Ch4 Cell Structure And Function Exam Prep

Biology, 13e (Mader)

Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function

1) Which of the following organelles is found in autotrophic eukaryotic cells but not heterotrophic eukaryotic cells?

A) lysosomes

B) ribosomes

C) rough endoplasmic reticulum

D) chloroplast

E) mitochondria

2) Which of the following help direct the movement of materials or organelles throughout the cell?

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum

B) cytoskeleton

C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

D) All of the choices are true.

3) A researcher is studying the effects of a new drug on the endomembrane system. She notices the Golgi apparatus is not receiving any proteins and that it is not able to ship any proteins. What part of the endomembrane system was probably affected by this new drug?

A) mitochondria

B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

C) ribosomes

D) nucleus

E) vesicles

4) Which is NOT true about the cell theory?

A) Its various parts were described by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.

B) It states that all organisms are composed of cells.

C) It states that all cells come from preexisting cells.

D) It states that bacteria and other small organisms can arise spontaneously.

E) It is accepted today by biologists as applying to virtually all forms of life.

5) As they flow over rotten logs, slime molds appear to lack any partitioning into individual cells; however, slime molds do become cellular when they change form to produce spores. In light of the cell theory that "all living things are composed of cells," then

A) these tissues are not living because they are not cellular.

B) these tissues are a bridge between nonliving and primitive living cells.

C) the general concept still holds because these organisms are cellular at specific stages in their life cycle.

D) this proves that a "vital force" beyond cell chemistry can give life to substances.

6) Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles?

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum

B) mitochondria

C) Golgi apparatus

D) ribosomes

E) centrioles

7) What is the smallest unit of living matter?

A) atom

B) element

C) Golgi apparatus

D) cell

E) nucleus

8) Which of the following features is unique to bacterial cells?

A) nucleoid region

B) nucleus

C) cell membrane

D) cell wall

E) ribosome

9) Which of the following features are found in a bacterial cell? Select all that apply.

A) cell wall

B) nucleus

C) cell membrane

D) ribosomes

E) Golgi apparatus

10) Which statement is NOT true about bacteria?

A) Bacteria contain membrane bound organelles.

B) Some are photosynthetic.

C) Some are motile due to flagella.

D) All bacteria are prokaryotes.

E) Bacteria have a cell wall that contains peptidoglycan.

11) An amino sugar called N-acetylmuramic acid is an important building block of the cell wall of some bacteria. Penicillin prevents this amino sugar from being incorporated into the bacterial cell wall. Based on this information, select all the of the following statements that are true.

A) Penicillin affects bacteria but not eukaryotic animal cells.

B) Bacterial cells that had already formed their cell walls would be unaffected.

C) Penicillin would stop the growth of active colonies of susceptible bacteria.

D) Penicillin affects bacterial cell walls and eukaryotic plant cell walls.

12) Which of the following statements about bacterial anatomy are correct? Select all that apply.

Which of the following are major functions of the plasma membrane? Select all that apply.

A) The cell wall is located outside of the plasma membrane.

B) Inside the cell there may be plasmids.

C) On the outside of the cell there may be fimbriae.

D) Inside the cell, the DNA is separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane.

E) The glycocalyx lies on the inside of the cell membrane.

13) Most bacteria live in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the bacteria. This means that the bacterial cell is constantly taking in water. The cell wall of a bacterium is a peptidoglycan polymer that is tightly cross-linked. This would therefore function to

A) regulate the flow of most molecules into and out of the bacterial cell.

B) provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from swelling.

C) provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from shrinking.

D) confirm a close relationship to plant cells that have a similar structure and live in hypotonic solutions.

E) make all bacteria fairly uniform in metabolic chemistry.

14) All of the following are true statements about eukaryotic cells except:

A) A true nucleus contains the chromosomes.

B) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bounded organelles.

C) Eukaryotic cells contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

D) Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria.

E) Eukaryotic cells contain many organelles in the cytoplasm.

15) According to the endosymbiosis theory ________ were engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells.

A) mitochondria

B) Golgi apparatus

C) lysosomes

D) ribosomes

16) Which of the following is NOT offered as evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory, which proposes that eukaryotic cells have evolved as a "committee" of prokaryotic cells?

A) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size and structure to some species of bacteria.

B) The ribosomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to bacteria.

C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can actively break away from eukaryotic cells and live on their own.

D) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA coding separate from the eukaryotic nucleus.

E) All of the choices offer support of the endosymbiotic theory.

17) Which is a true statement about ribosomes?

A) Ribosomes contain DNA and protein.

B) Ribosomes are active in carbohydrate synthesis.

C) Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleolus.

D) Polyribosomes are the subunits of ribosomes.

E) Ribosomes are only found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotic cells.

18) Chloroplasts are to ________ as ________ are to aerobic respiration.

A) stroma; cristae

B) photosynthesis; mitochondria

C) thylakoid membranes; matrix

D) protein synthesis; lysosomes

19) ________ are to ribosomes as lipids are to ________.

A) Carbohydrates; rough endoplasmic reticulum

B) Nucleoli; lysosomes

C) Sugars; peroxisomes

D) Proteins; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

20) Without a cytoskeleton, eukaryotic cells would NOT

A) synthesize protein.

B) have an efficient way to transport materials from one organelle to another.

C) have an efficient means of metabolism.

D) communicate with adjacent cells.

21) According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from aerobic and photosynthetic bacteria that were engulfed and "took up" residence in a host prokaryotic cell. Use your knowledge of how plant and animal cells differ to answer the following questions:

A. Did the ancestral plant cell engulf both types of bacteria? Cite evidence to justify your answer.

B. Did the ancestral animal cell engulf both types of bacteria? Cite evidence to justify your answer.

C. If the answer to either A or B is yes, then which type of bacteria would have been engulfed first? Cite evidence to justify your answer.

22) Mitochondria have an inner membrane system called the thylakoid membranes.

23) All cells have a cell wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

24) Mitochondria are thought to be derived from aerobic bacteria that became part of the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis.

25) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are able to reproduce independently from the division of the cell.

26) Which of the following organelles is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

A) mitochondria

B) endoplasmic reticulum

C) lysosomes

D) Golgi complex

27) Membrane-bounded vesicles that contain enzymes that break down fatty acids while producing hydrogen peroxide as a waste product are called

A) vacuoles.

B) vesicles.

C) glyoxysomes.

D) lysosomes.

E) peroxisomes.

28) Which is NOT a characteristic of mitochondria?

A) The folded membrane in mitochondria forms cristae.

B) Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration.

C) Mitochondria have a single membrane for cellular respiration.

D) Mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes.

E) The inner space of the mitochondrion contains a fluid matrix.

29) Which cytoskeletal element is NOT correctly associated with its characteristic?

A) Cilia are small extensions of membrane-surrounded microtubules.

B) Microtubules are made up of a globular protein called tubulin.

C) Centrioles are found in the microtubule organizing centers of plants.

D) Flagella have a nine + two pattern of microtubule structure.

E) Basal bodies are located at the base of cilia and flagella.

30) Single-celled paramecia as well as the cells that line our respiratory tract have these short hairlike projections:

A) flagella

B) microfilaments

C) centrioles

D) cilia

E) pili

31) Insulin is synthesized in significant quantities only in beta cells in the pancreas. When the beta cell is appropriately stimulated by rising blood glucose levels, insulin is secreted from the cell by exocytosis. What organelle would be responsible for the packaging and transporting the insulin out of the cell?

A) nucleus

B) ribosomes

C) Golgi apparatus

D) lysosomes

E) centrioles

32) Each time the water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. However, in the frozen state, virtually no chemical reactions occur. The most likely explanation for the bad taste of meat that has "freezer burn" from repeated freezing is the destruction of

A) the Golgi bodies and their vesicles.

B) lysosomes, which results in the cell digesting itself.

C) rough endoplasmic reticulum causing the release of ribosomes.

D) ribosomes causing them to break into subunits.

E) the nuclear membrane causing mixing of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.

33) Which of the following gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles?

A) rough endoplasmic reticula

B) mitochondria

C) Golgi apparatus

D) ribosomes

34) All cells have these two characteristics:

A) contain DNA in the nucleus and have a plasma membrane

B) produce a cell wall outside of the plasma membrane

C) contain mitochondria and chloroplasts

D) have a plasma membrane and ribosomes in the cytoplasm

35) Cell biologists have introduced radioactively labeled carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids to living cells, allowed time for cell metabolism, and then placed the cells in a blender and separated out the various cell organelles from the cytoplasm. They found the radioactive molecules could soon be detected as part of various cellular compounds, although the visible cell structures appeared unchanged. Which of the following is the best conclusion based on this information?

A) These "food" molecules are used only for energy.

B) Most cell components are constantly being broken down and rebuilt.

C) Radioactivity was transferred from the introduced molecules to the resident stable molecules.

D) Molecules diffuse at random through the cytoplasm and into cell organelles.

E) Radioactivity has an unusual role in the metabolism of living cells.

36) What organelle would be found in increased quantities in the liver cells of a person who abuses alcohol and / or other drugs on a regular basis?

37) If you were to design a structure that would have the greatest potential to interact with the environment through surface area contact, would you design a structure similar to Figure A, B, or C? Explain your answer.

Use figures A, B, and C to answer the following questions. Figure A is an 8-cm. cube. Figure B is eight, 4-cm cubes. Figure C is sixty-four, 2-cm cubes.

38) What figure has the greatest surface area (height x width x number of sides x number of cubes)?

A) Figure A

B) Figure B

C) Figure C

D) All of these are the same.

39) Which figure has the greatest surface-area-to-volume ratio?

A) Figure A

B) Figure B

C) Figure C

D) All of these are the same.

40) If the figures represented cells, what size cell has the greatest potential to bring nutrients in and rid itself of waste?

A) The cell in Figure A.

B) The individual cells in Figure B.

C) The individual cells in Figure C.

D) All cells have the same potential.

41) As a cell increases in size, the

A) surface-area-to-volume ratio increases.

B) surface-area-to-volume ratio decreases.

C) surface-area-to-volume stays the same.

D) change in surface area relative to volume is unpredictable and depends on the type of cell.

42) Which of the following is true regarding the surface area-to-volume ratio needed for cells to function properly?

A) A large surface-area-to-volume ratio is needed to furnish nutrients to and expel wastes from the volume (cytoplasm).

B) The surface area should be equal to the volume of cell in order to adequately bring nutrients in and get rid of waste.

C) The volume of the cell should be larger than the surface area to ensure that all waste products are effectively removed from the cell.

D) The surface-area-to-volume ratio changes constantly. Sometimes the surface area is greater and other times the volume is bigger.

43) The central vacuole

A) provides the plant cell with support.

B) stores nutrients and cellular waste products.

C) is a reservoir for water.

D) All of the choices are correct.

44) All of the following are associated with the mitochondria except:

A) ATP production

B) cristae

C) stroma

D) matrix

Use Figures A, B, and C to identify the three most common prokaryote shapes. Match the Figures with the shape in the following questions.

Match the items below with their descriptions:

A) Spirochetes or Spirilla

B) Cocci

C) Bacilli

45) Figure A

46) Figure B

47) Figure C

48) A multicellular organism, such as a rabbit, is

A) composed of many cells that are all the same type.

B) composed of a single cell.

C) composed of a variety of different cell types.

D) composed of one giant cell.

49) What cellular organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins based on the information in a mRNA molecule?

A) Golgi body

B) ribosome

C) nucleus

D) lysosome

50) Which statement about the nucleus is incorrect?

A) The nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell.

B) The nucleus contains the information that ribosomes use to carry out protein synthesis.

C) The nucleus contains the instructions for copying itself.

D) The nucleus contains the information that ribosomes use to carry out cellular respiration.

51) Which cellular organelle is the most prominent?

A) nucleus

B) nucleolus

C) lysosome

D) mitochondria

52) During the sequencing of DNA into a protein, what is the first step?

A) mRNA is copied from a gene.

B) A ribosome attaches to the mRNA and signals protein synthesis.

C) SRP binds to the signal peptide to shut down synthesis.

D) An enzyme removes the signal peptide from the peptide chain.

53) DNA is housed within the nucleus, but the mRNA code needs to leave in order to be translated into a protein. How does the mRNA code leave the nucleus if the nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope?

A) The nuclear envelope dissolves in order to allow the mRNA code to leave.

B) The nuclear envelope contains pores which provide passage for the mRNA.

C) A vesicle will bud off from the nuclear envelope containing the mRNA.

D) The mRNA will be coded into a protein within the nucleus. Then the protein leaves the nucleus.

54) What structures enable the vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to fuse with the cell membrane?

A) membrane-associated proteins 

B) phospholipids

C) cholesterol molecules within the cell membrane

D) secretory vesicles that engulf the Golgi apparatus will allow the vesicles to fuse

55) Which organelle is primarily responsible for the breakdown of lipids within the cell?

A) Golgi apparatus

B) chloroplast

C) vacuole

D) peroxisome

56) Which of the following products can be found in vacuoles?

A) water

B) sugars

C) water-soluble pigments

D) All of these are found in vacuoles.

57) If a researcher was interested in slowing down the movement of amoebas by disrupting their cell membranes, which protein filaments should she be studying?

A) actin

B) intermediates

C) microtubules

D) myosin

58) During cellular movement which of the following filaments will be the ones that are responsible for attaching and pulling the other filaments along? 

A) actin

B) myosin

C) trypsin

D) intermediate filaments

59) What are the potential consequences of a genetic disorder that prevents an individual from properly forming microtubules? Select all the apply.

A) Their cells will not be able to maintain a normal cell shape.

B) Their cells would not be able to divide correctly during cellular division.

C) Their cells would not be able to breakdown fatty acids and lipids.

D) The cilia located on the respiratory cells would not function correctly.