen 5.3
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
61) Even after exposure to illness or poor nutrition during development, as long as these environmental factors are not too severe, ________.
A) children and adolescents typically show catch-up growth once conditions improve
B) adopted children typically reach a height close to that of their adoptive parents
C) body weight is more acutely influenced by eating habits rather than heredity
D) height and rate of physical growth are largely determined by the environment
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 167; screen 5.3.1
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
62) Which factor(s) heighten lead-induced brain damage in children?
A) a stimulus-depleted homelife
B) dietary iron and zinc deficiencies
C) excessive consumption of cow’s milk
D) a higher-SES family background
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 167; screen 5.3
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
63) Which statement about breastfeeding is true?
A) Human milk is lower in fat and higher in protein than the milk of other mammals.
B) A mother who breastfeeds needs to add solid foods to her infant’s diet around 4 months.
C) Breastfed babies suffer from more gastrointestinal problems than do bottle-fed infants.
D) Breastfed infants accept new solid foods more easily than do bottle-fed infants.
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 168; screen 5.3.2
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
64) Breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world ________.
A) are more likely than bottle-fed babies to be malnourished
B) should be given a vitamin-enriched supplement of commercial formula at least weekly
C) are far more likely than bottle-fed babies to survive the first year of life
D) should be breastfed until age 9 months, with solid food added at 3 months of age
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 168; screen 5.3.2
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
65) The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age ________, with solid foods added at ________.
A) 6 months or longer; 4 months
B) 1 year; 4 months
C) 1 year; 6 months
D) 2 years or longer; 6 months
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 168; screen 5.3.2
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
66) Brenda is unable to breastfeed her baby. She worries that she is depriving him of an experience essential for healthy psychological development. Brenda should know that ________.
A) children and adolescents who were breastfed are substantially more intelligent than those who were bottle-fed
B) children and adolescents who were bottle-fed suffer more from emotional adjustment issues than those who were breastfed
C) breastfed babies in industrialized nations show more secure attachments than bottle-fed babies, after controlling for maternal intelligence and SES
D) breastfed and bottle-fed infants in industrialized nations do not differ in quality of the mother‒infant relationship or in later emotional adjustment
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 169; screen 5.3.2
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
67) Garrett, age 2 months, is an enthusiastic eater who nurses vigorously and gains weight quickly. Garrett’s mom, Christine, is concerned that Garrett might be at risk of being permanently overweight. Christine should know that ________.
A) most chubby babies will continue to gain weight during toddlerhood and the preschool years
B) there is no evidence that rapid weight gain in infancy is related to later obesity
C) she should start supplementing Garrett’s diet with cereal
D) breastfeeding for the first six months is associated with a leaner body build through early childhood
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 169; screen 5.3.2
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
68) Zahara, age 3 months, is very thin. Her mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk, and the supply of formula is inadequate for bottle-feeding. Zahara is in danger of dying from ________.
A) marasmus
B) weight faltering
C) kwashiorkor
D) iron-deficiency anemia
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 170; screen 5.3.3
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
69) Edmund is 20 months old and was recently weaned. He gets just enough calories but has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. He also has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. Edmund most likely has ________.
A) iron-deficiency anemia
B) kwashiorkor
C) weight faltering
D) marasmus
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 170; screen 5.3.3
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
70) Osita is a 4-year-old boy who survived kwashiorkor and was recently adopted by a couple who live in an industrialized nation. Osita will probably ________.
A) continue to undereat even when food is plentiful
B) gain very little weight as his diet improves
C) have an average to high basal metabolism rate
D) suffer from lasting damage to the brain, heart, or other organs
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 170; screen 5.3.3
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
71) Children who experienced marasmus or kwashiorkor in their early years ____________________.
A) show poor fine motor coordination and intelligence test scores but enhanced attention
B) may be affected by epigenetic changes that predict cognitive impairments in mature adulthood
C) usually recover in cognitive functioning, attaining typical intelligence test scores by middle childhood
D) display conduct problems and low intelligence test scores but enhanced fine motor coordination
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 171; screen 5.3.3
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
72) Which statement about iron deficiency anemia is true?
A) It affects up to half of children younger than age 5 worldwide.
B) It causes physical problems but not cognitive problems.
C) It is one of the leading causes of kwashiorkor.
D) It is one of the leading causes of marasmus.
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 171; screen 5.3.3
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
73) In the United States, ________ is rare, but a significant percentage of children suffer from ________.
A) kwashiorkor; marasmus
B) marasmus; kwashiorkor
C) marasmus; food insecurity
D) food insecurity; marasmus
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 171; screen 5.3.3
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Easy
74) Which statement about weight faltering is true?
A) Its symptoms include below-average height.
B) Its primary cause is iron deficiency.
C) It has physical but not behavioral symptoms.
D) Both malnutrition and parental stressors are contributing causes.
Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth
Content Ref: p. 171; screen 5.3.4
Objective: 5.3 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
75) Classical conditioning ________.
A) helps infants anticipate what is about to happen next
B) disappears after reflexive behaviors become voluntary
C) persists even when conditioned stimuli are not paired with unconditioned stimuli
D) emerges only after newborn reflexes have begun to wane
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 172; screen 5.4.1
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
76) In classical conditioning, ________.
A) babies learn by observing others and imitating their actions
B) a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
C) the strength of a response is gradually reduced due to repetitive stimulation
D) consequences that follow infants’ behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 172; screen 5.4.1
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Easy
77) In classical conditioning, after a baby’s nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli, the ________ stimulus produces ________.
A) conditioned; a neutral response
B) unconditioned; a neutral response;
C) neutral; a conditioned stimulus
D) neutral; the behavior by itself
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 172; screen 5.4.1
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
78) If learning has occurred in classical conditioning, and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response, the neutral stimulus is then called a ________.
A) neutral response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) reinforcer
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 172; screen 5.4.1
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
79) Paul’s mother strokes his hair just before he breastfeeds. Now, whenever Paul’s mother strokes his hair, Paul begins to make sucking motions. The stroking is the __________, and the presence of the breast is the __________.
A) conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C) neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus; conditioned response
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 172; screen 5.4.1
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
80) Prya has classically conditioned young Raj to suck when Prya touches Raj’s stomach during feeding. If Prya repeatedly touches Raj’s stomach without feeding him, Raj will ________.
A) gradually stop sucking in response to having his stomach touched
B) learn to suck without having his stomach touched
C) stop eating until Prya touches his stomach and feeds him again
D) increase his level of sucking in response to having his stomach touched
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 172; screen 5.4.1
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Easy
81) Young infants can be classically conditioned most easily when ________.
A) a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus
B) the conditioned response is fear
C) the association between two stimuli has survival value
D) a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned response
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 173; screen 5.4.1
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
82) In operant conditioning, ________.
A) a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
B) babies reduce or eliminate their learned expectations about the likely effects of stimulus events
C) infants act, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again
D) after a baby’s nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli, the neutral stimulus produces the behavior
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 173; screen 5.4.2
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
83) In operant conditioning, a(n) __________ increases the occurrence of a response.
A) neutral stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 173; screen 5.4.2
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
84) Calinda sucks on a bottle. The taste of the sweet liquid increases Calinda’s sucking. This is an example of ________.
A) operant conditioning
B) habituation
C) classical conditioning
D) statistical learning
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 173; screen 5.4.2
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
85) A researcher hangs a mobile over the crib of 4-month-old Arya. When the researcher attaches the mobile to Arya’s foot with a long cord, Arya can, by kicking, make the mobile turn. The turning of the mobile is an example of ________.
A) a reinforcer
B) a reflexive response
C) an unconditioned stimulus
D) a conditioned response
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 174; screen 5.4.2
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
86) At birth, the human brain is set up to be ________.
A) attracted to novelty
B) wary of change
C) attracted to round shapes
D) resistant to stimulation
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 174; screen 5.4.3
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
87) The term habituation refers to ________.
A) removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response
B) a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
C) presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response
D) presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the occurrence of a response
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 174; screen 5.4.3
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
88) Following habituation, when a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, the increase is called ________.
A) imitation
B) recovery
C) reinforcement
D) repetition
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 174; screen 5.4.3
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
89) As more time intervenes between habituation and test phases in research, infants shift to a ________. Researchers use this shift to assess ________.
A) familiarity preference; remote memory
B) familiarity preference; classical conditioning
C) novelty preference; remote memory
D) novelty preference; classical conditioning
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 174; screen 5.4.3
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
90) Three-month-old Olive has become habituated to a picture of a kitten. Olive then undergoes a test in which the picture of a kitten is shown next to a new picture of a weasel. Olive will likely prefer to look at ________.
A) the kitten, if the test occurs soon after Olive became habituated
B) the weasel, if the test occurs soon after Olive became habituated
C) both the kitten and the weasel equally, if the test occurs soon after Olive became habituated
D) both the kitten and the weasel equally, if the test occurs long after Olive became habituated
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 175; screen 5.4.3
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
91) Two-month-old Grayson has become habituated to a picture of a car. One week after he became habituated, Grayson took part in a test in which the picture of the car was shown next to a new picture of a truck. Grayson likely preferred to look at ________, demonstrating that infants shift to a ________ preference when a long period of time intervenes between habituation and test phases in research.
A) the car; familiarity
B) the truck; familiarity
C) the car; novelty
D) the truck; novelty
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 175; screen 5.4.3
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
92) When children engage in statistical learning, they ________.
A) analyze patterns of reinforcement and punishment that follow their actions
B) determine when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that produces a reflexive response
C) detect trends in their immediate environment and mimic the behavior that they see most often
D) extract frequently occurring patterns to detect the fundamental structure of information flows
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 175; screen 5.4.4
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
93) Which statement about statistical learning is true?
A) Children are biased to ignore patterns of information unless the patterns are very simple.
B) Statistical learning is effective at detecting patterns in temporal streams of information, but not in information that is presented all at once.
C) Caregivers can support statistical learning by adjusting the complexity of the information to which infants are exposed.
D) Statistical learning is limited to humans because it requires the capability to comprehend language.
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 176; screen 5.4.4
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
94) Which statement is among the conclusions supported by the research on imitation?
A) Newborn chimpanzees imitate more facial expressions and gestures than human infants, and their imitative behavior does not decline.
B) Imitation is harder to induce in newborns than in babies 2 to 3 months old because newborns cannot learn by observing others.
C) Babies several months old often do not imitate an adult’s behavior right away because they first try to play familiar social games.
D) Unlike newborn chimpanzees, newborn humans cannot imitate certain gestures, such as head and index-finger movements.
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 176; screen 5.4.5
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
95) Investigators of newborn imitation agree that imitation ___________________________.
A) is a flexible, voluntary capacity in which infants actively match adult body movements
B) reflects a natural tendency for newborn perceptions to elicit corresponding actions
C) undergoes little change during the first two years and is a limited source of infant learning
D) is a powerful means of learning, enabling infants to explore their social world and learn from others
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 177; screen 5.4.5
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
96) Specialized cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex, called mirror neurons, fire ________.
A) in the same way and at the same time as surrounding neurons
B) in patterns that match the firing of neurons of another organism that is demonstrating a particular pattern of behavior
C) identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own
D) in one way when a primate hears or sees an action and in a different way when the primate carries out that action on its own
Topic: Learning Capacities
Content Ref: p. 177; screen 5.4.5
Objective: 5.4 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
97) Which behavior is an example of a gross-motor skill?
A) walking
B) pointing
C) reaching
D) scribbling
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 178; screen 5.5.1
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Easy
98) Which behavior is an example of a fine-motor skill?
A) grasping
B) crawling
C) walking
D) standing
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 178; screen 5.5.1
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Easy
99) Which statement about motor development is true?
A) Babies who develop grasping skills early develop walking skills early as well.
B) Motor milestones emerge in a fixed sequence governed by a built-in maturational timetable.
C) Babies display skills such as rolling, sitting, and walking in the sequence implied by motor norms.
D) Delay in the development of individual motor skills is, by itself, not a cause for concern.
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 179; screen 5.5.2
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
100) Dynamic systems theory shows us why motor development ________.
A) is generally slower in females than males
B) is hardwired into the nervous system
C) always follows the cephalocaudal trend
D) cannot be genetically determined
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 180; screen 5.5.2
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
101) Which statement about the order in which motor skills develop is true?
A) It depends wholly on the baby’s efforts.
B) It depends on the anatomy of the body part being used, the surrounding environment, and the baby’s efforts.
C) Babies rarely use advances in one motor skill to support advances in others.
D) It follows a strict sequence.
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 180; screen 5.5.2
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
102) In a microgenetic study that followed babies from their first attempts until skill mastery, the fact that the infants first explored toys with their feet helped to demonstrate that ________.
A) in the course of typical development, foot control precedes hand control
B) if foot control precedes hand control in a specific case, other fine motor skills will likely be delayed
C) the order in which motor skills develop depends in part on the surrounding environment
D) skills are neither the product of earlier motor attainments nor contributors to new ones
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 180; screen 5.5.2
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
103) Among the ________, babies hold their heads up, sit alone, and walk considerably earlier than North American infants.
A) Gusii of Kenya
B) West Indians of Jamaica
C) rural northeastern Chinese
D) Zinacanteco Indians of southern Mexico
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 181; screen 5.5.2
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
104) The current Western practice of ________ delays gross-motor milestones of rolling, sitting, and crawling.
A) exposing infants to “tummy time”
B) using rear-facing car seats
C) putting babies in bouncing activity centers
D) having babies sleep on their backs
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 181; screen 5.5.2
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
105) As 5- to 6-month olds’ reaching for an object in a darkened room reveals, reaching is largely controlled by ________.
A) hand–eye coordination
B) gross-motor development
C) vision and hearing
D) our sense of movement and location in space
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 182; screen 5.5.3
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
106) The newborn’s grasp reflex is first replaced by ________.
A) prereaching
B) the ulnar grasp
C) reaching
D) the pincer grasp
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 183; screen 5.5.3
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
107) By the end of the first year, a baby’s ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of ________.
A) the pincer grasp
B) the ulnar grasp
C) the fine-motor reflex
D) prereaching
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 183; screen 5.5.3
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
108) In cultures where mothers carry their infants on their hips or in slings for most of the day, ________.
A) infants are delayed in reaching and grasping
B) babies have rich opportunities to explore with their hands
C) manual skills develop later than in Western infants
D) the overstimulation causes babies to cry more than other infants
Topic: Motor Development
Content Ref: p. 183; screen 5.5.3
Objective: 5.5 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
109) Between 6 and 8 months, infants ________.
A) become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in foreign languages
B) start to become less sensitive to sounds not used in their native tongue
C) do not yet recognize familiar words in spoken passages
D) prefer listening to a foreign language more than their own language
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 184; screen 5.6.1
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
110) Which statement about perceptual narrowing is true?
A) Perceptual sensitivity becomes increasingly attuned with age to information most often encountered.
B) With increasing age, children become less capable of perceiving information that increases their stress levels.
C) Over time, parents become less capable of perceiving differences in their children’s behavior.
D) As children become older, they develop increased focus, which helps them detect sounds in unfamiliar languages.
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 185 Box: Biology and Environment: “Tuning in” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning; screen 5.6.1
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
111) Perception studies demonstrate that ________.
A) Western adults, but not infants, can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations of non-Western music
B) Western children retain the ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms throughout childhood
C) even daily opportunities to listen to non-Western music will not restore Western infants’ sensitivity to music rhythms
D) Western babies lose their ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms by 12 months of age
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 185 Box: Biology and Environment: “Tuning in” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning; screen 5.6.1
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
112) Svend is 11 months old. He is often exposed to Danish folk music but has no significant exposure to Korean folk music. According to the perceptual narrowing effect, what outcome is most likely?
A) Svend will never develop a sensitivity to the rhythms of Korean folk music.
B) Svend may develop a sensitivity to the rhythms of Korean folk music, but only if he loses his sensitivity to the rhythms of Danish folk music.
C) Svend will be less sensitive to the rhythms of Korean folk music than he was when he was a newborn
D) Svend will be more sensitive to the rhythms of Danish folk music than he is to sounds in spoken Danish.
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 185 Box: Biology and Environment: “Tuning in” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning; screen 5.6.1
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
113) Research on perceptual narrowing suggests that ________.
A) adults and children are equally capable of restoring perceptual sensitivity to wide-ranging sounds and music rhythms
B) the time when children are best able to detect a wide range of sounds is different in Western and non-Western cultures
C) without developing sensitivity to the sounds and musical rhythms associated with a culture, children will not develop positive impressions of that culture
D) there is a sensitive period when babies are biologically prepared to “zero in” on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 185 Box: Biology and Environment: “Tuning in” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning; screen 5.6.1
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
114) Which statement about how infants perceive the structure of speech is true?
A) Children prefer to listen to new speech that deviates from word-internal patterns.
B) Parents must directly teach word-order rules for infants to understand the basic grammar of their language.
C) Infants do not become sensitive to the speech structure of individual words until after their first birthday.
D) Older infants locate words by discriminating syllables that often occur together from syllables that seldom occur together.
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 186; screen 5.6.1
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
115) A child’s visual acuity reaches an adult level of about 20/20 by age________.
A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 4 years
D) 8 years
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 186; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
116) Researchers using Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk’s visual cliff found that ________.
A) depth perception first appears after babies begin to walk
B) depth perception first appears after babies begin to crawl
C) depth perception depends as much on color vision as on visual cues
D) most babies who can crawl can distinguish deep from shallow surfaces
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 187; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
117) In which order does sensitivity to depth cues develop during the first year?
A) motion cues, binocular cues, pictorial cues
B) pictorial cues, binocular cues, motion cues
C) binocular cues, motion cues, pictorial cues
D) motion cues, pictorial cues, binocular cues
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 187; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
118) Three-month-old Graziela has displayed sensitivity to pictorial depth cues. It is most likely that Graziela ________.
A) is sensitive to motion and binocular depth cues
B) is sensitive to motion but not binocular depth cues
C) is sensitive to binocular depth cues but not motion
D) is sensitive to neither motion nor binocular depth cues
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 187; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
119) Three-month-old Ginda has not displayed sensitivity to binocular depth cues. It is most likely that Ginda ________.
A) is sensitive to pictorial depth cues
B) is not sensitive to pictorial depth cues
C) is not sensitive to motion
D) will develop a sensitivity to pictorial depth cues before she develops a sensitivity to binocular depth cues
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 187; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Difficult
120) Infants with more crawling experience, regardless of when they started to crawl, are far more likely to ________ than infants with less crawling experience.
A) refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff
B) fail at pattern recognition tasks
C) rely on binocular depth cues in the environment
D) explore all areas of a visual cliff
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 187; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
121) Newly walking babies ________
A) fall infrequently because they previously figured out depth cues during the crawling phase
B) will careen over uneven surfaces without making necessary postural adjustments
C) know how to turn their bodies to accommodate a narrow passageway
D) are less likely to remember object locations than experienced sitters who do not crawl
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 187; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
122) Which image would newborn Alex most likely prefer to look at?
A) a pastel pink square
B) a black-and-white checkerboard with large, bold squares
C) a multicolored checkerboard with hundreds of tiny squares
D) a black oval
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 188; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
123) Which of the following statements about pattern perception is true?
A) Newborns prefer to look at plain rather than patterned stimuli.
B) As they get older, infants prefer less-complex patterns.
C) Because of their poor vision, very young babies cannot resolve the small features in complex patterns.
D) In the early weeks of life, infants respond to nearly all patterns as unified wholes rather than separate parts.
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 188; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
124) Newborn Farouk will probably look longer at ________ human faces than ________ ones.
A) upside-down; upright
B) unattractive; attractive
C) attractive; unattractive
D) sideways; upright
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 189; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Easy
125) With respect to face perception, around 2 months, when infants ________________________, they ___________________.
A) can perceive a pattern as an organized whole; show a preference for their mothers’ detailed facial features over other women’s faces
B) can track a facelike pattern across their field of vision; make-fine-grained distinctions among different faces
C) have had sufficient exposure to human and animal faces; no longer show a preference for faces judged by adults as attractive
D) have begun to focus on internal features of faces; perceive emotional expressions in faces as meaningful wholes
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 189; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Moderate
126) As early as 3 months, infants prefer and more easily discriminate among __________ than __________.
A) male adults; boys
B) female faces; male faces
C) members of other races; members of their own race
D) unfamiliar faces; familiar faces
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 189; screen 5.6.2
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
127) Habituation research reveals that size and shape constancy are present as early as ________.
A) the first week of life
B) 3 months of age
C) 6 months of age
D) 1 year of age
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 190; screen 5.6.3
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
128) Habituation research that strategically uses _______________ reveals that perception of object unity is _________________.
A) images of an object at varying angles: not present until age 2 months
B) variations in an object’s retinal image size; present at birth
C) motion and spatial arrangement as cues; present at birth
D) shape, color, and pattern as cues; not present until age 2 months
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 190; screen 5.6.3
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
129) Which statement about infants’ ability to distinguish objects is true?
A) At first, infants rely more on shape, color, and pattern than on motion.
B) Habituation research reveals that newborns can perceive a ball’s path as continuous even if the ball moves back and forth behind a screen.
C) Five-month-olds can keep track of an object that travels on a curvilinear course at varying speeds.
D) In the first year, infants need to detect a change in two features to determine that a disappearing object is distinct from an emerging object.
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 191; screen 5.6.3
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Understand
Difficulty Level: Difficult
130) When 4-month-old Edgar’s dad talks to him, Edgar focuses on his dad’s voice and face. Edgar is detecting ________.
A) object permanence
B) shape constancy
C) affordances
D) amodal sensory properties
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 191; screen 5.6.4
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Apply
Difficulty Level: Moderate
131) With respect to intermodal perception, around 7 months infants are first able to __________________________.
A) recognize an object placed in their palms visually
B) learn associations between arbitrary speech sounds and object motions
C) match faces with voices on the basis of lip–voice synchrony
D) match faces with voices on the basis of emotional expression
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 192; screen 5.6.4
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
132) Which statement about intermodal perception is true?
A) Infants require many exposures to learn the association between the sight and sound of an object.
B) It interferes with infants’ ability to learn the patterns of their native language.
C) It does not begin to develop until the second half of the first year.
D) It fosters all aspects of psychological development.
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 192; screen 5.6.4
Objective: 5.6a Identify changes in hearing and in depth, pattern, object, and intermodal perception during infancy.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
133) According to differentiation theory, infants ________.
A) do not perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way
B) cannot perceive amodal properties—information that overlaps two or more sensory systems
C) actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world
D) prefer novelty and, therefore, seek out unstable features of the environment
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 192; screen 5.6.5
Objective: 5.6b Explain differentiation theory of perceptual development.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
134) Eleanor and James Gibson describe their theory as ________ because over time a baby detects finer and finer invariant features among stimuli.
A) differentiation
B) discontinuity
C) dynamic
D) bidirectional
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 192; screen 5.6.5
Objective: 5.6b Explain differentiation theory of perceptual development.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Easy
135) According to the Gibsons, perception is guided by the discovery of ________.
A) intermodalities
B) amodalities
C) dynamic relationships
D) affordances
Topic: Perceptual Development
Content Ref: p. 192; screen 5.6.5
Objective: 5.6b Explain differentiation theory of perceptual development.
Skill: Remember
Difficulty Level: Moderate
ESSAY
136) Describe sex differences in body growth.
137) What influence does heredity have on physical growth?
138) Explain dynamic systems theory of motor development.
139) Provide examples of how cultural variations in infant-rearing practices affect motor development.
140) Define size constancy, shape constancy, and object identity, and explain how they contribute to infants’ perception of objects.
141) Explain intermodal perception and its importance to perceptual development.
Document Information
Connected Book
Infants and Children 9e | Test Bank with Answer Key by Laura E. Berk
By Laura E. Berk
Explore recommendations drawn directly from what you're reading
Chapter 3 Prenatal Development
DOCX Ch. 3
Chapter 4 Birth and the Newborn Baby
DOCX Ch. 4
Chapter 5 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
DOCX Ch. 5 Current
Chapter 6 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
DOCX Ch. 6
Chapter 7 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
DOCX Ch. 7