Ch4 Complete Test Bank Physical Development In Infancy And

Chapter 4

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Multiple Choice

1. If Patrick is typical, his height at the end of his first year should be about ________ inches.

A) 24

B) 28

C) 32

D) 36

Page Ref: 106

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.

Topic: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Maggie is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round, plump baby. You can inform Maggie that her daughter’s rise in “baby fat” ________.

A) insulates brittle bones until proper cartilage is formed

B) is a trend that will continue into middle childhood

C) serves to strengthen muscles

D) helps maintain a constant body temperature

Page Ref: 106

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.

Topic: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Difficult

3. According to the ________ trend, during the prenatal period the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

A) cranial

B) neuroproximal

C) proximodistal

D) cephalocaudal

Page Ref: 106

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.

Topic: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which statement accurately reflects the proximodistal trend of body growth?

A) During infancy, the body grows from “head to tail.”

B) During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.

C) During the prenatal period, the trunk grows first, followed by the chest and the head.

D) During infancy and childhood, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

Page Ref: 107

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.

Topic: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

5. During infancy, ________. These sex differences ________ at adolescence.

A) boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; disappear

B) girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys; reverse

C) girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; are greatly magnified

D) boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls; are greatly magnified

Page Ref: 107

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.

Topic: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

6. Which statement about individual and group differences in physical growth is true?

A) Asian children tend to be slightly above North American growth norms.

B) African-American children tend to be below North American growth norms.

C) There are no apparent ethnic differences in physical growth.

D) Children of the same age differ in rate of physical growth.

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.

Topic: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

7. The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is ________.

A) chronological age

B) skeletal age

C) birth weight

D) arm span

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.1 Describe major changes in body growth over the first two years.

Topic: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

8. Newborn Sam’s ________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.

A) heart

B) brain

C) spinal cord

D) femur

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The ________ is the brain structure responsible for the highly developed intelligence of the human species.

A) cerebellum

B) cerebral cortex

C) hypothalamus

D) medulla

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which statement about neurons is true?

A) Neurons are gaps between body cells.

B) Neurons are tightly packed together.

C) Neurons are responsible for myelination.

D) Neurons store and transmit information.

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which statement about synapses is true?

A) Synapses decrease dramatically during the first year.

B) Synapses are tiny gaps between neighboring neurons.

C) Synapses are pruned during myelination.

D) Synapses are responsible for myelination.

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

12. Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called ________.

A) positrons

B) neurotransmitters

C) glials

D) myelins

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. ________ makes space for neural fibers and synapses to increase.

A) Neurotransmission

B) Myelination

C) Programmed cell death

D) Neural augmentation

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

14. As neurons form connections, stimulation ________.

A) becomes unnecessary

B) results in fewer and fewer synapses

C) becomes vital to their survival

D) causes synaptic pruning

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

15. At first, stimulation ________, thereby ensuring that the child will acquire crucial motor, cognitive, and social skills.

A) leads to synaptic pruning

B) results in a massive overabundance of synapses

C) helps ensure each new synapse serves a unique and vital function

D) returns neurons to an uncommitted and multifunctional state

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

16. Neurons that ________ soon lose their synapses in a process called synaptic pruning.

A) are unrelated to basic survival needs

B) are produced after the prenatal period

C) are seldom stimulated

D) develop a myelin sheath

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. About half the brain’s volume is made up of ________ cells.

A) red blood

B) white blood

C) stem

D) glial

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. ________ are responsible for myelination.

A) Neurons

B) Neurotransmitters

C) Glial cells

D) Synapses

Page Ref: 108

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

19. The process of ________ coats the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer.

A) myelination

B) neuroimaging

C) synaptic pruning

D) neurotransmission

Page Ref: 109

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Brain growth is especially dramatic during ________, when the brain more than doubles in size.

A) the first year

B) the second year

C) middle childhood

D) adolescence

Page Ref: 109

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. With an electroencephalogram (EEG), researchers ________.

A) use a tunnel-shaped apparatus that creates a magnetic field

B) examine brain-wave patterns for stability and organization

C) create detailed, three-dimensional pictures of the entire brain

D) can be certain of the way the individual processes a stimulus

Page Ref: 109

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

22. A doctor wants to examine the functioning of 2-year-old Mia’s cerebral cortex to measure blood flow and oxygen metabolism. The best method to use is ________.

A) an electroencephalogram (EEG)

B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

C) positron emission tomography (PET)

D) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Page Ref: 110, Table 4.1, Figure 4.4

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

23. Event-related potentials (ERPs) allow researchers to ________.

A) identify general regions of stimulus-induced brain activity

B) detect increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain

C) capture images of brain activity every 1 to 4 seconds as it occurs

D) collect fine streams of X-rays representing activity anywhere in the brain

Page Ref: 110, Table 4.1, Figure 4.4

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

24. Which statement about functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is true?

A) Thin, flexible optical fibers are attached to a person’s scalp.

B) A person lies in a tunnel-shaped scanner.

C) A person wears a head cap embedded with electrodes.

D) A scanner emits fine streams of X-rays that interact with a radioactive substance.

Page Ref: 110, Table 4.1, Figure 4.4

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. The cerebral cortex ________.

A) is the smallest brain structure

B) surrounds the rest of the brain

C) closely resembles a coconut husk

D) is the first part of the brain to stop growing

Page Ref: 111

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. The greatest number of neurons and synapses is contained in the ________.

A) cerebral cortex

B) cerebellum

C) medulla

D) hippocampus

Page Ref: 111

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for ________.

A) receiving sensory information

B) physical movement

C) complex thought

D) language development

Page Ref: 111

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

28. In left-handed people, the ________.

A) right hemisphere always handles spatial abilities

B) cerebral cortex may be less clearly specialized than in right-handers

C) left hemisphere is always responsible for verbal abilities

D) left hemisphere is always responsible for positive emotion

Page Ref: 111

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

29. The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is called ________.

A) lateralization

B) plasticity

C) pruning

D) dominance

Page Ref: 111

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveal that the left hemisphere is better at processing information in a(n) ________ manner.

A) holistic

B) integrative

C) analytic

D) random

Page Ref: 111

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

31. Which statement about brain plasticity is true?

A) A highly plastic cerebral cortex has a low capacity for learning.

B) When there is damage to a highly plastic cerebral cortex, the tasks it handled can no longer be managed.

C) Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.

D) The brain is the most plastic during adolescence.

Page Ref: 112

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

32. Most newborns show greater activation in the right hemisphere while ________.

A) listening to speech sounds

B) displaying a positive state of arousal

C) tasting sweet sugar water

D) listening to nonspeech sounds

Page Ref: 112

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

33. Except for damage to certain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, who would likely have the best prospects for recovery from brain injury?

A) Sasha, age 1

B) Connie, age 12

C) Emily, age 35

D) Zhenya, age 60

Page Ref: 112

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

34. In the first few years of life, the brain is ________.

A) highly plastic

B) totally plastic

C) more lateralized than at any other period

D) unable to recover from injury

Page Ref: 112

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. When animals reared from birth in physically and socially stimulating surroundings are compared with those reared in isolation, the brains of the stimulated animals ________.

A) are smaller

B) are lighter

C) show much denser synaptic connections

D) show loss of more functions

Page Ref: 112

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

36. Michael was born with cataracts in both eyes. What can you tell his parents about the possibility of recovery as it relates to sensitive periods in brain development?

A) Michael should not have corrective surgery until adulthood, as earlier surgery may permanently damage his eyes.

B) The longer cataract surgery is postponed beyond infancy, the less complete the recovery in visual skills.

C) Corrective surgery should be postponed until early childhood so that Michael can fully recover his visual skills.

D) There is only a slight chance that corrective surgery can rectify Michael’s severe impairment.

Page Ref: 112

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

37. In a study of Romanian orphans adopted into British homes, children who were adopted ________ showed the greatest cognitive catch-up on later mental test scores..

A) before 6 months

B) between 6 months and 2 years

C) between 2 and 6 years

D) between 6 and 11 years

Page Ref: 113

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Martin and Lewis plan to adopt 3-year-old Alexandru, who has been living in an orphanage since birth. Martin and Lewis should know that early, prolonged institutionalization ________.

A) fosters resilience in later childhood and adolescence

B) increases the brain’s capacity to manage stress

C) leads to a decrease in size and activity in the cerebral cortex

D) has little impact on intellectual development

Page Ref: 113

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

39. In a study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes, the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the ________ their ________.

A) higher; cortisol levels

B) lower; blood pressure

C) greater; anger control

D) greater; impulse control

Page Ref: 113

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

40. Stimulating infants beyond their current capacities with letter and number flash cards and educational tablet applications ________.

A) yields smarter “superbabies” who are ready for the challenge of formal education

B) increases the size of the prefrontal cortex, which governs complex cognition

C) increases the brain’s capacity for impulse control and stress management

D) can cause them to withdraw, thereby threatening their interest in learning

Page Ref: 113

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

41. Experience-dependent brain growth ________.

A) occurs throughout our lives

B) depends on young children’s ordinary explorations of and interactions with their environment

C) provides the foundation for experience-expectant brain growth

D) refers to the young brain’s rapidly developing organization

Page Ref: 114

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

42. Which activity should Cheryl, a caregiver, use to promote experience-expectant brain growth in children?

A) reading and writing

B) playing a game of peekaboo

C) playing computer games

D) practicing the piano

Page Ref: 114

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

43. Which statement about brain development is true?

A) The sensitive period for mastering gymnastic and musical performance skills is 3 to 4 years of age.

B) Experience-expectant brain growth depends on specific learning experiences that vary widely across cultures.

C) No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years for mastering skills that depend on extensive training.

D) Experience-dependent brain growth occurs early and naturally, as caregivers interact with babies and preschoolers.

Page Ref: 114

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.2 Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, current methods of measuring brain functioning, and appropriate stimulation to support the brain’s potential.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

44. Regarding states of arousal, between birth and 2 years, ________.

A) the number of naps and total sleep time both increase

B) fussiness and crying increase

C) total sleep time increases by three to six hours

D) the sleep–wake pattern increasingly conforms to a night–day schedule

Page Ref: 114

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.3 Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

45. Compared to U.S. babies, Dutch babies ________.

A) are put to bed later

B) sleep, on average, 2 hours less per day

C) sleep, on average, 2 hours more per day

D) have less predictable sleep schedules

Page Ref: 114

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.3 Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

46. ________ is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world’s population.

A) Nighttime separation of baby from parent

B) Parent‒infant cosleeping

C) Imposing a strict infant sleep schedule

D) Infant crib sleeping

Page Ref: 115 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.3 Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

47. Which statement about cosleeping is true?

A) Babies who sleep with their parents breastfeed three times longer than infants who sleep alone.

B) Cosleeping has decreased in Western nations over the past two decades.

C) Many American parents who practice cosleeping believe it instills early autonomy.

D) Soft mattresses and heavy blankets contribute to effective cosleeping.

Page Ref: 115 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.3 Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

48. Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him. What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

A) Parents and infants usually sleep on soft surfaces and use quilts and comforters.

B) Parents typically place their infants on their stomachs to sleep.

C) Parents and infants usually sleep with light covering on hard surfaces.

D) Parents usually assume a distinctive sleeping posture by turning their backs to the infant.

Page Ref: 115 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.3 Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

49. In a study of over 10,000 mothers in Western and Asian nations, consistently engaging in bedtime routines was associated with their child ________.

A) staying up later

B) waking less often

C) getting less sleep

D) experiencing more daytime wakefulness

Page Ref: 116

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.3 Explain how the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes over the first two years.

Topic: Brain Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

50. ________ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.

A) Cephalocaudal

B) Proximodistal

C) Catch-up

D) Thyroid-stimulating

Page Ref: 117

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

51. The body weights of adopted children ________.

A) correlate more strongly with those of their biological than of their adoptive parents

B) correlate more strongly with those of their adoptive than of their biological parents

C) show little or no correlation with those of their biological or adoptive parents

D) correlate strongly with those of their adoptive siblings

Page Ref: 117

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

52. Pound for pound, an infant’s energy needs are ________ those of an adult.

A) less than one-quarter

B) about one-half

C) about the same as

D) at least twice

Page Ref: 117

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age ________, with solid foods added at ________.

A) 6 months or longer; 4 months

B) 1 year; 4 months

C) 1 year; 6 months

D) 2 years or longer; 6 months

Page Ref: 117

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Breastfeeding for just a few weeks ________.

A) is a rare practice among American women

B) leads directly to later obesity in children

C) is not helpful because, in the beginning, breastfeeding causes constipation

D) offers children some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections

Page Ref: 117

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

55. In Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, ________.

A) most new mothers are encouraged by hospitals to use commercial formula

B) nearly 80 percent of babies are exclusively breastfed for the first six months

C) one-third of babies are fully weaned from the breast before 1 year

D) mothers are well-informed about the benefits of breastfeeding

Page Ref: 117

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

56. Compared with the milk of other mammals, human milk is ________ and ________.

A) lower in fat; higher in protein

B) higher in fat; lower in protein

C) higher in fat; higher in protein

D) lower in fat; lower in protein

Page Ref: 118, Applying What We Know

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

57. Compared with bottle-fed infants, breastfed babies ________.

A) reject solid foods more often

B) have a lower percentage of muscle to fat

C) have far fewer allergic reactions and respiratory and intestinal illnesses

D) have more gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation

Page Ref: 118, Applying What We Know

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

58. The American Academy of Pediatrics advises exclusive breastfeeding for the first ________ and inclusion of breast milk in the baby’s diet until at least ________.

A) 6 weeks; 6 months

B) 4 months; 6 months

C) 6 months; 1 year

D) 1 year; 2 years

Page Ref: 118

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Brenda is unable to breastfeed her baby. She worries that she is depriving him of an experience essential for healthy psychological development. Brenda should know that ________.

A) children and adolescents who were breastfed are substantially more intelligent than those who were bottle-fed

B) children and adolescents who were bottle-fed suffer more from emotional adjustment issues than those who were breastfed

C) breastfed babies in industrialized nations show more secure attachments than bottle-fed babies, after controlling for maternal intelligence and SES

D) breastfed and bottle-fed infants in industrialized nations do not differ in quality of the mother‒infant relationship or in later emotional adjustment

Page Ref: 118

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Difficult

60. Most chubby babies with nutritious diets ________.

A) become overweight adults

B) are bottle-fed rather than breastfed

C) are less active than normal-weight babies

D) thin out during toddlerhood and early childhood

Page Ref: 118

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

61. Interviews with large, nationally representative samples of U.S. parents revealed that as many as one-fourth of their infants and toddlers ________.

A) ate no fruits and vegetables

B) ate fruits and vegetables on a regular basis

C) met the dietary requirements recommended by federal agencies

D) exceeded the dietary requirements recommended by federal agencies

Page Ref: 119

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

62. ________ is associated with slower early weight gain and 10 to 20 percent reduced obesity risk in later life.

A) Introducing solid foods after 12 months

B) Combining breast- and bottle-feeding for the first year

C) Breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months

D) Bottle-feeding exclusively after the first six weeks

Page Ref: 119

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

63. Which statement about marasmus is true?

A) It usually appears in starving babies during the first year of life.

B) It is caused by a diet very high in protein.

C) It is characterized by an enlarged belly and swollen feet.

D) It rarely leads to death because the child gets enough calories.

Page Ref: 119

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

64. Addisu gets just enough calories from starchy foods, but his diet is very low in protein. He has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, and a rash on his skin. Addisu is probably suffering from ________.

A) marasmus

B) iron-deficiency anemia

C) kwashiorkor

D) nonorganic failure to thrive

Page Ref: 119

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Difficult

65. When the diets of severely malnourished children improve, the children ________.

A) often continue to undereat

B) rarely have lasting damage

C) rarely show catch-up growth

D) tend to gain excessive weight

Page Ref: 119

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

66. Children who experienced marasmus or kwashiorkor display ________.

A) few conduct problems

B) a high degree of fine-motor coordination

C) a more intense stress response to fear-arousing situations

D) little to no lasting damage to organs

Page Ref: 119

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

67. Yolanda, age 2, is being raised in a single-parent American household. Although her mother works, she does not always have sufficient funds to purchase enough food for a healthy, active life. Yolanda is thin and withdrawn. Yolanda most likely suffers from ________.

A) marasmus

B) anorexia

C) kwashiorkor

D) food insecurity

Page Ref: 119

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.4 Cite evidence that heredity and nutrition both contribute to early physical growth.

Topic: Influences on Early Physical Growth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

68. ________ make(s) classical conditioning possible in the young infant.

A) Newborn reflexes

B) A novelty preference

C) Observational learning

D) Habituation

Page Ref: 120

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

69. In classical conditioning, ________.

A) babies learn by observing others and imitating their actions

B) a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response

C) the strength of a response is gradually reduced due to repetitive stimulation

D) stimuli that follow infants’ behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again

Page Ref: 120

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

70. If learning has occurred in classical conditioning, and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response, the neutral stimulus is then called a ________.

A) neutral response

B) conditioned stimulus

C) conditioned response

D) reinforcer

Page Ref: 120

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

71. Every time baby Gloria nurses, she is placed on a nursing pillow. Gloria’s mother later notices that each time Gloria is placed on the pillow, she makes sucking movements. In this example, ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A) breast milk

B) sucking

C) crying

D) placement on the pillow

Page Ref: 120

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

72. In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone enough times, without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

A) an unconditioned response

B) extinction

C) neutrality

D) association

Page Ref: 120

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

73. Some responses, such as ________, are difficult to classically condition in young babies.

A) eye blinking

B) fear

C) kicking

D) sucking

Page Ref: 120

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

74. In operant conditioning, ________.

A) a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that leads to a reflexive response

B) babies build expectations about stimulus events but do not influence the stimuli that occur

C) infants act, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again

D) after a baby’s nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli, the neutral stimulus produces the behavior

Page Ref: 121

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

75. In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called ________.

A) a reinforcer

B) punishment

C) a neutral stimulus

D) a conditioned stimulus

Page Ref: 121

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

76. In operant conditioning, punishment can involve ________.

A) presenting a neutral stimulus just before an unconditioned stimulus

B) pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response

C) presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response

D) presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the occurrence of a response

Page Ref: 121

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

77. The term habituation refers to ________.

A) removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response

B) a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

C) presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response

D) presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the occurrence of a response

Page Ref: 121

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

78. When habituation occurs, ________.

A) heart rate and brain activity both increase

B) infants respond strongly to repetitive stimulation

C) infants focus more attention on things they know the most about

D) heart rate, respiration rate, and brain activity may all decline

Page Ref: 121

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

79. Following habituation, when a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, the increase is called ________.

A) imitation

B) recovery

C) reinforcement

D) repetition

Page Ref: 122

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

80. Habituation and recovery make learning more efficient by ________.

A) allowing us to learn by observing others

B) making sure we concentrate hardest on stimuli that are most familiar to us

C) allowing us to classically condition responses such as fear in young infants

D) focusing our attention on those aspects of the environment we know least about

Page Ref: 122

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

81. Jacqueline is studying a fetus’s sensitivity to external stimuli by measuring changes in fetal heart rate when various repeated sounds are presented and then followed by a different sound. Jacqueline is using ________.

A) imitation

B) extinction

C) habituation and recovery

D) classical conditioning

Page Ref: 122

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Difficult

82. ________ preference assesses infants’ ________ memory.

A) Novelty; recent

B) Familiarity; recent

C) Novelty; remote

D) Familiarity; muscle

Page Ref: 122

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

83. Which statement is among the conclusions supported by the research on imitation?

A) Newborn chimpanzees imitate more facial expressions and gestures than human infants, and their imitative behavior does not decline.

B) Imitation is harder to induce in newborns than in babies 2 to 3 months old because newborns cannot learn by observing others.

C) Babies several months old often do not imitate an adult’s behavior right away because they first try to play familiar social games.

D) Unlike newborn chimpanzees, newborn humans cannot imitate certain gestures, such as head and index-finger movements.

Page Ref: 122

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Difficult

84. According to one perspective, newborns imitate much as older children and adults do, by ________.

A) passively allowing their muscles to adapt to configurations they see in others

B) observing the reinforcement they see others obtaining and seeking the same for themselves

C) thinking about the social meaning behind the movements and gestures they see

D) actively trying to match body movements they see with ones they feel themselves make

Page Ref: 122

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

85. ________ fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.

A) Imitation neurons

B) Glial cells

C) Mirror neurons

D) Neurotransmitters

Page Ref: 122

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.5 Describe infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.

Topic: Learning Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

86. Gross-motor development refers to control over ________.

A) small hand movements

B) reaching and grasping

C) actions that help infants get around in the environment

D) actions that help infants and toddlers pick up small objects

Page Ref: 124

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

87. Which of these is an example of a fine-motor skill?

A) grasping

B) crawling

C) walking

D) standing

Page Ref: 124

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

88. Four-month-old Logan’s parents are tracking his motor development. Which motor skill is Logan likely to have already achieved?

A) sitting alone

B) grasping a cube

C) pulling to stand

D) playing pat-a-cake

Page Ref: 124, Table 4.2

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

89. Which motor skill takes the longest to develop?

A) building a two-cube tower

B) crawling

C) walking on tiptoe

D) rolling from side to back

Page Ref: 124, Table 4.2

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

90. According to ________ of motor development, mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action.

A) the proximodistal trend

B) the cephalocaudal trend

C) ecological systems theory

D) dynamic systems theory

Page Ref: 125

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

91. Which statement is true about the order in which motor skills develop?

A) It depends wholly on the baby’s efforts.

B) It depends on the anatomy of the body part being used, the surrounding environment, and the baby’s efforts.

C) Babies rarely use advances in one motor skill to support advances in others.

D) It follows a strict sequence.

Page Ref: 125

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

92. Which mother is most likely to actively discourage her infant’s gross-motor progress?

A) Elyse, a Canadian mother

B) Indira, a West Indian mother

C) Biyaki, a Gusii mother

D) Cheruiyot, a Kipsigis mother

Page Ref: 126

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

93. Among the ________, babies hold their heads up, sit alone, and walk considerably earlier than North American infants.

A) Gusii of Kenya

B) West Indians of Jamaica

C) rural northeastern Chinese

D) Zinacanteco Indians of southern Mexico

Page Ref: 126

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

94. The current Western practice of ________ delays gross-motor milestones of rolling, sitting, and crawling.

A) exposing infants to “tummy time”

B) using rear-facing car seats

C) putting babies in bouncing activity centers

D) having babies sleep on their backs

Page Ref: 126

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

95. Of all motor skills, ________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.

A) rolling over

B) reaching

C) crawling

D) walking

Page Ref: 126

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

96. Newborn Franco makes poorly coordinated swipes toward his toy giraffe. Franco is demonstrating ________.

A) the pincer grasp

B) the grasp reflex

C) the ulnar grasp

D) prereaching

Page Ref: 126

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

97. The newborn’s grasp reflex is first replaced by ________.

A) prereaching

B) the ulnar grasp

C) reaching

D) the pincer grasp

Page Ref: 127

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

98. A baby’s ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of ________, which involves use of the thumb and index finger opposably.

A) the pincer grasp

B) the grasp reflex

C) the ulnar grasp

D) prereaching

Page Ref: 127

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.6 Describe dynamic systems theory of motor development, along with factors that influence motor progress in the first two years.

Topic: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

99. Rodolfo is interested in how babies actively organize and interpret what they see. Rodolfo’s area of research is ________.

A) sensory capacities

B) habituation

C) perceptual development

D) motor development

Page Ref: 128

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

100. Between 4 and 7 months, infants ________.

A) prefer nonspeech over human speech

B) display a sense of musical phrasing

C) prefer pieces of music with awkward breaks rather than those with pauses between phrases

D) prefer listening to a foreign language rather than their native tongue

Page Ref: 128

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

101. Which individual is most likely to be able to discriminate individual faces of humans and monkeys?

A) 6-month-old Jake

B) 18-month-old Monica

C) 6-year-old Bartholomew

D) 18-year-old Jade

Page Ref: 129 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: “Tuning In” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

102. Which statement about the perceptual narrowing effect is true?

A) Babies are not sensitive to speech sounds, but they become so over time.

B) Human babies cannot discriminate individual faces of humans or monkeys.

C) Six-month-olds can detect rhythmic changes in both Western and non-Western melodies.

D) After exposure to Western music, 12-month-olds become aware of changes in non-Western rhythms.

Page Ref: 129 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: “Tuning In” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

103. Research suggests that there is a sensitive period, ________, when babies are biologically prepared to “zero in” on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions.

A) from birth to three months

B) in the first half of the first year

C) in the second half of the first year

D) during the second year of life

Page Ref: 129 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: “Tuning In” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

104. Around 7 to 9 months, infants begin to ________.

A) detect words that start with weak syllables

B) prefer nonspeech sounds over human speech

C) prefer their native language to foreign languages

D) divide the speech stream into wordlike units

Page Ref: 130

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

105. The more rapidly 10-month-olds detect words within the speech stream, the ________ at age 2 years.

A) clearer their speech

B) larger their vocabulary

C) lower their IQ

D) smaller their cerebral cortex

Page Ref: 130

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

106. For exploring the environment, humans depend on ________ more than any other sense.

A) touch

B) hearing

C) vision

D) taste

Page Ref: 130

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

107. In terms of visual development, around 2 months infants ________.

A) reach 20/20 vision

B) achieve adultlike color vision

C) display sensitivity to pictorial depth cues

D) can focus on objects about as well as adults can

Page Ref: 130

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

108. In terms of visual development, around 4 months infants’ color vision ________.

A) is just beginning to develop

B) is adultlike in quality

C) is blurry compared to perception of black-and-white objects

D) has declined compared to earlier months

Page Ref: 130

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

109. A child’s visual acuity reaches an adult level of about 20/20 by age________.

A) 6 months

B) 1 year

C) 4 years

D) 8 years

Page Ref: 130

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

110. In which order does sensitivity to depth cues develop in the first year?

A) motion cues, binocular cues, pictorial cues

B) pictorial cues, binocular cues, motion cues

C) binocular cues, motion cues, pictorial cues

D) motion cues, pictorial cues, binocular cues

Page Ref: 131

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

111. Infants with more crawling experience, regardless of when they started to crawl, are far more likely to ________.

A) refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff

B) fail at pattern recognition tasks

C) rely on binocular depth cues in the environment

D) explore all areas of the visual cliff

Page Ref: 131

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

112. Which image would newborn Alex most likely prefer to look at?

A) pastel pink square

B) black-and-white checkerboard with large, bold squares

C) multicolored checkerboard with hundreds of squares

D) black oval

Page Ref: 131

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

113. Newborn Farouk will probably look longer at ________ human and animal faces than ________ ones.

A) upside-down; upright

B) unattractive; attractive

C) attractive; unattractive

D) sideways; upright

Page Ref: 132

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

114. As early as 3 months, infants prefer and more easily discriminate among ________ faces than among ________ faces.

A) female; male

B) negative; positive

C) male; female

D) animal; human

Page Ref: 133

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

115. When 4-month-old Edgar’s dad talks to him, Edgar focuses on his dad’s voice and face. Edgar is detecting ________.

A) amodal sensory properties

B) kinetic depth cues

C) contrast sensitivity

D) differentiation properties

Page Ref: 133

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

116. Which statement about intermodal perception is true?

A) Infants require many exposures to learn the association between the sight and sound of a toy.

B) It interferes with infants’ ability to learn the patterns of their native language.

C) It does not begin to develop until the second half of the first year.

D) It fosters all aspects of psychological development.

Page Ref: 133

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.7 Identify changes in hearing, depth and pattern perception, and intermodal perception during infancy.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

117. According to differentiation theory, infants ________.

A) do not perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way

B) cannot perceive amodal properties—information that overlaps two or more sensory systems

C) actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world

D) prefer novelty and, therefore, seek out unstable features of the environment

Page Ref: 134

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.8 Explain differentiation theory of perceptual development.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

118. One way of understanding perceptual development is to think of it as a built-in tendency to seek ________.

A) order and consistency

B) novel experiences

C) social experiences

D) risk and change

Page Ref: 134

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.8 Explain differentiation theory of perceptual development.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

119. According to the cognitive view of perceptual development, babies ________.

A) are blank slates

B) impose meaning on what they perceive

C) actively search for discontinuous stimuli

D) seek variant features in the environment

Page Ref: 135

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 4.8 Explain differentiation theory of perceptual development.

Topic: Perceptual Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Essay

120. Discuss the two growth patterns that describe the changes in body proportions as a child grows.

Page Ref: 106-107

121. What influence does heredity have on physical growth?

Page Ref: 117

122. Are chubby babies at risk for later overweight and obesity? How can concerned parents prevent their infants from becoming overweight children and adults?

Page Ref: 118-119

123. Differentiate gross-motor and fine-motor development, giving examples of each. Explain dynamic systems theory of motor development.

Page Ref: 124-126

124. Describe how cultural variations in infant-rearing practices affect motor development.

Page Ref: 126

125. Explain intermodal perception and its importance to perceptual development.

Page Ref: 133-134