Ch.3 Prenatal Development, Birth, And The + Test Bank Docx

Chapter 3

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby

Multiple Choice

1. About once every 28 days, an ovum bursts from one of a woman’s two ________ and is drawn into one of two ________.

A) ovaries; testes

B) fallopian tubes; ovaries

C) corpus luteum; fallopian tubes

D) ovaries; fallopian tubes

Page Ref: 70

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which statement is true about the corpus luteum?

A) It is where fertilization usually takes place.

B) It secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.

C) It is one of two long, thin structures that lead to the hollow, softly lined uterus.

D) It is one of two walnut-sized organs located deep inside a woman’s abdomen.

Page Ref: 70

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

3. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum shrinks, and the ________.

A) cells begin to duplicate

B) one-celled zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst

C) germinal period begins

D) lining of the uterus is discarded

Page Ref: 70

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The male produces sperm in the ________, two glands located in the ________.

A) penis; scrotum

B) scrotum; penis

C) testes; penis

D) testes; scrotum

Page Ref: 70

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The germinal period of prenatal development ________.

A) occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy

B) lasts about six weeks

C) lasts about two weeks

D) is the final period of a 38-week pregnancy

Page Ref: 70

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Irina is in her first week of pregnancy. During this time, ________.

A) embryonic heart muscles begin to develop

B) the zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst

C) a primitive brain and spinal cord appear

D) the embryo can move

Page Ref: 71

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

7. Which statement about the embryonic disk is true?

A) It becomes the new organism.

B) It is the outer ring of cells on a blastocyst.

C) It has a good chance of survival outside the womb.

D) It is a protective membrane that surrounds the amnion.

Page Ref: 71

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

8. Which statement about a blastocyst is true?

A) It consists of a single cell.

B) It is a structure that feeds the developing organism.

C) It is a hollow, fluid-filled ball formed by the fourth day.

D) It is a membrane that helps to keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.

Page Ref: 71

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

9. When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, ________.

A) implantation occurs

B) pregnancy cannot occur

C) it stops growing

D) the cells of the zygote first duplicate

Page Ref: 71

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

10. What is one of the functions served by amniotic fluid?

A) It delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism.

B) It helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.

C) It delivers nutrients to the organism and removes waste products.

D) It produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function.

Page Ref: 71

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

11. Which statement about the yolk sac is true?

A) It forms during the third trimester of pregnancy.

B) It is the outer ring of cells that surrounds the blastocyst.

C) It produces blood cells until the organs are mature enough to take over this function.

D) It contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste.

Page Ref: 71

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

12. Which statement about the placenta is true?

A) It forms in the second trimester of pregnancy.

B) It encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.

C) It contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo.

D) It permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism.

Page Ref: 72

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

13. The force of blood flowing through the ________ keeps it firm.

A) amnion

B) umbilical cord

C) yolk sac

D) embryonic disk

Page Ref: 73

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

14. The ectoderm becomes the ________.

A) muscles and skeleton

B) nervous system and skin

C) circulatory system and other internal organs

D) amniotic fluid

Page Ref: 73

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

15. The ________, which forms during the period of the embryo, will become the ________.

A) mesoderm; nervous system, lungs, internal organs, and skin

B) chorion; endocrine system, muscles, placenta, and skeleton

C) yolk sac; circulatory system, skin, skeleton, and internal organs

D) endoderm; digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

Page Ref: 73

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

16. Jalynn is in the last half of the first month of her pregnancy. Which of the following is developing the fastest in her embryo?

A) circulatory system

B) endocrine system

C) nervous system

D) skin

Page Ref: 73

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

17. The ________ folds over to form the ________, or primitive spinal cord.

A) mesoderm; amnion

B) ectoderm; neural tube

C) endoderm; neural tube

D) ectoderm; chorion

Page Ref: 73

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

18. By the end of Greta’s first month of pregnancy, her embryo ________.

A) can sense its world

B) is about ¼ inch long

C) can suck its thumb

D) can bend its arms

Page Ref: 73

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. During the second month of pregnancy, ________.

A) the umbilical cord first appears

B) touch sensitivity extends to most of the body

C) the heart develops separate chambers

D) the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope

Page Ref: 73

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

20. By the twelfth week of pregnancy, ________.

A) the sex of the fetus can be detected with ultrasound

B) the mother can feel the movements of the fetus

C) the fetus is viable and can survive if born early

D) synchrony between fetal heart rate and motor activity peaks

Page Ref: 74

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

21. Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus’s heartbeat through a stethoscope. You tell her that this should happen by the ________.

A) fourth week of pregnancy

B) third month of pregnancy

C) end of the second trimester

D) beginning of the third trimester

Page Ref: 74

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

22. During the second trimester, a white, cheeselike substance called ________ emerges on the skin of the fetus.

A) lanugo

B) corpus luteum

C) vernix

D) chorion

Page Ref: 74

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Lanugo ________.

A) permits food and oxygen to reach the organism

B) provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother’s movements

C) helps regulate the fetus’s body temperature

D) helps the vernix stick to the skin

Page Ref: 74

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

24. ________ increases tenfold from the twentieth week until birth.

A) Amniotic fluid

B) Brain weight

C) Fetal length

D) Neuron production

Page Ref: 74

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

25. A 20-week-old fetus can ________.

A) be stimulated as well as irritated by sounds

B) survive, if born early

C) breathe without oxygen assistance, if born early

D) control its own body temperature

Page Ref:74

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

26. A baby born between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy ________.

A) is typically just as healthy as a full-term baby

B) usually needs oxygen assistance to breathe

C) will not be viable

D) is considered small-for-date

Page Ref: 74

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

27. Liz is 36 weeks pregnant. A rise in her baby’s heart rate is probably followed within five seconds by a ________.

A) burst of motor activity

B) period of sleep

C) rise in Liz’s heart rate

D) drop in Liz’s body temperature

Page Ref: 75

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

28. In the eighth month of pregnancy, ________.

A) fetal growth doubles

B) neuron production increases

C) the eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form

D) the fetus receives antibodies from the mother’s blood

Page Ref: 75

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

29. In the last weeks of pregnancy, ________.

A) the fetus usually loses a pound or two

B) most fetuses assume an upside-down position

C) fetal growth increases dramatically

D) the fetus begins relying on its own well-developed immune system

Page Ref: 75

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.1 List the three periods of prenatal development, and describe the major milestones of each.

Topic: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

30. The term teratogen refers to ________.

A) any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

B) a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly

C) a rapid period of prenatal neurological development

D) a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage

Page Ref: 76

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

31. The harm done by teratogens ________.

A) is straightforward and predictable

B) is usually apparent at birth

C) rarely goes beyond physical damage

D) depends in part on age at the time of exposure

Page Ref: 76

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

32. Which statement about the harm done by teratogens is true?

A) Passive smoking is rarely harmful to the developing fetus.

B) The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.

C) The negative impact of teratogens is usually reversible.

D) The most serious defects occur in the germinal period.

Page Ref: 76

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

33. In the ________ period of development, teratogens rarely have any impact.

A) germinal

B) embryonic

C) fetal

D) prenatal

Page Ref: 76

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is ________.

A) aspirin

B) diethylstilbestrol (DES)

C) thalidomide

D) isotretinoin

Page Ref: 76

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

35. During her pregnancy, Ananya increased her intake of coffee and tea. Her doctor is likely to tell her that high doses of caffeine contained in coffee and tea increase the risk of ________.

A) premature labor

B) limb deformities

C) respiratory distress at birth

D) low birth weight

Page Ref: 77

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

36. Mateo was born prematurely to Emily, a cocaine addict. Mateo’s caregivers can expect that ________.

A) he will be very attentive to the environment

B) his cries will be abnormally shrill

C) he will overcome the harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3

D) his motor development will be especially rapid during the first year

Page Ref: 78

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

37. Which statement about prenatal marijuana exposure is true?

A) It is linked to aggression in childhood and adolescence.

B) Lasting consequences are well-established.

C) Studies show no negative effects of exposure.

D) It is linked to an array of physical malformations.

Page Ref: 78

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

38. The best-known prenatal effect of smoking is ________.

A) maternal depression

B) respiratory distress at birth

C) low birth weight

D) delayed language development

Page Ref: 78

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Newborns of smoking mothers ________.

A) are more attentive to sounds

B) display more muscle tension

C) less often have colic

D) are less excitable when visually stimulated

Page Ref: 78

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

40. Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking?

A) The negative effects of smoking are only evident in children born to heavy smokers.

B) Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses.

C) Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers, but not to their unborn children.

D) The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.

Page Ref: 78

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

41. Terrance, whose birth mother drank alcohol heavily throughout pregnancy, has a thin upper lip, short eyelid openings, a small head, and a smooth philtrum. His physical growth has been slow, and he shows impairments in memory, attention span, motor coordination, and social skills. Terrance has ________.

A) fetal alcohol syndrome

B) partial fetal alcohol syndrome

C) alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder

D) cytomegalovirus

Page Ref: 79

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

42. Research suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception ________.

A) can alter gene expression

B) can cause fetal alcohol syndrome

C) is linked to blood vessel abnormalities

D) has no negative effect on the developing organism

Page Ref: 79

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

43. The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy, the ________.

A) higher the birth weight of the child

B) lower the likelihood of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder

C) poorer the child’s achievement test scores during the school years

D) greater the child’s speed of information processing

Page Ref: 79

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

44. Which expectant mother has the greatest risk of a baby born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) Chloe, a European American

B) Latima, an African American

C) Yvonne, a Native American

D) Ming, an Asian American

Page Ref: 79–80

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

45. Exposure to low-level radiation resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays ________.

A) is harmful only when combined with other teratogens

B) can increase the risk of childhood cancer

C) rarely causes lasting damage

D) is safe during the last trimester

Page Ref: 80

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

46. Pregnant women are wise to avoid eating ________, which are heavily contaminated with ________.

A) long-lived predatory fish; mercury

B) freshwater fish; lead

C) long-lived predatory fish; lead

D) freshwater fish; radiation

Page Ref: 80

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Shamona, a pregnant mother in Flint, Michigan, is concerned about the drinking water, which shows high levels of lead. Shamona should know that high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to ________.

A) facial abnormalities and heart defects

B) defects of the genitals and urinary tract

C) low birth weight and brain damage

D) a variety of childhood cancers

Page Ref: 80

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

48. Men with even tiny amounts of dioxin in their bloodstream father ________.

A) nearly twice as many girls as boys

B) nearly three times as many boys as girls

C) more twins and triplets than unaffected men

D) fewer children than unaffected men

Page Ref: 80

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

49. Which statement about prenatal rubella is true?

A) The greatest damage occurs when rubella strikes during the fetal period.

B) The organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella often leads to severe mental illness, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

C) Routine vaccination has virtually eliminated rubella outbreaks in developing African and Asian countries.

D) Infection during the embryonic period is less harmful than during other prenatal periods.

Page Ref: 81

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderates

50. Which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?

A) In developing countries, about 30 percent of all new HIV infections affect women.

B) In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.

C) About 30 percent of new HIV infections occur in developing countries.

D) Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the virus to the developing organism 30 percent of the time.

Page Ref: 81

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

51. To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to ________.

A) stop smoking

B) pick up after the dog

C) change her cat’s litter box

D) feed the fish

Page Ref: 81

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.2 Cite factors that influence the impact of teratogens, and discuss evidence on the impact of known or suspected teratogens.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

52. Dana is pregnant with her first child and wonders how much weight she should gain during the pregnancy. You should recommend a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of ________ pounds.

A) 10 to 15

B) 15 to 20

C) 25 to 30

D) 35 to 40

Page Ref: 82

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

53. An inadequate maternal diet during pregnancy can ________.

A) lead to higher birth weight and greater brain weight in the newborn

B) reduce the risk of pregnancy-induced maternal diabetes

C) distort the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in the newborn

D) lead to fewer physical discomforts for the mother in the final weeks of pregnancy

Page Ref: 82

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. ________ supplementation around the time of conception reduces the risk of abnormalities of the neural tube.

A) Vitamin A

B) Folic acid

C) Vitamin D

D) Vitamin C

Page Ref: 82

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Which statement about maternal emotional stress during pregnancy is true?

A) It is among the most harmful teratogens.

B) Unlike prenatal malnutrition, it heightens an infant’s susceptibility to later illness.

C) When the stress hormones epinephrine and cortisol are released into the mother’s bloodstream, the fetus is oversupplied with oxygen.

D) It is related to diverse, long-term negative behavioral outcomes for babies.

Page Ref: 82

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

56. Stress-related prenatal complications are greatly reduced when the expectant mother ________.

A) has access to social support from family and friends

B) takes a low dose of anti-anxiety medication

C) takes a folic acid supplement late in her pregnancy

D) is placed on bed rest during the first trimester

Page Ref: 83

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

57. Which statement about the Nurse–Family Partnership is true?

A) It is an international program designed to reduce the risk of teratogens.

B) One of its goals is to promote competent early caregiving.

C) It is a series of childbirth classes offered at many U.S. hospitals.

D) It provides family planning and genetic counseling to couples.

Page Ref: 83 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: The Nurse–Family Partnership: Reducing Maternal Stress and Enhancing Child Development Through Social Support

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

58. Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse–Family Partnership ________ than comparison-group agemates.

A) scored lower in overweight and obesity

B) had lower academic achievement scores

C) showed more aggressive behavior

D) reported less alcohol and drug use

Page Ref: 83 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: The Nurse–Family Partnership: Reducing Maternal Stress and Enhancing Child Development Through Social Support

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

59. Chinara is Rh-negative and Savon, her first child, is Rh-positive. Chinara’s doctor will probably ________.

A) give Savon a vaccine to prevent heart damage and intellectual disabilities

B) advise Chinara not to have another child, due to Rh incompatibility

C) give Chinara a vaccine to prevent the buildup of antibodies to the foreign Rh protein

D) do nothing, because firstborn children are not affected by Rh levels

Page Ref: 84

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

60. Samantha is a first-time expectant mother at age 35. You should tell her that healthy women in their thirties have ________ those in their twenties.

A) lower rates of miscarriage than

B) higher rates of pregnancy complications than

C) lower rates of pregnancy complications than

D) about the same rates of pregnancy complications as

Page Ref: 84

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.3 Describe the impact of additional maternal factors on prenatal development.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

61. Maternal high blood glucose ________.

A) can cause Rh factor incompatibility

B) is linked to poorer memory and learning in early childhood

C) is linked to low birth weight

D) can cause the mother’s blood pressure to drop sharply

Page Ref: 84

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.4 Explain why early and regular health care is vital during the prenatal period.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

62. Which mother is most likely to have had inadequate prenatal care?

A) Susan, age 25

B) Marissa, age 32

C) Lupita, age 16

D) Janet, age 40

Page Ref: 84

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.4 Explain why early and regular health care is vital during the prenatal period.

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

Difficulty Level: Easy

63. Which factor is a situational barrier to seeking early prenatal care?

A) psychological stress

B) difficulty arranging transportation

C) ambivalence about the pregnancy

D) demands of taking care of other young children

Page Ref: 85

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

64. The longest stage of labor is ________.

A) delivery of the baby

B) delivery of the placenta

C) dilation and effacement of the cervix

D) release of epinephrine and cortisol

Page Ref: 86

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

65. The mother feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles during the ________ stage of labor.

A) first

B) second

C) third

D) fourth

Page Ref: 87

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Easy

66. During the third stage of labor, ________.

A) the cervix thins to nothing

B) uterine contractions begin

C) the placenta is delivered

D) the baby is born

Page Ref: 87

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

67. The third stage of labor lasts about ________.

A) 5 to 10 minutes

B) 20 to 50 minutes

C) 4 to 6 hours

D) 12 to 14 hours

Page Ref: 87

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. During labor and delivery, stress hormones produced by the baby ________.

A) put the newborn in great danger

B) arouse the infant into alertness

C) cause the mother’s cervix to thin and the uterine wall to contract

D) temporarily reduce the infant’s oxygen supply

Page Ref: 87

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

69. Using the Apgar Scale, five characteristics indicate a newborn is in good physical condition, including ________.

A) a strong reflexive response

B) weak movements

C) a heart rate of under 100 beats per minute

D) shallow breathing

Page Ref: 87

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

70. A combined Apgar score of ________ indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.

A) less than 3

B) 3 or 4

C) 5 or 6

D) 7 or better

Page Ref: 87

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Easy

71. Harold received a combined Apgar score of 5. This means that Harold ________.

A) is in good physical condition

B) needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs

C) is in serious danger and should receive emergency medical attention

D) was in danger at birth, but quickly recovered and is now in good physical condition

Page Ref: 87

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.5 Describe the three stages of childbirth and the baby’s adaptation to labor and delivery.

Topic: Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Difficult

72. Before the late 1800s, childbirth in Western nations usually took place ________.

A) at home and was a family-centered event

B) at home but away from other family members

C) in a hospital with trained midwives

D) in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital

Page Ref: 88

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.6 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Easy

73. Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had ________.

A) taught women to fear the birth experience

B) helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor

C) taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth

D) helped women focus on child rearing rather than childbirth

Page Ref: 88

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.6 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

74. Mothers who ________ less often have instrument-assisted deliveries or need medication to control pain.

A) choose cesarean delivery

B) give birth at home

C) are supported by a trained companion during childbirth

D) are administered epidural analgesia immediately upon admission to a hospital

Page Ref: 88

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.6 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

75. Which statement about certified nurse-midwives in the U.S. is true?

A) They cannot legally deliver babies at home in most states.

B) They have degrees in nursing and additional training in childbirth management.

C) They can perform cesarean deliveries and administer medication to control pain.

D) Although not medical professionals, they are trained in labor and delivery support.

Page Ref: 89

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.6 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery, noting benefits and concerns associated with each.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

76. Anoxia during labor and delivery can cause ________.

A) spina bifida

B) anencephaly

C) cerebral palsy

D) muscular dystrophy

Page Ref: 89

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.7 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Difficulty Level: Easy

77. Continuous fetal monitoring is ________.

A) rarely used in U.S. hospitals

B) linked with low birth weight

C) linked with a decreased rate of cesarean deliveries

D) required in most U.S. hospitals

Page Ref: 89

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.7 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

78. Critics worry that fetal monitoring ________.

A) numbs the entire lower half of the body, making it difficult to feel contractions

B) is not helpful in detecting hidden problems with the baby

C) identifies babies as in danger who, in fact, are not

D) increases the likelihood of infant brain damage

Page Ref: 89

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.7 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

79. During her labor, Renee asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her relax. Renee will probably be given ________.

A) an anesthetic

B) an analgesic

C) folic acid

D) a cesarean delivery

Page Ref: 90

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.7 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

80. ________ are a strong type of painkiller used in labor and delivery that blocks sensation.

A) Anesthetics

B) Analgesics

C) Anti-inflammatories

D) Folic acids

Page Ref: 90

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.7 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Difficulty Level: Easy

81. The most common approach to controlling pain during labor is ________.

A) administration of an anesthetic

B) anoxia

C) fetal monitoring

D) epidural analgesia

Page Ref: 90

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.7 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Difficulty Level: Easy

82. Which statement about epidural analgesia is true?

A) It prevents the mother from being able to move her trunk and legs.

B) It allows the mother to feel the pressure of the contractions.

C) It strengthens uterine contractions.

D) It prevents the mother from being able to push during the second stage of labor.

Page Ref: 90

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.7 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

83. ________ is largely responsible for the worldwide rise in cesarean deliveries.

A) Use of natural or prepared childbirth

B) Use of a doula

C) Medical control over childbirth

D) Apgar testing

Page Ref: 90

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.7 List common medical interventions during childbirth, circumstances that justify their use, and any dangers associated with each.

Topic: Medical Interventions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

84. ________ is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.

A) Birth length

B) Combined Apgar score

C) Delivery date

D) Birth weight

Page Ref: 90

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Easy

85. Angeline was born several weeks before her due date. Although she was small, her birth weight was appropriate, based on time spent in the uterus. Angeline is a ________ infant.

A) small-for-date

B) small-for-weight

C) mature

D) preterm

Page Ref: 91

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Moderate

86. Tiffany is a small-for-date baby. This means she ________.

A) was born several weeks or more before her due date

B) was born below her expected weight considering length of the pregnancy

C) will probably have much less serious problems than a preterm infant

D) may have difficulties in infancy but will outgrow them by the preschool years

Page Ref: 91

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Moderate

87. Small-for-date infants, especially those who are also preterm, ________.

A) catch fewer infections during the first year

B) are less likely to die during the first year

C) more often show evidence of brain damage

D) have higher intelligence tests by middle childhood

Page Ref: 91

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Moderate

88. In longitudinal follow-ups of thousands of births, babies born even 1 to 2 weeks early ________ than children who experienced a full-length prenatal period.

A) showed lower reading and math scores in third grade

B) were less likely to suffer from childhood obesity

C) were less likely to suffer from neurological impairments

D) scored higher in language and social skills in early childhood

Page Ref: 91

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Moderate

89. Findings on preterm infants reveal that ________.

A) distressed babies cared for by sensitive parents are nevertheless likely to have a high rate of behavior problems

B) SES has little to no bearing on how well they develop

C) how well they develop has a great deal to do with the quality of the parent–child relationship

D) the support of siblings contributes to more favorable development

Page Ref: 91

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Difficult

90. In developing countries, the most readily available intervention for promoting the recovery of preterm babies is ________.

A) hospitalization

B) care in an isolette

C) ultrasound

D) skin-to-skin “kangaroo care”

Page Ref: 92

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Moderate

91. Which statement about interventions that support parents of preterm infants is true?

A) Preterm infants whose parents receive coaching show no gains in mental test performance.

B) Babies who are both preterm and economically disadvantaged require long-term, intensive intervention.

C) For economically disadvantaged parents of preterm infants, just a few sessions of coaching are required.

D) Even for parents with adequate economic and personal resources, long-term, intensive intervention is necessary.

Page Ref: 93

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Moderate

92. In the United States, a leading factor in neonatal mortality that is largely preventable is ________.

A) malnutrition

B) physical defects

C) low birth weight

D) sudden infant death syndrome

Page Ref: 94 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Moderate

93. A childbirth leave of ________ predicts favorable maternal physical and mental health, supportive marital interaction, and sensitive caregiving.

A) 6 weeks

B) 8 weeks

C) 10 weeks

D) 12 weeks or more

Page Ref: 94 SOCIAL ISSUES: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.8 Describe risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, along with effective interventions.

Topic: Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Difficulty Level: Moderate

94. The most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby are ________.

A) reflexes

B) states of arousal

C) shrill cries

D) sleep patterns

Page Ref: 93

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

95. When baby Ian is held horizontally on his back, he sometimes makes an “embracing” motion by arching his back, extending his legs, throwing his arms outward, and then bringing his arms in toward his body. Ian is demonstrating the ________.

A) grasp reflex

B) Moro reflex

C) rooting reflex

D) stepping reflex

Page Ref: 95

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

96. The ________ reflex helps a breastfed baby find the mother’s nipple.

A) rooting

B) Moro

C) grasp

D) stepping

Page Ref: 95

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

97. Newborns sleep about ________ hours per day.

A) 8 to 9

B) 10 to 12

C) 16 to 18

D) 20 to 22

Page Ref: 95

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

98. Which individual is most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep?

A) Sammy, a preschool child

B) Jake, a full-term newborn

C) Sarah, a teenager

D) Cheryl, a preterm newborn

Page Ref: 96

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

99. Infants who are brain damaged or who have experienced birth trauma often ________.

A) display disturbed REM–NREM sleep cycles

B) spend more time alert than those with no brain-functioning problems

C) spend about 20 percent of their total sleep time in REM sleep

D) have very low or inaudible cries

Page Ref: 96

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

100. Mounting evidence suggests that ________ is a major contributor to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

A) impaired brain functioning

B) higher-than-average birth weight

C) organized and patterned sleep behavior

D) a family history of chromosomal abnormalities

Page Ref: 97 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

101. ________ doubles the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

A) Failure to tightly swaddle infants during sleep

B) Use of a pacifier or a security blanket

C) Placing infants to sleep on their back

D) Cigarette smoking by a caregiver

Page Ref:97 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

102. Young infants usually cry ________.

A) because they are bored

B) in shrill, piercing tones

C) because of physical needs

D) all night long

Page Ref: 98

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

103. The technique that Western parents usually try first when soothing a crying baby is ________.

A) letting the baby “cry it out”

B) feeding the baby

C) swaddling the baby in a blanket

D) lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking

Page Ref: 98

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

104. Newborn Mariana, who reacts strongly to unpleasant stimuli, is ________.

A) probably easy to console

B) susceptible to colic

C) likely to spend less time in REM sleep

D) unlikely to respond to swaddling

Page Ref: 98

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.9 Describe the newborn baby’s reflexes and states of arousal, noting sleep characteristics and ways to soothe a crying baby.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Difficult

105. Which capacity is well-developed at birth?

A) visual acuity

B) color vision

C) depth perception

D) sensitivity to touch

Page Ref: 99

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.10 Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

106. What advice can you offer parents who want to reduce their newborn son’s discomfort during circumcision?

A) Stimulate the Moro reflex.

B) Play loud music to distract the baby.

C) Offer a sweet liquid while gently holding the baby.

D) Newborns have a low sensitivity to pain, so interventions are unnecessary.

Page Ref: 99

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.10 Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Difficult

107. Around ________, baby Alanna should begin to prefer a salty taste to plain water.

A) 2 weeks

B) 6 weeks

C) 2 months

D) 4 months

Page Ref: 100

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.10 Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

108. Which statement is supported by research on newborn taste preferences?

A) Newborns cannot distinguish basic tastes.

B) The mother’s diet during pregnancy has an influence on a newborn’s preferences.

C) Newborns prefer the taste of formula to breast milk.

D) Unlike adults, babies relax their facial muscles in response to sour tastes.

Page Ref: 100

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.10 Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

109. In mammals, including humans, the sense of smell ________.

A) will not become adultlike for several years

B) helps mothers and babies identify each other

C) is the least developed sense at birth

D) will take about four months to become adultlike

Page Ref: 100

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.10 Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

110. Three-month-old Winston will probably listen longer to ________ than to ________.

A) pure tones; voices

B) pure tones; noises

C) human speech; nonspeech sounds

D) a foreign language; his native language

Page Ref: 100

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 3.10 Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

111. ________ is the least-developed of the newborn baby’s senses.

A) Taste

B) Sound

C) Vision

D) Touch

Page Ref: 101

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 3.10 Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Easy

112. Unlike adults, newborn babies ________.

A) have a limited sense of smell

B) see nearby objects most clearly

C) prefer unfamiliar voices to familiar ones

D) see unclearly across a wide range of distances

Page Ref: 101

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.10 Describe the newborn baby’s sensory capacities.

Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

113. Which statement about parents’ relationship after childbirth is true?

A) Most new parents face significant marital strain.

B) Marriages that were gratifying and supportive before the arrival of a baby often suffer the most discord after the baby is born.

C) Sharing caregiving is associated with greater sensitivity to the baby but increased marital strain.

D) Troubled marriages usually become more distressed after the arrival of a baby.

Page Ref: 101

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 3.11 Describe typical changes in the family after the birth of a new baby, along with conditions that contribute to successful adjustment to parenthood.

Topic: The Transition to Parenthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Essay

114. Describe major prenatal milestones during the second trimester of pregnancy.

Page Ref: 74

115. What are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, and how do they affect prenatal development?

Page Ref: 80

116. Terra is Rh-negative and her husband, Marcus, is Rh-positive. Advise Terra about the consequences of this blood type incompatibility.

Page Ref: 84

117. What do research findings indicate about the use of social support during labor?

Page Ref: 88

118. Describe “kangaroo care,” and explain how it is used to promote development in preterm newborns.

Page Ref: 92–93