Ch3 History and Geography The Foundations Of Exam Questions

International Marketing, 18e (Cateora)

Chapter 3 History and Geography: The Foundations Of Culture

1) A country's history influences business decisions such as market entry and personnel decisions.

2) Confucian philosophy, taught throughout Japan's history, emphasizes the basic virtue of loyalty to the country.

3) Working as individuals, rather than together, for a common cause is a fundamental belief in Japanese behavior.

4) Recording of historic events by historians belonging to different cultures gives us a subjective view of history.

5) Mexico's attitude toward America is accurately summed up in the statement—"Geography has made us neighbors, tradition has made us friends."

6) In the context of U.S. foreign policies, the Monroe Doctrine, in its broadest interpretation, meant that the United States surrendered occupation of Cuba to the Soviet Union.

7) Manifest Destiny was used to justify the U.S. annexation of Texas, Oregon, New Mexico, and California.

8) The Monroe Doctrine dictated that there would be no further European colonization in the New World.

9) The Roosevelt Corollary played a significant role in the U.S. acquisition of the Panama Canal.

10) In the context of U.S. foreign policies, the Roosevelt Corollary paved the way for non-American intervention in Latin American affairs.

11) An accurate depiction of the Roosevelt Corollary is "whatever is good for the United States is justifiable."

12) To understand a country's attitudes, prejudices, and fears, it is necessary to look beyond the surface of current events to the inner subtleties of the country's entire past for clues.

13) Altitude, humidity, and temperature extremes are climatic features that affect the uses and functions of products and equipment.

14) While temperatures and rainfall affect trade because they can vary, geographical conditions such as mountains and oceans do not have an effect on trade.

15) Countries that suffer the most from major natural calamities are among the poorest in the world.

16) In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, the United States continues to be the world's top pollution-causing nation.

17) The process of controlling industrial wastes leads to the issue of disposal of hazardous waste, a by-product of pollution controls.

18) In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, the Basel Convention identified safe dumping zones for hazardous wastes exported by developed nations.

19) The United States leads the fight against pollution with the most stringent greenhouse emission standards in the world.

20) In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, sustainable development is about protecting the environment at all costs.

21) Sustainable development is often frowned upon in the United States because consumers are more interested in style than sustainability.

22) One of the foundations of modern technology is the ability to generate energy because nations are not equal in their ability to produce energy.

23) In much of the underdeveloped world, human labor is the prevalent source of energy.

24) A major reason why China is inefficient in oil usage is because of outdated technology.

25) The amount of renewable energy resources such as wood and solar power has decreased sharply in the last decade.

26) China has emerged as the most efficient user of energy worldwide.

27) According to some economists, economic prosperity is a factor that leads to the decline in fertility rates.

28) Currently, the developing world has a growing population while the industrialized world's population is declining.

29) North America is the region of the world most affected by a steadily declining worker-to-retiree ratio.

30) Continuous improvements in electronic communications have facilitated the expansion of trade.

31) The Boston Tea Party is an example of how U.S. history really begins with China because

A) China placed a tax on the British who in turn taxed the colonists.

B) the British prohibited American traders from dealing directly with China.

C) the British recognized China as a more valuable market.

D) China attempted to export tea into the colonies.

E) most colonists had genealogical roots in China.

32) The ________ was a political protest against the British taxing system.

A) Hong Kong Revolution

B) Boston Tea Party

C) Taiping Rebellion

D) First Opium War

E) Canton Uprising

33) Which commodity dominated the trade between Britain and China during the early 1800s?

A) bamboo

B) mother-of-pearl

C) silk

D) tea

E) porcelain

34) What commodity did the English East India Company turn to in order to help Britain erase the tea-caused trade deficit with China during the 1800s?

A) watches

B) betel nuts

C) diamonds

D) textiles

E) opium

35) What was the result of the First Opium War between the British and China?

A) China ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

B) Hong Kong was displaced to China at a cost of $10 million pounds.

C) China blockaded all British ports.

D) Opium was legalized to make trading easier for both countries.

E) No taxes were allowed to be levied on opium imports or exports.

36) The opium wars resulted in a loss of confidence in the Chinese government that led to the revolt known as the Taiping Rebellion. How many Chinese lives were lost in this rebellion?

A) 2 million

B) 40,000

C) 400,000

D) 20–40 million

E) 2.4 million

37) Which event is one of the pivotal factors behind the wariness of the Chinese leadership toward foreign influences in general, and religious movements in particular, even today?

A) the Boxer Revolution

B) the Satsuma Rebellion

C) the Nanjing Rebellion

D) the Hong Kong Revolution

E) the Taiping Rebellion

38) What event ultimately became about foreign access to Chinese trade?

A) the Boxer Revolution

B) the Satsuma Rebellion

C) the Vietnam War

D) the Louisiana Purchase

E) the Opium Wars

39) How did the British respond in 1839 after the Emperor of China ordered the destruction of opium inventories in Canton?

A) The British taxed China for existing inventories.

B) The British sunk ships in the Pearl River.

C) The British opened all Chinese ports.

D) The British joined forces with China and also destroyed its inventories.

E) The British made an agreement with America for opium supplies.

40) Japan was an isolated country before the arrival of ________ in 1853.

A) Marco Polo

B) Admiral Halsey

C) Commodore Perry

D) Admiral Pennington

E) the East India Company

41) Which of the following may best explain why the Japanese have such strong loyalty toward their companies?

A) Zen philosophy

B) Taoism

C) Confucian philosophy

D) Buddhism

E) Bushido philosophy

42) During the early 1800s, the British taste for tea was creating a huge trade deficit for Britain with what country?

A) France

B) Italy

C) Belgium

D) Finland

E) China

43) According to Confucian philosophy, above all else, loyalty should be given to

A) family.

B) spouse.

C) parents.

D) company.

E) country.

44) What event occurred during the Mexican Revolution?

A) the overthrowing of dictator Ernesto Zedillo

B) the youth movement against religion

C) the nationalization of Mexican oil industry

D) the expulsion of North American businessmen

E) the support of French arms for revolutionaries

45) On September 13, the president of Mexico, the cabinet, and diplomatic corps assemble to recall "despojo territorial." What is its significance?

A) U.S. troops claimed 890,000 square miles of land that became Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas.

B) U.S. border officials allowed the peaceful crossing of Mexican citizens into the United States.

C) Trade barriers were lifted between Mexico and the U.S.

D) U.S. and Mexican soldiers defeated the Chinese attempt to take over this land.

E) Mexico joined forces with Europe to defeat the U.S. attempt to purchase Louisiana.

46) Which event, leading to the overthrowing of the dictator Díaz, is particularly remembered for the expulsion of foreigners—most notably North American businessmen who were the most visible of the wealthy and influential entrepreneurs?

A) the Madero Rebellion

B) the Mexican Revolution

C) the Los Niños Rebellion

D) the Mexican-American War

E) the San Patricios Revolution

47) History helps us understand why nations behave the way they do. For this reason, most historians try to present information

A) anonymously.

B) objectively.

C) simultaneously.

D) verbally.

E) subjectively.

48) Which statement most accurately reflects the feelings of most Mexicans toward the United States in terms of the economy?

A) Mexicans trust and favor the United States above other trading partners.

B) Mexicans prefer Europeans over the United States with respect to trade.

C) Mexico considers the United States a protector who will help it emerge as a world power.

D) Mexicans see the United States as a threat to their political, economic, and cultural independence.

E) Mexicans see the United States as a land of abundant opportunity and good fortune.

49) Citizens of the United States felt that the Monroe Doctrine provided

A) an opportunity for Latin America to become a superpower among nations.

B) excessive tariffs on imported goods.

C) higher priced goods in the United States.

D) protection for Latin America from European colonization.

E) a message to Latin America that Russia was in control.

50) Which policy implied that Latin America was only for the United States and European countries should not attempt to control it?

A) Monroe Doctrine

B) Manifest Destiny

C) Confucian philosophy

D) Taiping Rebellion pact

E) Opium war treaty

51) According to Manifest Destiny, who gave Americans the power to create a model society?

A) Roosevelt

B) the people

C) God

D) family

E) big business

52) What was the overall end result of the Mexican War of 1846–1848?

A) Mexico was forced to cede California to the U.S.

B) The U.S. and Mexico signed a nonaggression pact.

C) Mexico gave up California and the U.S. gave up Baja California.

D) Mexico paid the U.S. $5 million for war damages.

E) The U.S. signed a pledge to not invade Mexico again.

53) The idea of Manifest Destiny was used to justify the U.S. annexation of

A) Virginia.

B) Ohio.

C) Pennsylvania.

D) New Mexico.

E) Carolina.

54) Two main points of the Monroe Doctrine were that ________ was to stop colonization in the New World and not interfere in governments in the Western Hemisphere.

A) Asia

B) the United States

C) Latin America

D) Canada

E) Europe

55) Manifest Destiny and the ________ were accepted as the basis for U.S. foreign policy during much of the 19th and 20th centuries.

A) Roosevelt Corollary

B) North American Security Treaty

C) Monroe Doctrine

D) Grant Mandate

E) Hays Corollary

56) The Roosevelt Corollary implies that

A) Latin America can control its own economy.

B) whatever is good for the United States is justifiable.

C) European intervention in Latin America is valid.

D) the United States and Europe should work together in Latin America.

E) no president should interfere in the affairs of another country.

57) In the context of U.S. foreign policy in the 19th and the 20th centuries, ________, in its broadest interpretation, meant that Americans were a chosen people to create a model society.

A) Roosevelt Corollary

B) Monroe Doctrine

C) Hays Corollary

D) Grant Mandate

E) Manifest Destiny

58) Manifest Destiny specifically referred to the

A) political clout of the United States over European countries.

B) territorial expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

C) focus on investment and infrastructure development in Asia-Pacific.

D) network of intelligence operations across the world, especially the Communist world.

E) "white man's burden" to develop the underdeveloped parts of the world.

59) Abstention of the United States from European political affairs was one of the three basic dicta of the

A) Monroe Doctrine.

B) North American Security Treaty.

C) Hays Corollary.

D) Grant Mandate.

E) Roosevelt Corollary.

60) Which of the following policies was used in the formation of a provisional government in Cuba in 1906?

A) the Manifest Destiny

B) the Hay Manifesto

C) the Wilson Mandate

D) the Roosevelt Corollary

E) the Gadsden Policy Position

61) The ________, a cornerstone of early U.S. foreign policy, dictated that no further European colonization in the New World would be accepted.

A) Madison Corollary

B) Monroe Doctrine

C) Hays Corollary

D) Wilson Policy Position

E) Manifest Destiny

62) What was the response of Latin America to policies found in the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?

A) They were welcomed because they created a stronger economy for all Latin American countries.

B) They were used as role models for Latin American legislation.

C) They were only considered important for some of the countries in Latin America.

D) They were seen as a sign of hope.

E) They were considered an unwelcome intrusion in Latin American affairs.

63) When Vicente Fox became Mexico's first opposition party president, he struggled with the drug problem and the violence it created in his country. What did he propose to alleviate this issue?

A) He implemented a zero tolerance policy and first offenders were sentenced to jail.

B) He decided to only legalize marijuana for medical use.

C) He suggested that all drugs be legalized, including LSD, opium, meth, and more.

D) He created a cabinet post that would address the issue and come up with a solution.

E) He ignored the issue because it was too large for him to control.

64) ________ is the study of the earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and resources.

A) Geophysics

B) Geography

C) Cartography

D) Demography

E) Sociology

65) A country that struggles to export crops because it cannot build transportation around the large mountains that cover most of the terrain is being affected by

A) sociology.

B) geography.

C) cartography.

D) demographics.

E) geomatics.

66) Which of the following best describes the perception of geographical features such as mountains in the context of economic growth in Europe?

A) They provide natural protection from potentially hostile neighbors.

B) They are impediments to efficient trade and communication.

C) They are natural landmarks that symbolize national treasure.

D) They are fortuitous blessings that provide a wealth of natural resources.

E) They are symbols of national heritage and history.

67) In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, which of the following is a by-product of pollution controls?

A) corporate environmental responsibility

B) higher tariffs against developing countries

C) the disposal of hazardous waste

D) reduced availability of petroleum products

E) the emission of greenhouse gases

68) Which of the following countries is the world's top polluter, at present, in almost all respects?

A) Brazil

B) China

C) Sudan

D) Afghanistan

E) Zimbabwe

69) What effect did the Basel Convention have on world trade?

A) It allowed the United States full control over the developing countries of Central America.

B) It mandated a total ban on the export of hazardous waste by developed nations.

C) It implemented higher tariffs on exports that created greenhouse-gas emissions.

D) It required a country to remove tax barriers when importing or exporting to a contingent nation.

E) It eliminated anti-dumping policies on electronic devices.

70) ________ development is a joint approach among those who seek economic growth with "wise resource management, equitable distribution of benefits and reduction of negative effects on people and the environment from the process of economic growth."

A) Parallel

B) Global

C) Sustainable

D) Unrestricted

E) Holistic

71) Most of the energy in the underdeveloped areas of the world comes from what source?

A) Nuclear power

B) Human labor

C) Wind energy

D) Geothermal power

E) Fossil fuel

72) Which source of energy dominates the world's energy usage?

A) Hydroelectric power

B) Petroleum products

C) Wind energy

D) Geothermal power

E) Nuclear power

73) The main reasons certain products dominate energy usage around the world is because they are

A) easy to store and transport.

B) favored by most governments.

C) the cheapest form of fuel.

D) the most efficient forms of fuel.

E) unlimited.

74) Which statement describes the consumption of petroleum products by the United States?

A) America is the largest producer of petroleum products.

B) America is likely to stay self-sufficient for the next several decades.

C) America is the third largest consumer of petroleum products.

D) America has become a major importer of petroleum products.

E) Petroleum products are no longer the largest source of energy for the U.S.

75) Which country is considered to be the world's most efficient user of energy?

A) Canada

B) Vietnam

C) Japan

D) India

E) China

76) It has been noted that China is inefficient in oil usage. What seems to be the main reason for this inefficient use of energy?

A) government regulations

B) consumer consumption

C) outdated technology

D) lack of alternatives

E) preponderance of need

77) Which source of energy is used most in America?

A) wind

B) solar

C) coal

D) oil and gas

E) wood

78) When studying the dynamics of global population trends, it is important to remember that

A) the demand for goods worldwide may have no effect on migration patterns.

B) changes in the distribution of population among the world's countries may fail to influence demand.

C) the global financial crisis has caused migration from rural to urban areas within countries.

D) economic growth forecasts and assumptions about fertility rates are independent of each other.

E) the existence of sheer numbers of people is significant in appraising potential consumer markets.

79) Which of the following statements is true with respect to the economic effects of controlling population growth?

A) Fertility rates increase proportionately to the rate of economic growth.

B) A decline in fertility rate is a function of economic prosperity.

C) Lower male-female ratios favor higher fertility rates.

D) Developing nations tend to have lower fertility compared to developed nations.

E) Higher population growth rates have resulted in increased global trade.

80) The population of the industrialized world is most accurately described as

A) increasing at an unprecedented pace.

B) in decline and rapidly aging.

C) mainly consisting of young adults.

D) similar to the population of developing countries.

E) remaining constant for a long time.

81) The part of the world with the largest portion of people over 65 years is also the part of the world with the fewest number of people under age 15 years. Based on this, what might occur in this area of the world?

A) a conscious effort to slow down rapid urbanization and industrialization.

B) a larger focus on automation and technology in industries.

C) a heavy tax burden on future workers.

D) an increased focus on lower birthrates through incentives.

E) an increase in migration to other nations.

82) What would help balance the explosive population expansion in less developed countries and the worker shortage in industrialized regions?

A) stable worker-to-retiree ratio

B) free flow of immigration

C) better senior retirement programs

D) prenatal sex scanning

E) provisions for higher pension

83) What is the most universal means used by governments to control birthrates?

A) family planning

B) universal access to healthcare

C) high literacy levels

D) education for women

E) improved nutrition

84) In numerous cultures, a family's only wealth is represented by the number of children they have. This demonstrates how ________ can deter population control.

A) financial benefits

B) poor enforcement mechanisms

C) biological factors

D) government welfare schemes

E) cultural attitudes

85) In the context of global population trends, a nation needs a fertility rate of about 2.1 children per woman to be able to

A) reduce its population.

B) maintain its population.

C) encourage immigration.

D) increase its population.

E) discourage immigration.

86) Which region is most affected by aging and thus by a steadily decreasing worker-to-retiree ratio?

A) Africa

B) North America

C) South America

D) Asia

E) Europe

87) Countries like ________ and the U.S. epitomize the problems caused by an increasing percentage of elderly people who must be supported by a declining number of skilled workers.

A) Brazil

B) China

C) Egypt

D) Chile

E) Japan

88) ________ represent(s) the attempts of countries to overcome economic and social imbalances created in part by the influence of geography.

A) Import tariffs

B) Free Trade policies

C) Trade routes

D) Global migration

E) Resource sharing pacts

89) What was the earliest form of a trade route?

A) land routes

B) the Internet

C) sea routes

D) underground routes

E) air routes

90) What key tool is necessary for anyone participating in commerce in order to know where goods and services exist and also know where they are needed?

A) sustainable development

B) expropriation

C) immigration

D) effective communications

E) political stability

91) Describe how the historical roots of Japan's culture have influenced its contemporary behavior and culture.

92) Explain what it means for historical records to be subjective and why a proper understanding of this concept is essential for a marketer.

93) In the context of the subjective nature of historical events, contrast the American and Mexican perspectives on the Monroe Doctrine. Which popular statement typifies the difference between the perspectives?

94) Briefly describe Manifest Destiny and the Monroe Doctrine as the policies that were accepted as the basis for U.S. foreign policy during the 19th and 20th centuries.

95) Discuss how these three statements found in the text reflect the need for a deeper understanding of a country when participating in international trade. (1) "History is taught one way in Mexico and another way in the United States—the United States robbed us but we are portrayed in U.S. textbooks as bandits who invaded Texas." (2) "We may not like gringos for historical reasons, but today the world is dividing into commercial blocks, and we are handcuffed to each other for better or worse." (3) "We always have been and we continue to be a colony of the United States."

96) Explain, with examples, how climate and topography of a country affect its economic profile.

97) Discuss how less-privileged nations suffer disproportionately from natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Provide an example of a current situation where this is evidenced.

98) In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, what is sustainable development?

99) The consequences of a population explosion set the stage for countries to implement some ethical forms of population control. Describe some of the factors that must be in place in order for these types of controls to work.

100) Explain why communication infrastructures are an integral part of international commerce.