Ch4 Cultural Dynamics in Assessing Global Test Bank Docx

International Marketing, 18e (Cateora)

Chapter 4 Cultural Dynamics in Assessing Global Markets

1) Most markets are static and typically don't change.

2) The manner in and amount which people consume, the priority of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy, and the manner in which they satisfy them are functions of their culture.

3) Culture encompasses the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, and customs acquired by members of a society.

4) As countries move from agricultural to industrial to services economies, birthrates increase.

5) According to traditional definitions, culture is transmitted from generation to generation.

6) According to James Day Hodgson, former U.S. ambassador to Japan, culture is like a "glass ceiling" that can be seen through and easily understood and acquired.

7) Dutch management professor Geert Hofstede argues that culture provides a guide for humans on how to think and behave.

8) Acculturation refers to the process of becoming an agent of change through innovation.

9) According to Jared Diamond innovations spread faster north to south than east to west.

10) According to Philip Parker, a marketing professor, there are strong correlations between the climate of a region and the per capita GDP of countries in that region.

11) Much of American trade policy is based on cotton, which was the original source of the Virginia colony's economic survival in the 1600s.

12) Of the four approaches to governance found in the 20th century, colonialism was the only approach that survived World War II.

13) The family is an example of a social institution.

14) Marketers with little or no understanding of a religion may readily offend deeply because the influence of religion is often quite strong.

15) For most people, the first social institution outside of the home they are exposed to is a government source.

16) Religion has a significant impact on the value systems of a society and the effect of value systems on marketing.

17) According to the World Bank, no country with less than 50 percent literacy has succeeded economically.

18) The four social institutions that most strongly influence values and culture are schools, churches, families, and the media.

19) The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), one of the four dimensions of culture identified by Geert Hofstede, focuses on assertiveness and achievement.

20) The Power Distance dimension of culture, identified by Geert Hofstede, refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest.

21) The Power Distance Index, identified by Geert Hofstede, measures the tolerance for social inequality among members of a culture.

22) A country that demonstrates low Uncertainty Avoidance Index scores tends to be distrustful of new ideas or behaviors.

23) When a culture scores high in Individualism/Collectivism Index, individuals fail to identify with groups.

24) People from cultures with high Power Distance Index scores are more likely to have a general distrust of others.

25) Cultures with high Uncertainty Avoidance Index scores tend to have a low level of anxiety and stress.

26) A high Power Distance Index score implies that the people who hold power in a country are entitled to privileges.

27) When discussing the elements of culture, marriage ceremonies and funerals are good examples of rituals.

28) The language we use is an example of a cultural symbol.

29) Linguistic difference refers to the geographical differences among trading nations.

30) A company that decides to deliberately try and change the aspects of a culture that are in opposition to its marketing goals is practicing cultural congruence.

31) What is a characteristic of culture?

A) It is radical in nature and readily accepts change.

B) It is the same across all countries.

C) It is the human-made part of human environment.

D) It is static in nature.

E) It is insignificant in assessing new markets.

32) The adjective that best defines the market behavior of any country is

A) evolving.

B) proactive.

C) static.

D) constant.

E) fixed.

33) When marketers first introduced the personal digital assistant (PDA) to American consumers, they acted as ________ because the cultural impact of the product became widespread.

A) gatekeepers

B) conciliators

C) agents of socialization

D) agents of change

E) arbitrators

34) How have culture-based superstitions affected the birthrate in Japan?

A) The Japanese are not affected by cultural beliefs so there is no correlation with birthrates.

B) Superstitions have coincided with a decline in the birthrate in certain years.

C) Most Japanese women favor the idea of "one family/one child."

D) While economic conditions affect birthrates in Japan, cultural beliefs do not.

E) Japan is mostly an agricultural society and culture implies that many children are beneficial.

35) What action is important for marketers to take in order to be effective in a foreign market?

A) learning to appreciate the intricacies of cultures different from their own

B) ensuring that the promotions for the product are indifferent to social beliefs

C) adhering to the prominent prejudices in one's own society

D) creating product differentiation by being indifferent to the culture of the foreign market

E) making the product relate to one's own religion

36) According to Dutch management professor Geert Hofstede, culture can be referred to as the

A) "software of the mind."

B) "defining factor of life."

C) "conflict of civilization versus the masses."

D) "tool of the elite."

E) "art's triumph over banality."

37) In order for culture to exist it must be

A) agreed upon by an entire nation.

B) transmitted from one generation to the next.

C) individualized and different for everyone.

D) seen as the answer to all issues.

E) used to create new rituals and norms.

38) James Day Hodgson, former U.S. ambassador to Japan, describes culture as a(n) ________, which according to him is tough to get through, but effort and patience could often lead to success.

A) glass ceiling

B) maze

C) intelligence test

D) thicket

E) perseverance test

39) According to Edward Hall's comments on culture, which action could hurt companies and careers in foreign markets?

A) adherence to the social norms of the foreign market

B) being agents of change in the new market

C) ignorance of cultural differences in the foreign market

D) strict following of the political rules of the foreign society

E) consideration of the economic system of the new market

40) The process of adjusting to a new culture is known as

A) diffusion.

B) culture transfer.

C) acculturation.

D) assimilation.

E) transference.

41) Young children learn about social institutions from their families and when they go to school. This process of learning is called

A) anarchy.

B) socialization.

C) cultural apathy.

D) cognitive dissonance.

E) social rebellion.

42) Most traditional definitions of ________ center around the notion that it is the sum of the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned, shared by a group of people, and transmitted from generation to generation.

A) economy

B) sensitivity

C) population

D) demography

E) culture

43) Juanita grew up learning a great deal about culture from her school, the church, the media, and her family. This is an example of

A) acculturation.

B) socialization.

C) naturalization.

D) emancipation.

E) classification.

44) Lisette is excited about her new home in Rome. She has been given the opportunity to learn about a new culture, form new friendships, and capitalize on opportunities that were not available in her previous workplace based in Atlanta. In this scenario, Lisette is going through ________ as she adjusts to living in Rome.

A) acculturation

B) classification

C) naturalization

D) emancipation

E) standardization

45) A desert nation would not rely on agricultural crops to boost its economy. This shows how ________ can affect social culture.

A) geography

B) religion

C) history

D) politics

E) technology

46) What is true about Professor Jared Diamond's ideas regarding the influence of geography on history and cultural values?

A) People in the plains are more likely to invade than those settled in higher altitudes.

B) Historically, societies in the north have been more developed than those in the south.

C) Civilizations near major rivers are more developed than those settled near major oceans.

D) Historically, innovations spread faster east to west than north to south.

E) Historically, invasions by warrior tribes have always happened from west to east.

47) The baby boom generation has affected consumption patterns around the world since it started and continues to do so today. This is one example of how ________ can be reflected in social institutions.

A) the political economy

B) history

C) technology

D) social institutions

E) geography

48) New cola alternatives (Mecca Cola, Muslim Up, Arab Cola, and ColaTurka) sprang up after the military conflicts in the Middle East in 2003. This is an example that shows how

A) Coca-Cola played an important role in easing the cultural divide among the warring nations.

B) Coca-Cola catered to new markets through standardization.

C) specific events in history can influence consumer behavior.

D) businesses exploit cheap human labor during war times.

E) technology influences marketing practices.

49) Which technological innovation has had a great impact on the gender-based determination of responsibilities and roles?

A) mobile phones

B) computers

C) aircrafts

D) optogenetics

E) birth control techniques

50) How has the use of birth control pills affected social institutions?

A) Educational institutions are finding it tougher to fill in seats.

B) Midwifery, as a profession, is becoming extinct.

C) More men and women are opposing the idea of "one-child family."

D) Women and men are increasingly adhering to traditional gender roles.

E) Schools are forced to address issues like abstinence and condom distribution.

51) ________ in India is a social institution that influences the roles and status positions found within Indian society.

A) A country club

B) The Ku Klux Klan

C) The Taj Mahal

D) A single-person household

E) The caste system

52) One indicator of the narrowing ________ gap between the sexes is the fact that the majority of university students in the United States are women.

A) emotional

B) biological

C) identity

D) education

E) language

53) In most cultures, the first social institution infants are exposed to outside the home is in the form of a

A) day-care center.

B) school.

C) religious institution.

D) shopping mall.

E) government agency.

54) What is true of education and the literacy rate of a country?

A) According to the World Bank, even countries with less than 50 percent literacy have been economically successful.

B) Numerous studies indicate a direct link between the literacy rate of a country and its capability for rapid economic growth.

C) Communicating in a literate market is much more difficult than communicating with one in which a marketer must depend on pictures and symbols.

D) Increasingly, schools are seen as leading to negative cultural changes.

E) Compared to governments, education has relatively little influence on culture.

55) How has the advent of women joining the workforce in growing numbers for the past 30 years affected American culture?

A) an increase in the desire for large families among the American population

B) an increase in the underestimation of women in the American culture

C) a decrease in economic development

D) a decrease in the influence of family on American culture

E) a decrease in the number of single-person households in the country

56) Which social institution that has replaced family time, do many people point to as having detrimental effects on society?

A) school

B) literacy

C) religion

D) family

E) media

57) Of the following countries, which requires the least number of school days in a year for elementary age students?

A) China

B) India

C) United States

D) Japan

E) Germany

58) Compared with other societal forces, how does the role of government influence social culture?

A) Governments influence thinking and behavior through the enforcement of a variety of laws affecting consumption and marketing behaviors.

B) Compared with the early and direct influences of family, religion, school, and the media, governments hold relatively more sway.

C) Americans increasingly complain about the detrimental effects of the government on American culture.

D) Governments influence all aspects of the culture except for consumer behavior.

E) Governments are the first social institution a person is exposed to outside his or her home in all cultures.

59) Which social institution introduces most innovations to society?

A) corporations

B) schools

C) government

D) family

E) religion

60) What are the five elements of culture?

A) systems, history, government, religion, awareness

B) values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, thought processes

C) institutions, associations, entities, groups, teams

D) facts, opinions, beliefs, values, norms

E) corporations, individuals, government, processes, outcomes

61) Additional studies based on Geert Hofstede's original study of how cultures differ identified the fifth dimension known as

A) Power Distance Index.

B) Uncertainty Avoidance orientation.

C) Long-term Orientation.

D) Masculinity/Femininity Index.

E) Individualism/Collectivism orientation.

62) Which of the dimensions identified by Hofstede in his study of how cultures differ refers to the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses?

A) Long-term Orientation

B) Uncertainty Avoidance Index

C) Accommodation

D) Self-actualization

E) Indulgence

63) In the context of cultural values, the ________ Index refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest.

A) Individualism/Collectivism

B) Power Distance

C) Uncertainty Avoidance

D) Masculinity/Femininity

E) Linguistic

64) The Uncertainty Avoidance Index measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ________ among members of a society.

A) inequality

B) subjugation

C) ambiguity

D) oppression

E) hierarchy

65) On the basis of Hofstede's four dimensions, cultures with high Power Distance Index (PDI) scores tend to

A) be secular.

B) be hierarchical.

C) be flat in organization.

D) value equality.

E) cite knowledge as a source of power.

66) Mae-Jun works at an overseas branch of her organization. She needs clarification about a project and approaches a senior manager hoping to get a good explanation. However, she is told that only the team leads are allowed to approach the senior managers and sent away. In this scenario, the organization is most likely to have a ________ score.

A) high Individualism/Collective Index

B) high Power Distance Index

C) low Individualism/Collective Index

D) low Power Distance Index

E) high Uncertainty Avoidance Index

67) People from which cultures are more likely to have a general distrust of others (not those in their groups) because power is seen to rest with individuals and is coercive rather than legitimate?

A) cultures with a high Individualism/Collective Index score

B) cultures with a high Power Distance Index score

C) cultures with a low Individualism/Collective Index score

D) cultures with a low Power Distance Index score

E) cultures with a high Uncertainty Avoidance Index score

68) Kendall works at a refugee camp in Haiti. She witnesses high levels of anxiety and stress and knows that everyone is concerned with security and rule following. Which aspect of Hofstede's dimensions does this reflect?

A) Power Distance Index

B) Individualism/Collectivism Index

C) Distance from English Index

D) Uncertainty Avoidance Index

E) Masculinity/Femininity Index

69) Cultures which are low in Uncertainty Avoidance Index are more likely to

A) seek absolute truth.

B) accord a high level of importance to rules as a means of avoiding risk.

C) be distrustful of new ideas or behaviors.

D) dogmatically stick to historically tested patterns of behavior.

E) take a more empirical approach to understanding and knowledge.

70) A culture with a low ________ score is likely to have greater respect for equality.

A) Power Distance Index

B) Individualism/Collectivism Index

C) Distance from English Index

D) Uncertainty Avoidance Index

E) Masculinity/Femininity Index

71) ________ pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive groups.

A) Power distance

B) Individualism

C) Uncertainty

D) Collectivism

E) Masculinity

72) In a culture with a high Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), you are more likely to find that members

A) are highly tolerant of ambiguity.

B) tend to have a low level of anxiety.

C) have a low level of concern with security and rule following.

D) take a more empirical approach to understanding and knowledge.

E) seek absolute truth.

73) Unlike investors in Japan, many investors in the United States are willing to take the risk of a stock market investment. Which cultural dimension does this reflect?

A) Uncertainty Avoidance Index

B) Masculinity/Femininity Index

C) Power Distance Index

D) Individualism/Collectivism Index

E) Indulgence Index

74) In the context of cultural values, which statements is true?

A) Countries that are high in individualism and low in uncertainty avoidance tend to be more innovative.

B) Diffusion of innovations will be fast in countries that are low on individualism and high on uncertainty avoidance.

C) Based on the experiments done with American and Chinese students, individualistic cultures tend to respond more favorably to self-focused appeals.

D) Based on the experiments done with American and Chinese students, emotional appeals tend to attract people from collectivistic cultures.

E) Based on the experiments done with American and Chinese students, individuals dislike the novelty in relation to their own cultures.

75) Rituals are patterns of behavior and interaction that are

A) learned and repeated.

B) scientifically proven.

C) enforced by governments.

D) the same across all cultures.

E) universally accepted as proper behavior.

76) According to anthropologist Edward T. Hall, culture is

A) all-encompassing.

B) relatively minor in the scheme of life.

C) communication.

D) strongly linked to physiology.

E) standard throughout the world.

77) In some parts of the world, language is itself thought of as a social institution, often with political importance. Which country best exemplifies this statement?

A) Australia

B) United States

C) France

D) Mexico

E) Switzerland

78) The measure of the differences between language is known as linguistic

A) origin.

B) distance.

C) recency.

D) lining.

E) rule.

79) Selena works for a U.S.-based manufacturing company that wants to build a plant in Indonesia. Selena is concerned about the language barriers because she knows more than 300 languages are spoken throughout Indonesia. What is Selena's main concern?

A) ethnocentrism

B) linguistic distance

C) power distance.

D) aesthetics

E) individualism

80) The aesthetics of a culture are found in

A) the arts, music, dance, and dress.

B) the acceptance of power by certain individuals.

C) the level of education in a country.

D) the agreement between those in power and those who serve.

E) the language specific to that culture.

81) Feng shui is a Chinese ________, considered to be the process that links humans and the universe to ch'i, the energy that sustains life and flows through our bodies and surroundings, in and around our homes and workplaces.

A) folklore

B) fairytale

C) belief

D) fable

E) myth

82) Based on the metaphor for Richard Nisbett's views involving Confucius's worthy picture, what is his analysis regarding the thought process or perceptual process of Westerners?

A) Westerners can provide great details about central figures but see relatively little in the background.

B) Westerners observe things sequentially, thus fail to comprehend the larger picture.

C) Westerners are good at observing details but fail to comprehend the central message.

D) Westerners prefer larger than life figures to convey messages.

E) Westerners can report details about the background and foreground.

83) ________ refers to being attuned to the nuances of culture so that a new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated.

A) Cultural shock

B) Cultural apathy

C) Counter culture

D) Cultural sensitivity

E) Culture transfer

84) ________ is best defined as a responsible effort to learn from others' cultural ways in the quest for better solutions to a society's particular problems.

A) Cultural apathy

B) Cultural borrowing

C) Cultural sensitivity

D) Cultural aestheticism

E) Cultural assimilation

85) Jason is a marketing manager for a large breakfast cereal company. He knows that most people in China eat breakfast like everyone else in the world, but he also understands that they may not want the sugar-laden cereals his company is known for and he should consider promoting healthier cereal options instead. Jason is revealing cultural ________ as he makes his decision.

A) insensitivity

B) ethnocentrism

C) apathy

D) empathy

E) indifference

86) Jessica is new to international marketing and assumes that if a country speaks a similar language as another country then both of those countries will also be interested in the same types of products and services. Jessica appears to be suffering from

A) ethnocentrism.

B) cognitive dissonance.

C) an illusion of similarity.

D) cultural sensitivity.

E) cultural borrowing.

87) Innovations that are most readily accepted are those that

A) cater to the values of the predominant religion of the society.

B) propagate faith in a set of beliefs different from the existing beliefs.

C) are apathetic to the existing cultural beliefs.

D) hold the greatest interest within the society and those that are least disruptive.

E) offer some insight into the aesthetics of the existing culture.

88) Modern medicine has thrived in the United States together with the use of herbal remedies from South America. This is an example of

A) cultural ombudsmanship.

B) cultural shock.

C) cultural hegemony.

D) cultural sensitivity.

E) cultural borrowing.

89) ________ refers to a strategy that involves marketing products similar to ones already on the market, thereby minimizing resistance.

A) Planned change

B) Cultural congruence

C) Guerilla marketing

D) Lateral marketing

E) Culture equalization

90) The strategy of ________ deliberately sets out to alter those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals.

A) planned change

B) top-down change

C) guerilla marketing

D) differentiated marketing

E) cultural congruence

91) Nathan decided it would be best for his company to introduce a low-calorie drink product into the South American market that is similar to other products already in place in the country. He felt this would lead to less resistance on the part of the South American consumer and the products would sell well. What type of strategy is Nathan using?

A) linguistic distance

B) cultural intolerance

C) planned change

D) unplanned obsolescence

E) cultural congruence

92) The first step in bringing about planned change in a society is to

A) determine which cultural factors conflict with an innovation.

B) create a resistance to the cultural factor hindering acceptance.

C) wait for eventual cultural changes that prove the value of the innovation to the culture.

D) market products similar to ones already on the market.

E) introduce a product or service and simply hope for the best.

93) Morrison Foods has decided to introduce a new line of turkey products to the American consumer. Turkey steaks resemble beefsteak in taste and are leaner and healthier for a variety of reasons. However, the company is concerned that the product will not be accepted in America. If Morrison Foods follows a strategy of ________, they are more likely to have a successful introduction of the new product.

A) cultural shock

B) cultural adiaphora

C) cultural syncopation

D) cultural congruence

E) reverse culture shock

94) Next Energy is advocating the use of solar power to replace all petroleum-based energy sources. The company holds demonstrations to show how solar power could be used in all major petroleum-based products—automobiles, power sources, and heating and cooling. Next Energy is most likely employing a strategy of ________ change, a deliberate attempt to change the way we do things with respect to energy sources.

A) unplanned

B) planned

C) parallel

D) syncopated

E) synergistic

95) The introduction of a Westernized diet has caused many Japanese to become overweight. To counter this trend, the Japanese are buying low-calorie, low-fat foods to help shed excess weight and are flocking to health clubs. This scenario best exemplifies ________ change.

A) top-down

B) planned

C) central

D) unplanned

E) bottom-up

96) Describe how culture affects how consumers make choices and spend money. Provide an example of a culture-based purchasing decision in one country that might not be typical in another country.

97) Describe the various ways individuals learn about culture.

98) List and describe the four dimensions of cultural values as identified by Hofstede

99) Explain the concept of Power Distance and discuss how it affects culture.

100) Explain how linguistic distance is a necessary consideration for international marketers.

101) Illustrate the differences in "Asian and Western" thought as discussed by Richard Nisbett.

102) Explain how cultural sensitivity can lead to successful foreign marketing.

103) Describe how an awareness of aesthetic values plays a role in international marketing.

104) In the context of planned and unplanned cultural change, discuss the methods used by marketers to overcome resistance to change in an international marketing scenario.