Ch3 Full Test Bank Ethical Guidelines for Psychological

Test Bank

Chapter 3: Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research

Multiple Choice

1. Informed consent involves ______.

a. keeping participants’ data confidential

b. informing participants about what they will experience in a study

c. keeping participants’ data anonymous

d. debriefing participants after a study is conducted

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nuremberg Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. About ______% of animal studies in psychology involve primates.

a. 5

b. 20

c. 40

d. 50

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Nonhuman Animal Subjects

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Plagiarism can be ______.

a. neither intentional nor unintentional

b. unintentional

c. intentional

d. intentional or unintentional

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethics in Reporting Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. A confederate is someone who ______.

a. is part of the study, but acts as if they are a participant

b. oversees a research study

c. attempts to sabotage a research study

d. has been a participant in at least 10 research studies

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. In Milgram’s (1963) study of obedience, results showed that ______.

a. none of the participants were willing to shock the confederate

b. most participants quit the study before it concluded

c. most of the participants were willing to “shock” the confederate at the highest level

d. all of the participants were willing to “shock” the confederate at the highest level

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. In the Zimbardo (1973) prison study, the independent variable was ______.

a. being a prisoner

b. being a guard

c. role assignment (prisoner or guard)

d. behavior in the prison environment

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in all but ______ of the following.

a. adverse stress reactions from some of the participants assigned to be prisoners

b. cruel behavior from some of the participants assigned to be guards

c. the study being cut short because of adverse effects on the participants

d. the study being extended because of adverse effects on the participants

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The first APA ethical code was based on ______.

a. the Belmont Report

b. criticism of the Milgram (1963) study

c. criticism of the Zimbardo (1973) study

d. the Nuremberg code

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Debriefing in research is defined as ______.

a. having participants read and sign a consent form before they participate

b. showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks

c. fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study

d. telling the participants about the hypothesis of the study before they participate

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. A risk-benefit analysis involves ______.

a. having participants read and sign a consent form before they participate

b. showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks

c. fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study

d. telling the participants about the hypothesis of the study before they participate

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Beneficence

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by ______.

a. a review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB)

b. a committee that is part of the federal government

c. a group of judges

d. just the researchers themselves

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Boards

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. An ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted is ______.

a. all data must be collected anonymously

b. all data collected must be stored by the researcher for at least 20 years

c. the benefit of the research must outweigh the risks

d. participation in research can be involuntary

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nuremberg Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Of the following, ______ would not be a violation of ethical guidelines for conducting research with animal subjects.

a. use of chimpanzees

b. use of untrained personnel

c. release of the animals into the wild at the completion of the study

d. animals can be in poor health

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Nonhuman Animal Subjects

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Studies with children generally require ______.

a. full committee IRB review

b. assent from a parent or guardian

c. consent from a parent or guardian

d. consent from the child

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for Persons

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Researchers conducting studies with nonhuman animal subjects are responsible for all but ______.

a. housing of the animals during the study

b. housing of the animals after the study

c. monitoring the animals’ health during the study

d. releasing animals into the wild at the completion of the study

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Nonhuman Animal Subjects

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Of the following, ______ would violate ethical standards for psychological research.

a. keeping participants’ identities confidential

b. using another author’s ideas in one’s report without citing that author

c. deceiving participants about the purpose of a study

d. keeping participants’ identities anonymous

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethics in Reporting Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The ______ Act provides specific standards for the acquisition, housing, and care of animals in the United States.

a. Animal Protection

b. Animal Shelter

c. Animal Safety

d. Animal Welfare

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Care and Housing of the Animals

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The Nuremberg trials were held between ______.

a. 1980 and 1986

b. 2002 and 2005

c. 1945 and 1949

d. 1920 and 1925

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nuremberg Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. As part of the respect for person’s aspect of the Belmont Report, it is recommended that researchers ______.

a. reduce risks of harm

b. include an informed consent process

c. ensure that all groups of individuals can benefit from the research

d. conduct a risk-benefit analysis

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for Persons

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. ______ refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study.

a. Beneficence

b. Respect for persons

c. Justice

d. Harm reduction

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Beneficence

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Fair selection of participants is covered by the ______ principle.

a. beneficence

b. respect for persons

c. justice

d. harm reduction

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Informed consent is an important element of the ______ principle.

a. beneficence

b. respect for persons

c. justice

d. harm reduction

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for Persons

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Expedited studies need to be reviewed by only ______ member of the IRB, which speeds the process of review.

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Expedited Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. In many cases, researchers do not fully disclose the purpose of the study to reduce ______ characteristics where the participants may alter their behavior based on their perception of the study’s purpose or hypothesis.

a. command

b. control

c. authority

d. demand

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deception and Debriefing

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. In 1932, in Tuskegee, Alabama, the U.S. Public Health Service began a research study to investigate the course of ______ in the human male.

a. syphilis

b. HIV

c. chlamydia

d. gonorrhea

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Forcing participants to participate in research without their consent is ______.

a. coaxing

b. coercion

c. assenting

d. debriefing

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nuremberg Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. The ______ report lists the responsibilities of researchers as they conduct research with human participants and the rights of those participants before, during, and after a study.

a. APA

b. Zimbardo

c. Milgram

d. Belmont

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Human Participants Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The IRB equivalent for research with nonhuman animal subjects is the ______.

a. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

b. Institutional Nonhuman Animal Committee

c. Institutional Review Animal Committee

d. Institutional Research Animal Committee

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Animals not bred by the researcher’s institution must be obtained in a manner that follows ______ regulations.

a. APCA

b. HDA

c. USDA

d. FDA

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Acquisition of the Animals

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Only about ______% of all psychological research involves animal subjects, mostly with bird and rodent subjects.

a. 20

b. 8

c. 1

d. 28

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Nonhuman Animal Subjects

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. ______ studies have the smallest amount of risk involved.

a. Expedited

b. Exempt

c. Full review

d. Limited

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Exempt Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. ______ studies have the highest amount of risk.

a. Expedited

b. Exempt

c. Full review

d. Limited

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Full-Review Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. ______ studies involve minimal risk.

a. Expedited

b. Exempt

c. Full review

d. Limited

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Expedited Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Zimbardo had planned for the prison experiment to take place over ______ weeks.

a. 2

b. 4

c. 8

d. 10

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. There are ______categories of review by IRBs.

a. three

b. seven

c. nine

d. eleven

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Boards

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Milgram (1963) justified his study by arguing that although the participants were deceived in the study, they did not experience ______ from the study.

a. remorse

b. long-term harm

c. monetary gain

d. coercion

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. If researchers become aware of unexpected harm to participants, they must take reasonable measures to reduce harm, including ______ if necessary.

a. reassignment of participant roles

b. termination of the study

c. clinical assistance

d. debriefing with counselors

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Many IRBs now require researchers (faculty and students) to complete the ______ ethics training modules.

a. APA

b. CITI

c. Animal Welfare Act

d. HIPPA

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI)

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. The APA Code that states “Data should be shared with other researchers to allow verification of results” addresses the ______ research issue.

a. ethics in reporting

b. coercion

c. informed consent

d. reduced harm

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Human Participants Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. If a study uses deception, the debriefing process must thoroughly explain the nature of the study and the ______.

a. deception used

b. IRB approval process

c. results of the study

d. record of the participant stress

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deception and Debriefing

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Researchers are responsible for ensuring that all participants have a fair chance of receiving potentially beneficial treatments in research.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. According to ethical guidelines, psychological studies can never involve deception.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Human Participants Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The APA code was the first set of guidelines ever developed for research with human participants.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nuremberg Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Researchers must give anesthesia to animals during surgical procedures.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Procedures Used in the Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Researchers must fully inform participants about all aspects of a study before consent is given for participation.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Exempt studies are those studies that have the most amount of risk involved.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Full-Review Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Studies with the highest amount of risk receive full review by the IRB, meaning that each member of the IRB will review the research proposal.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Full-Review Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Animals are often used as subjects when study procedures are considered too invasive or difficult to conduct with human participants.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Nonhuman Animal Subjects

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The APA Ethics Code (APA, 2002) indicates that only trained and experienced personnel may be involved in research with animal subjects.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Understand how ethical guidelines developed

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personnel

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Animals not bred by the researcher’s institution must be obtained in a manner that follows USDA regulations and local ordinances.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Acquisition of the Animals

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. In Zimbardo’s prison experiment the only difference between the prisoner and guard groups was the role they were assigned to play in the prison experiment.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. The Milgram (1963) Obedience Study showed that the presence of an authority figure greatly influences people’s behavior.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: APA Code

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The Tuskegee syphilis study participants were all treated with penicillin after the initial study data collection time period.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Discuss why researchers may choose to use deception and how this is justified for approval.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deception and Debriefing

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss the APA Ethics Code (2017) required for acquisition of animals for research study purposes.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Compare ethical guidelines for research with human and nonhuman subjects

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Acquisition of the Animals

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain why ethical guidelines are important for psychological research studies.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Context for Ethical Guidelines

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe three ethical guidelines that researchers must follow when conducting research with human participants.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Human Participants Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Describe three ethical guidelines that researchers must follow when conducting research with nonhuman animal subjects.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Ethical Guidelines for Nonhuman Animal Subjects

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What is the purpose of an institutional review board?

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Evaluate research studies for their adherence to ethical guidelines

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Institutional Review Boards

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What is plagiarism and provide an example?

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand the purpose of ethics in psychological research

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethics in Reporting Research

Difficulty Level: Medium