Birth & Newborns – Ch4 | Test Bank – 9th Edition

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Chapter 4
birth and the newborn Baby

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1) High maternal levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) ________.

A) suppress maternal production of cortisol

B) suppress fetal production of cortisol

C) induce uterine contractions

D) protect against premature birth

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 117; screen 4.1

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

2) An abnormal increase in maternal __________ in the third trimester of pregnancy is currently being evaluated as an early predictor of premature birth.

A) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

B) cortisol

C) anoxia

D) lightening

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 117; screen 4.1

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

3) Lightening occurs when the ________.

A) amniotic sac is ruptured

B) plug of mucus is released from the cervix

C) fetus’s head drops low into the uterus

D) first uterine contractions take place

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 118; screen 4.1

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

4) A reliable indicator that labor is only hours or days away is ________.

A) contractions in the upper part of the uterus

B) the bloody show

C) lightening

D) frequent urination

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 118; screen 4.1

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

5) During the process of childbirth, the bloody show occurs ________.

A) after the third stage of labor

B) when the fetus’s head drops low in the mother’s uterus

C) when uterine contractions begin about two weeks before birth

D) when the plug of mucus sealing the cervix is released

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 118; screen 4.1

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

6) During the longest stage of labor, ________.

A) the baby is delivered

B) the placenta separates from the uterine wall

C) the vaginal opening stretches around the baby’s entire head

D) dilation and effacement of the cervix occur

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 119; screen 4.4.4

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

7) Stage 1 of labor ________.

A) is the shortest, lasting an average of 4 to 6 hours during a first birth

B) involves delivery of the baby

C) climaxes with a brief phase called transition

D) involves the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 119; screen 4.1.1

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

8) During transition, the ________.

A) baby is forced down and out of the birth canal

B) placenta is delivered

C) cervix opens completely

D) cervix begins to dilate and efface

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 119; screen 4.4.4

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Difficult

9) Stage 2 of labor lasts __________ for a first birth and __________ in later births.

A) an average of 4 to 6 hours; an average of 12 to 14 hours

B) an average of 12 to 14 hours; an average of 4 to 6 hours

C) an average of 4 to 6 hours; about 20 to 50 minutes

D) about 50 minutes; about 20 minutes

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 119; screen 4.1.2

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

10) The infant is born during __________.

A) the first stage of labor

B) the second stage of labor

C) transition

D) the third stage of labor

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 119; screen 4.1.2

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

11) When is the placenta delivered?

A) during the first stage of labor

B) during the second stage of labor

C) during the third stage of labor

D) after the third stage of labor

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 119; screen 4.1.3

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

12) The effects of high levels of infant cortisol and other stress hormones during childbirth include ________.

A) slowing the process of labor and delaying crowning

B) sending a rich supply of oxygen to the infant’s brain and heart

C) contracting the bronchial tubes, which helps prepare the baby to breathe

D) sedating the infant and aiding in temperature regulation

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 119; screen 4.1.4

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

13) During labor and delivery, stress hormones produced by the infant ________.

A) put the newborn in great danger

B) arouse the infant into alertness

C) cause the mother’s cervix to thin and the uterine wall to contract

D) temporarily reduce the infant’s oxygen supply

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 119; screen 4.1.4

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

14) Lily is 22 inches long and weighs 9 pounds at birth. She is __________ than the average newborn.

A) shorter but heavier

B) longer and heavier

C) longer but lighter

D) shorter and lighter

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.5

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

15) Which statement about the average newborn infant is true?

A) Girls tend to be slightly heavier than boys.

B) The average newborn is 23 inches long.

C) Boys tend to be slightly longer than girls.

D) The average newborn weighs 6½ pounds.

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.5

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

16) The Apgar scale is used to ________.

A) estimate the duration of labor

B) quickly assess the newborn’s physical condition

C) determine whether the infant’s birth weight indicates likely health problems

D) evaluate pain-relieving options for the mother

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.6

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

17) Which statement about the Apgar scale is true?

A) Scores between 4 and 6 indicate that the infant is in good physical condition.

B) 0 is the lowest possible score, and 7 is the highest possible score.

C) It measures five characteristics, each of which receives a rating of 0, 1, or 2.

D) It describes easily observable characteristics of the infant and the mother.

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.6

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

18) Ritu’s heart rate at birth was 120 beats per minute, meaning that her Apgar scale rating for her pulse was ________, which is an indication that ________.

A) 1; immediate medical attention was required

B) 1; she was in good physical condition

C) 2, she was in good physical condition

D) 2, immediate medical attention was required

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.6

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

19) Adrienne received a combined Apgar score of 5. This means that Adrienne ________.

A) is in good physical condition

B) needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs

C) is in serious danger and should receive emergency medical attention

D) was in danger at birth, but quickly recovered and is now in good physical condition

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.6

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

20) Two Apgar ratings are given because ________.

A) one is given by the pediatrician, and one is given by the labor and delivery nurse

B) one is for appearance, pulse, and grimace, and the other is for activity and respiration

C) some babies have trouble adjusting at first but do quite well after a few minutes

D) one is taken immediately after birth, and the other is taken just before the newborn is released from the hospital

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.6

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

21) A combined Apgar score of ________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.

A) less than 3

B) 3 or 4

C) 5 or 6

D) 7 or higher

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.6

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

22) Molly has been assigned a combined Apgar score of 8. It is possible that Molly has________.

A) a heart rate of 90 beats per minute and is completely limp

B) no heartbeat and no reflex responses

C) blue arms and legs and is completely limp

D) blue arms and legs and weak reflex responses

Topic: The Stages of Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 120; screen 4.1.6

Objective: 4.1 Describe the three stages of childbirth, the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery, and the newborn baby’s appearance.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

23) Which statement about childbirth practices is true?

A) They vary little across different cultures.

B) They are molded by the society of which mother and baby are a part.

C) In nonindustrialized countries, women are usually assisted by medical personnel during labor and delivery.

D) In Western nations, childbirth was less likely to take place at home before the industrial revolution.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 121; screen 4.2

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

24) In Western nations, before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place ________.

A) at home, and was a family-centered event

B) at home, but privately, away from other family members

C) in a hospital with trained midwives

D) in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 121; screen 4.2

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

25) The natural childbirth movement arose in part from the view that ________.

A) strong drugs and delivery instruments are often neither necessary nor safe

B) women should avoid institutional birth entirely and deliver their babies at home

C) greater crowding in cities made traditional approaches to childbirth too dangerous

D) mothers should give birth in full view of the entire community, including small children

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 121; screen 4.2

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

26) Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had ________.

A) taught women to fear the birth experience

B) helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor

C) taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth

D) focused women on child rearing rather than childbirth

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 122; screen 4.2.1

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

27) Mothers who are supported during labor, either by a lay birth attendant or a relative or friend with doula training, ________.

A) are more likely to need medication to control pain

B) are less likely to have instrument-assisted or surgical deliveries

C) usually give birth at home or at the birth attendant’s home

D) usually give birth lying flat on their backs with their feet in stirrups

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 122; screen 4.2.1

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

28) Compared with women who give birth lying on their backs, women who choose an upright position are ________.

A) more likely to have an unusually long labor

B) more likely to need an episiotomy

C) less likely to use pain-relieving medication

D) more likely to deliver a breech baby

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 122; screen 4.2.1

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

29) When mothers are upright during delivery, labor is shorter because ________.

A) fewer infant heartbeat irregularities occur

B) uterine contractions are suppressed

C) contractions are stronger and pushing is more effective

D) blood flow to the placenta is increased

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 122; screen 4.2.1

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

30) Which statement about certified nurse-midwives in the U.S. is true?

A) In most states, they cannot legally deliver babies at home.

B) They have degrees in nursing and additional training in childbirth management.

C) They can perform cesarean deliveries and administer medication to control pain.

D) Although not medical professionals, they are trained in labor and delivery support.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 123; screen 4.2.2

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

31) Which statement about home delivery is true?

A) It is unsafe even when the mother is healthy and attended by medical personnel.

B) It usually results in birth complications, though these complications usually do not require hospitalization.

C) The percentage of women who choose home delivery has been steadily increasing since the 1970s.

D) It is an inappropriate choice when mothers are at risk for any kind of complication.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Content Ref: p. 123; screen 4.2.2

Objective: 4.2 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

32) An infant experiencing anoxia ________.

A) is in the breech position and should be delivered with the assistance of forceps or a vacuum extractor

B) is not getting enough oxygen and needs to be delivered immediately

C) weighs less than 5½ pounds and will typically experience significant difficulties later in life

D) is born before the end of a full 38-week term and is usually undernourished

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: pp. 123–124; screen 4.3.1

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

33) Continuous fetal monitoring ________.

A) measures the baby’s blood oxygen levels during labor

B) is required in most U.S. hospitals and used in over 85 percent of U.S. births

C) is linked to a decreased rate of cesarean deliveries

D) reduces the rate of infant brain damage and death in all pregnancies

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 124; screen 4.3.1

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

34) Which statement about fetal monitoring is true?

A) The use of fetal monitors is being phased out in U.S. hospitals.

B) Fetal monitoring is not helpful in detecting hidden problems with the baby.

C) Critics worry that fetal monitors identify many babies as in danger who, in fact, are not.

D) Fetal monitoring increases the likelihood of infant brain damage and death.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 124; screen 4.3.1

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

35) Fetal monitors will probably continue to be used routinely in the United States in part because ________.

A) doctors fear that they will be sued for malpractice if monitors are not used and the infant dies

B) in healthy pregnancies, fetal monitors significantly reduce the rate of infant brain damage and death

C) the use of fetal monitors is linked to fewer contractions during delivery

D) most infants have irregular heartbeats at some point during labor

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 124; screen 4.3.1

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

36) Which statement accurately describes the difference between analgesics and anesthetics?

A) analgesics are drugs used to relieve pain; anesthetics block sensation

B) analgesics are sedatives; anesthetics are stimulants used when labor is not progressing

C) analgesics are used during the first stage of labor; anesthetics are used in the second and third stages of labor

D) analgesics are used when the infant is in no special danger; anesthetics are used when the infant is in distress

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 124; screen 4.3.2

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

37) The most common approach to controlling pain during labor is ________.

A) administration of an anesthetic

B) anoxia

C) fetal monitoring

D) epidural analgesia

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 124; screen 4.3.2

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

38) Which statement about epidural analgesia is true?

A) It prevents the mother from being able to move her trunk and legs.

B) It allows the mother to feel the pressure of the contractions.

C) It strengthens uterine contractions.

D) It prevents the mother from being able to push during the second stage of labor.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 124; screen 4.3.2

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

39) The negative effects of the use of pain-relieving drugs during labor include ________.

A) long-term developmental consequences for the child

B) preventing other drugs from crossing the placenta

C) shortening labor by increasing the strength of uterine contractions

D) lower Apgar scores and increased risk of respiratory distress

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 124; screen 4.3.2

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

40) Instrument use during delivery has become less common, in part because ________,

A) rates of high-risk deliveries have fallen steadily over the years

B) rates of multiple births have increased sharply since 1985

C) vacuum extractors have been banned in many industrialized countries

D) doctors more often deliver babies surgically when labor problems arise

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: pp. 124; screen 4.3.3

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

41) Which statement about instrument deliveries is true?

A) They have become more common in recent decades.

B) They are most likely to be used when the infant is in breech position

C) They are not an appropriate option when the mother can deliver without assistance in a reasonable period of time.

D) Vacuum extractors allow doctors to perform instrument deliveries without increasing the risk of serious complications.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: pp. 125; screen 4.3.3

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

42) Which statement about the breech position is true?

A) Cesarean delivery is never justified when the baby is in the breech position.

B) The breech position decreases the chance of the umbilical cord being squeezed.

C) Some breech babies fare just as well with a normal delivery as with a cesarean delivery.

D) The breech position decreases the chances of head injuries during delivery.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 125; screen 4.3.4

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

43) ________ is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries.

A) The increasing popularity of natural childbirth

B) Continuous support provided by a doula during labor and delivery

C) Medical control over childbirth

D) Apgar testing

Topic: Medical Interventions

Content Ref: p. 125; screen 4.3.4

Objective: 4.3 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

44) Which statement about cerebral palsy is true?

A) Its symptoms include muscle impairment but not intellectual disabilities.

B) It is caused by brain damage before, during, or just after birth.

C) It is usually the result of placenta abruptio or placenta previa.

D) It is usually the result of oxygen deprivation.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 126; screen 4.4.1

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

45) Which statement about placenta abruptio is true?

A) It is a life-threatening event that involves premature separation of the placenta.

B) It occurs when the blastocyst implants so low in the uterus that the placenta covers the cervix.

C) It decreases the chance that the baby will experience anoxia during labor and delivery.

D) It involves the squeezing of the umbilical cord due to its position during delivery.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 126; screen 4.4.1

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

46) Which statement about placenta previa is true?

A) It occurs when the blastocyst implants so low in the uterus that the placenta covers the cervix.

B) It is less likely to develop in women who are carrying multiple fetuses.

C) It is more common but less dangerous than placenta abruptio.

D) It occurs when the placenta fails to detach from the uterine wall.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 126; screen 4.4.1

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

47) Which statement about anoxia is true?

A) Anoxia during labor can cause a second phase of cell death that begins hours after delivery.

B) Whole-body cooling, by immersing an anoxic newborn in freezing water, treats this condition.

C) The effects of mild or even moderate anoxia rarely persist beyond infancy.

D) Moderate anoxia and extreme anoxia are equally dangerous.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 126; screen 4.4.1

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

48) Hypothermia treatment is used to ________.

A) provide a boost to the newborn’s immune system

B) help the newborn with temperature regulation

C) prevent placenta abruptio and placenta previa

D) reduce brain damage caused by anoxia

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 126; screen 4.4.1

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

49) ________ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.

A) Birth length

B) The duration of labor

C) Delivery date

D) Birth weight

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 127; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

50) Angeline was born several weeks before her due date. Although she was small, her birth weight was appropriate, based on time spent in the uterus. Angeline is a(n) ________ infant.

A) small-for-date

B) anoxic

C) mature

D) preterm

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 128; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

51) Which statement about preterm infants is true?

A) They are born below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy.

B) They usually have more serious problems than small-for-date infants.

C) Although they are small, their weight may still be appropriate, based on time spent in the uterus.

D) They are more likely than small-for-date infants to show evidence of brain damage.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 128; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

52) Trae is born three days after his due date and weighs five pounds. Trae is a(n) __________ infant.

A) preterm

B) small-for-date

C) average-weight

D) anoxic

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 128; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

53) Talia is a small-for-date baby. This means she ________.

A) was born several weeks or more before her due date

B) was born below her expected weight considering length of the pregnancy

C) is at lower risk of serious problems than a preterm infant

D) may have difficulties in infancy but will outgrow them by the preschool years

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 128; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

54) Which statement about preterm and small-for-date infants is true?

A) All preterm infants are small-for-date.

B) All small-for-date infants are preterm.

C) Small-for-date infants usually have more serious problems than preterm infants that are not also small-for-date.

D) Preterm infants usually have more serious problems than small-for-date infants that are not also preterm.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 128; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

55) In longitudinal follow-ups of thousands of births, babies born 1 to 2 weeks early ________.

A) showed lower reading and math scores in third grade than children who experienced a full-length prenatal period

B) had higher rates of illness than children who were born 4 to 6 weeks early

C) had high rates of cognitive problems in infancy but required fewer medical procedures than other children

D) showed some differences that were fully explainable by differences in SES and maternal age

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 128; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

56) Compared to full-term infants, small-for-date infants, especially those who are also preterm, ______

A) are more likely to show evidence of brain damage and to die in the first year

B) have more problems during their first year but perform about as well in school

C) are at greater risk for cognitive difficulties but are no more likely to catch infections

D) are more mature socially but are smaller in stature

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 128; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

57) Compared to full-term infants, preterm babies are ________.

A) at a greater risk for child abuse

B) relatively less affected by differences in parenting quality

C) more responsive and sleep less

D) more likely to have high-SES parents

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 129; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

58) Which statement about the effects of stimulation on preterm infants is true?

A) An isolette is designed to maximize the amount of stimulation the infant receives through human contact.

B) Intensive care nurseries can provide a sensory environment that promotes brain development.

C) Unpredictable sounds are more effective than rhythmic sounds at enhancing early brain growth.

D) The effects of gentle massage are similar to those of being cared for in an isolette.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 129; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

59) In one experiment in which extremely preterm newborns were exposed either to recordings of their mother’s voice and heartbeat or to routine hospital noise, auditory areas of the brain had grown substantially larger in the ________, results that suggest that exposure to soft, rhythmic maternal sounds ________.

A) hospital sounds group; during pregnancy interferes with early brain growth

B) hospital sounds group; during pregnancy enhances early brain growth

C) maternal sounds group; is effective only after delivery

D) maternal sounds group; during pregnancy enhances early brain growth

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 129; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

60) In developing countries, the most readily available intervention for promoting the recovery of preterm babies is ________.

A) hospitalization

B) care in an isolette

C) ultrasound

D) skin-to-skin “kangaroo care”

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 129; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

61) “Kangaroo” skin-to-skin contact ________

A) is commonly used in industrialized nations to duplicate the effects of an isolette

B) fosters improved oxygenation of the baby’s body, temperature regulation, and infant survival

C) is rarely used in Western nations, where the preferred practice is to place preterm infants in hospital intensive care units

D) provides babies with touch stimulation but neglects the other sensory modalities

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 130; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

62) Dhanya and Karthick have the economic and personal resources to care for Ava, their preterm infant. Research shows that ________.

A) interventions are not usually needed for economically advantaged parents like Dhanya and Karthick.

B) Dhanya and Karthick will need extensive coaching in infant care and everyday problem solving.

C) a few sessions of coaching in recognizing and responding to Ava’s needs could enhance their interaction with Ava.

D) Dhanya and Karthick will need comprehensive long-term, intensive intervention to meet Ava’s needs.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 130; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

63) A study of early intervention for low-income, preterm babies found that ________.

A) gains in intellectual functioning were greatest for higher-birth-weight infants who received interventions that were very high in intensity

B) improvements in intellectual functioning were greater for low-birth-weight infants than they were for those with higher birth weights

C) high-intensity interventions and very-high-intensity interventions produced similar benefits for intellectual functioning

D) even low-intensity interventions produced significant intellectual functioning benefits for low-birth-weight infants

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: pp. 130-131; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

64) Which statement about interventions that support parents of preterm infants is true?

A) Preterm infants whose parents receive coaching show no gains in mental test performance.

B) Babies who are both preterm and economically disadvantaged require long-term, intensive intervention.

C) For economically disadvantaged parents of preterm infants, just a few sessions of coaching are required.

D) Even for parents with adequate economic and personal resources, long-term, intensive intervention is necessary.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 131; screen 4.4.2

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

65) The landmark study conducted with infants on the island of Kauai supports the conclusion that ________.

A) children born with serious birth complications will not grow into competent, well-adjusted adults unless they have supportive home environments

B) even in favorable, supportive environments, children with serious birth problems rarely develop successfully

C) the impact of early biological risks often wanes as children’s personal characteristics and social experiences contribute increasingly to their functioning

D) children born with birth complications often develop severe behavioral problems regardless of their home environment

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 131; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4b Describe factors that promote resilience in infants who survive a traumatic birth.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

66) A country’s infant mortality is defined as ________ in that country.

A) the number of infant deaths that occur during the first year of life

B) the percentage of infants who die in the first year of life

C) the number of infant deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births

D) the number of preventable infant deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 132 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

67) The two factors that are largely responsible for neonatal mortality are __________ and __________.

A) birth defects; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

B) child abuse; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

C) serious physical defects; low birth weight

D) unintentional injuries; low birth weight

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 132 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

68) Which statement about factors that are responsible for neonatal mortality is true?

A) Low birth weight cannot be prevented, but most serious physical defects are preventable.

B) Most serious physical defects cannot be prevented, but low birth weight is largely preventable.

C) Most serious physical defects are preventable; low birth weight also is largely preventable.

D) Neither serious physical defects nor low birth weight can be prevented prior to delivery.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 132 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

69) The United States’ ranking in infant mortality rate has ________ since the 1950s, and was ________ in 2018.

A) improved; seventh in the world

B) improved; thirty-ninth in the world

C) gotten worse; seventh in the world

D) gotten worse; thirty-ninth in the world

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 132 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

70) Over the past three decades, the infant mortality rate in the United States has dropped, meaning that number of deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births has decreased. Still. the United States has dropped (gotten worse) in infant mortality rankings, from seventh in the 1950s to thirty-ninth in 2018, because ________.

A) infant mortality is only one measure of the health of infants in a country

B) the country could encourage interventions that could improve its ranking in the future

C) serious birth defects are one of two factors largely responsible for infant mortality, and most of those defects cannot be prevented

D) other countries could have made greater improvements to their infant mortality rates during that period of time

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 132 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

71) Each country that outranks the United States in infant survival provides its citizens with __________.

A) government-sponsored health-care benefits

B) stronger crime prevention and family planning programs

C) more up-to-date health-care technology

D) higher numbers of well-trained medical professionals

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 132 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

72) In the United States, the federal government mandates ________ for new parents in companies with at least 50 workers.

A) 12 weeks of paid leave

B) 12 weeks of unpaid leave

C) 15 weeks of leave at 55 percent of prior earnings

D) 15 months of leave at 80 percent of prior earnings

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 132 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

73) Most new mothers in the United States do not qualify for the parental leave mandated by federal law because ________.

A) they would prefer paid leave over unpaid leave

B) federal law mandates 12 weeks of unpaid leave for fathers as well as mothers

C) the federal law mandating parental leave applies only to federal employees

D) they work in businesses with too few employees to be covered by the law

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 132 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

74) Which statement about childbirth leave is true?

A) Even six weeks of childbirth leave is linked to decreased maternal anxiety and depression.

B) Twelve weeks of childbirth leave is linked to unfavorable maternal physical and mental health.

C) Single women and their babies are most hurt by the absence of a generous national paid-leave policy.

D) The Affordable Care Act does not support grants to the states to cover the cost of services to high-risk families.

Topic: Birth Complications

Content Ref: p. 133 Box: Cultural Influences: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies; screen 4.4.3

Objective: 4.4a Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

75) One-month-old Susan quickly closes her eyelids when her father claps his hands near her head. The function of this reflex is to __________.

A) stimulate muscle near the eye

B) protect the infant from a blow to the head

C) protect the infant from strong stimulation

D) communicate irritation toward a caregiver

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 134; screen 4.5.1

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

76) A baby will display the Moro reflex when her or his caregiver ________.

A) shines a bright light at the baby’s eyes

B) produces a sudden loud sound against the surface supporting the baby

C) places the baby face down in a pool of water

D) strokes the baby’s cheek near the corner of the mouth

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 134; screen 4.5.1

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

77) The ________ reflex helps a breastfed baby find the mother’s nipple.

A) rooting

B) Moro

C) grasp

D) sucking

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 134; screen 4.5.1

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

78) Reflexes such as sucking can help parents comfort a baby because they ________.

A) are permanent, natural responses to stimulation

B) remind the infant of its life in the womb

C) reduce crying and promote sleep

D) help infants to control distress

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 135; screen 4.5.1

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

79) Which statement about reflexes and the development of motor skills is true?

A) The stepping reflex does not appear when the newborn’s body is in an upright position.

B) Certain reflexes drop out early, but the motor functions involved are renewed later.

C) Parents should deliberately exercise newborn stepping reflexes to encourage early walking.

D) The tonic neck reflex may help the baby combine vision with arm movements.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 135; screen 4.5.1

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

80) Which statement about the stepping reflex is true?

A) Its disappearance is a sign of delayed motor development.

B) Parents should make efforts to encourage their baby to walk at an early age.

C) Newborn infants do not exhibit the stepping reflect when held upright in the air.

D) There is no special need for infants to practice the stepping reflex.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 135; screen 4.5.1

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

81) Swimming lessons for young infants are inadvisable because young infants ________.

A) have no reflexes related to swimming

B) have an inborn fear of water

C) who swallow large amounts of water while swimming can develop brain swelling and seizures

D) who respond to being put face down in water by paddling and kicking typically lack other important reflexes

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 136; screen 4.5.1

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

82) Pediatricians test newborn reflexes carefully because reflexes can reveal ________

A) ineffective parenting

B) the baby’s temperament

C) a compromised circulatory system

D) the health of the baby’s nervous system

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 136; screen 4.5.1

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

83) Newborns sleep about ________ hours per day.

A) 8 to 9

B) 10 to 12

C) 16 to 18

D) 20 to 22

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 136; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

84) Which statement about young babies’ sleep is true?

A) Their sleep–wake cycles are affected more by hunger than by conditions of light and dark.

B) Their sleep–wake cycles are affected more by conditions of light and dark than by hunger.

C) During REM sleep, the infant is relatively inactive and breathing is regular.

D) Infants typically spend less time in NREM sleep than they do in drowsiness.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 136; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

85) Although Ishika’s eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Her breathing is irregular. She stirs occasionally and grimaces while she sleeps. Ishika is most likely in which state of arousal?

A) regular sleep

B) drowsiness

C) quiet alertness

D) REM sleep

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 136; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

86) Which individual is most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep?

A) Sylvio, a preschool child

B) Jared, a full-term newborn

C) Sarah, a teenager

D) Catherine, a preterm newborn

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 137; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

87) Researchers believe that the stimulation of REM sleep is ________.

A) necessary to produce fine muscle development of the eye

B) more important in adolescence than in infancy

C) more important for adults than for babies

D) vital for growth of the central nervous system

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 137; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

88) Among infants who have experienced birth trauma, ________.

A) sleep behavior is organized and patterned

B) disturbed REM–NREM sleep cycles are often present

C) REM sleep is filled with vivid dreams

D) sleep–wake cycles are affected more by the presence of light than by hunger

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 137; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

89) In industrialized nations, the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 and 12 months is ________.

A) birth trauma

B) anoxia

C) child abuse

D) sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 138: Box: Social Issues: Health: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

90) __________ doubles the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

A) Placing sleeping infants on their backs

B) Placing sleeping infants on a firm sleep surface

C) Pacifier use at bedtime

D) Maternal cigarette smoking

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 138: Box: Social Issues: Health: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

91) Arthur wakes frequently to see if his sleeping infant, Stephen, is breathing. Arthur can reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) by __________.

A) wrapping Stephen in very warm clothing and blankets

B) placing Stephen to sleep on his stomach

C) placing Stephen to sleep on his back

D) providing Stephen with soft bedding and taking away his pacifier

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 138: Box: Social Issues: Health: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

92) When attempting to soother a crying babty, the technique that Western parents usually try first is ________.

A) exposing the baby to continuous, monotonous, rhythmic sounds

B) lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking with him or her

C) dressing the baby in several layers of clothing and blankets

D) letting the baby cry because he or she needs to learn to self-soothe

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 139; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

93) Holding a newborn extensively ________.

A) increases crying

B) reduces crying

C) promotes an insecure attachment relationship

D) hinders early motor development

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 139; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level:

94) When Wester parents choose to practice proximal parenting, ________.

A) they gradually decrease the time they spend in physical contact with their infant

B) they gradually increase the amount of time they wait before responding to an infant’s cries

C) the infant’s dependence on the parents increases, which increases the amount of crying in the early months

D) the amount of crying in the early months is reduced by about one-third

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 139; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

95) The cries of brain-damaged babies and those who have experienced prenatal birth complications are often ________ than the cries of healthy infants, and preterm and ill babies are ________ likely to be abused by highly stressed parents.

A) shrill, piercing, and shorter in duration; more

B) shrill, piercing, and shorter in duration; less

C) more difficult to hear and longer in duration; more

D) more difficult to hear and longer in duration; less

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 139; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

96) Which statement about colic is true?

A) The cries of babies with colic are usually shorter in duration than the cries of other babies.

B) Babies who do not react strongly to unpleasant stimuli are particularly susceptible to colic.

C) Colic generally subsides after the first year.

D) The cause of colic is unknown.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 140; screen 4.5.2

Objective: 4.5a Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, including sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

97) Which capacity is well-developed at birth?

A) visual acuity

B) color vision

C) depth perception

D) sensitivity to touch

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 140; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

98) Which statement about infants’ sensitivity to pain is true?

A) Drinking sweet liquid suppresses the release of endorphins, which are painkilling chemicals in the brain.

B) Compared to other babies, preterm and male babies are less sensitive to the pain of a medical injection.

C) Even the odor of the milk of the infant’s mother reduces infant stress to a routine blood-test heel stick.

D) Severe pain stimulates the production of stress hormones, which enhance the infant’s ability to handle everyday stressors.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 141; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

99) Newborns relax their facial muscles in response to a __________ taste.

A) salty

B) sour

C) bitter

D) sweet

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 141; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

100) Which statement is supported by research on newborn taste preferences?

A) Newborns cannot distinguish basic tastes.

B) The mother’s diet during pregnancy has an influence on a newborn’s preferences.

C) Newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk.

D) Unlike adults, babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 141; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

101) Compared to infants whose mothers rarely drank alcohol during pregnancy, newborns whose mothers had frequently consumed alcoholic drinks ____________________ .

A) more often displayed negative facial expressions to alcohol in the weeks after birth

B) continued to be more attracted to alcohol in adolescence and early adulthood

C) displayed greater attraction to alcohol during infancy, which waned in early childhood

D) did not differ in facial expressions to alcohol in the weeks after birth

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 141; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

102) Which statement is supported by research on newborn odor preferences?

A) Newborns cannot distinguish between the smell of their mother’s breast and that of an unfamiliar lactating woman.

B) Bottle-fed newborns orient more to the smell of formula milk than to unfamiliar human milk.

C) Even without postnatal exposure, the odor of human milk is attractive to newborns.

D) Only breastfed babies prefer the smell of a lactating mother’s breast to formula.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 142; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

103) Three-month-old Madison will probably listen longer to __________ than to __________.

A) pure tones; voices

B) pure tones; noises

C) human speech; nonspeech sounds

D) a foreign language; her native language

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 142; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

104) Research on hearing shows that newborns ________.

A) can perceive only those sounds that are found in their native language

B) prefer pure tones to complex sounds, such as human language

C) can tell the difference between a series of tones arranged in ascending versus descending order

D) cannot distinguish happy-sounding speech from speech with negative emotional qualities

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 142; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

105) Which statement about the hearing of newborn infants is true?

A) Their ability to perceive sounds not found in their own language is less precise than an adults’.

B) They cannot discern between two languages spoken by the same bilingual speaker.

C) They prefer speech with a rising tone at the end of phrases and sentences and pausing before continuing.

D) They are less attentive when adults use a slow, high-pitched, expressive voice.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 142; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

106) __________ is the least-developed of the newborn baby’s senses.

A) Hearing

B) Taste

C) Vision

D) Touch

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 142; screen 04.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

107) At birth, visual structures in ________.

A) the eye are fully formed, but those in the brain are not yet fully formed

B) both the eye and the brain are fully formed

C) the brain are fully formed, but those in the eye are not yet fully formed

D) both the eye and the brain are not yet fully formed

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 142; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

108) Unlike adults, newborn babies ________.

A) have a limited sense of smell

B) cannot detect human faces

C) prefer unfamiliar voices to familiar ones

D) see unclearly across a wide range of distances

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 143; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill:

Difficulty Level:

109) Which statement about vision in newborn babies is true?

A) Newborns are attracted to muted colors, such as gray, rather than colored stimuli.

B) Newborns’ eye movements are slow and inaccurate.

C) Newborns tend to look at entire shapes rather than a single feature of an object.

D) Newborns see more clearly at far distances than up close.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 143; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

110) With respect to visual acuity, newborns perceive objects at a distance of 20 feet about as clearly as adults do at __________ feet.

A) 50

B) 200

C) 600

D) 900

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 143; screen 4.5.3

Objective: 4.5b Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

111) Which statement about T. Berry Brazelton’s Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is true?

A) It enables researchers to learn about individual and cultural differences in newborn behavior.

B) It is specially designed for use with newborns at risk for developmental problems.

C) It is designed to measure the intelligence of newborns but does not measure responsiveness to physical stimuli.

D) It evaluates a newborn baby’s vision and hearing but not the baby’s touch sensitivity.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 143; screen 4.5.4

Objective: 4.5c Explain the usefulness of neonatal behavioral assessment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

112) Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale scores are used to ________.

A) measure the newborn’s physical condition at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

B) estimate a baby’s ability to recover from the stress of birth

C) determine whether a baby is preterm or small-for-date

D) assess the intelligence of newborns

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Content Ref: p. 144; screen 4.5.4

Objective: 4.5c Explain the usefulness of neonatal behavioral assessment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

113) The hormonal changes that fathers show around the time of birth include ________.

A) increases in oxytocin and decreases in prolactin

B) increases in both prolactin and estrogens

C) increases in androgens and decreases in prolactin

D) increases in both androgens and prolactin

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 144; screen 4.6.1

Objective: 4.6a Discuss the influence of birth-related hormonal changes and parent-infant contact on emergence of parental affection and concern for the newborn.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Difficult

114) Current evidence on bonding shows that the human parent–infant relationship ________.

A) depends on what happens during a sensitive period immediately after birth

B) depends on experiencing birth-related hormonal changes

C) is compromised when the infant does not stay in the mother’s hospital room all or most of the time

D) does not depend on a precise, early period of togetherness

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 145; screen 4.6.1

Objective: 4.6a Discuss the influence of birth-related hormonal changes and parent-infant contact on emergence of parental affection and concern for the newborn.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

115) Compared to infants of mothers who are not depressed, infants of depressed mothers ________ in the weeks after birth.

A) sleep more consistently

B) are less attentive to their surroundings

C) have lowered cortisol levels

D) display increased sensitivity to touch

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 146 Box: Biology and Environment: Parental Depression and Child Development; screen 4.6.2

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

116) Which statement about treatment for depression is true?

A) Therapy is unlikely to be effective in treating maternal depression.

B) Antidepressant medication is rarely prescribed to treat maternal depression, but is often prescribed to treat paternal depression.

C) Effective treatment for depression requires long-term interventions.

D) When a parent does not respond to treatment, a child’s warm relationship with another person can safeguard the child’s development.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 146 Box: Biology and Environment: Parental Depression and Child Development; screen 4.6.2

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

117) Which statement about postpartum depression is true?

A) It refers to depression that emerges or strengthens after childbirth but fails to subside.

B) It refers to a period of depression with a beginning that cannot be identified precisely.

C) It is caused by social and cultural factors but not by genetic factors.

D) The majority of women experience postpartum depression following childbirth.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 146 Box: Biology and Environment: Parental Depression and Child Development; screen 4.6.2

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

118) Which statement about paternal depression is true?

A) There are more research studies on paternal depression than on maternal depression.

B) Paternal depression is more common than maternal depression.

C) Paternal depression is linked to dissatisfaction with marriage.

D) While maternal depression is a strong predictor of child behavior problems, paternal depression is not.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 146 Box: Biology and Environment: Parental Depression and Child Development; screen 4.6.2

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

119) Which statement is supported by research on new parenthood?

A) After the birth of a baby, the gender roles of husband and wife generally become less traditional.

B) Shared caregiving predicts greater parental happiness and increased sensitivity toward the baby.

C) Marriages that were gratifying and supportive before the arrival of a baby usually suffer the most discord after the baby is born.

D) New parents in troubled marriages usually show an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby is born.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 147; screen 4.6.2

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

120) Dagwood and Marcia postponed parenthood until Dagwood was 32 and Marcia was 31. They have a happy marriage and both have fulfilling careers. Compared to younger parents, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

A) Dagwood will be less enthusiastic about being a father.

B) Dagwood will be more willing to participate in child care.

C) Marcia will be less likely to encourage Dagwood to share in child care.

D) Marcia will be less likely to encourage Dagwood to share housework.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 147; screen 4.6.2

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

121) Which statement is true about parenting after a second birth?

A) Parents’ division of gender roles become more traditional than before the second child’s arrival.

B) Fathers who believe strongly in gender equality tend to be more involved with their second-borns than first-borns.

C) Fathers who believe strongly in gender equality tend to be more involved with their first-borns than before the second child’s arrival.

D) Compared to fathers, mothers tend to take a less active role in parenting of both children.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 147; screen 4.6.2

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

122) Which statement about single-mother families is true?

A) About 40 percent of U.S. births are to single mothers.

B) The majority of nonmarital births are to teenagers.

C) Cohabiting relationships in the United States typically involve more commitment than those in Western Europe.

D) The majority of nonmarital births in the United States are planned and involve mothers with incomes above the poverty level.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 148; screen 4.6.3

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

123) The U.S. adolescent birth rate has ________ compared with that of other developed nations.

A) been increasing steadily and is high

B) been increasing steadily but is low

C) undergone a steady decline but is high

D) undergone a steady decline and is low

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 148; screen 4.6.3

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

124) Which statement about special interventions that help parents adjust to life with a new baby is true?

A) For those who are not at high risk for problems, counselor-led parenting groups are highly effective.

B) Counselor-led parent groups are highly effective for parents struggling with poverty.

C) Home visits do little to boost the effectiveness of programs for high-risk parents.

D) Low-income single mothers do not benefit from interventions that focus on sustaining the father’s involvement.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Content Ref: p. 148; screen 4.6.4

Objective: 4.6b Describe changes in the family after the birth of a baby, along with interventions that foster the transition to parenthood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

ESSAY

125) What do research findings indicate about the provision of social support during labor and delivery?

126) Describe different kinds of medication commonly used during labor and delivery, and discuss the impact of these drugs on the newborn’s adjustment.

127) Describe preterm and small-for-date infants. How they different? What developmental outcomes are associated with preterm infants?

128) Describe “kangaroo care,” and explain how it is used to promote development in preterm newborns.

129) Describe at least three ways parents and caregivers can soothe a crying baby, and explain how or why each technique works.

130) Describe developmental consequences associated with parental depression.