Ch2 Test Bank Hypothesis Development Where Research

Test Bank

Chapter 2: Hypothesis Development: Where Research Questions Come From

Multiple Choice

1. “Are women who are pregnant depressed?” is an example of a ______ research question.

a. predictive

b. causal

c. descriptive

d. non-empirical

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. “Does lack of sleep cause depression?” is an example of a ______ research question.

a. predictive

b. causal

c. descriptive

d. non-empirical

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. A theory ______.

a. is an explanation of a behavior

b. is the same as a prediction

c. cannot be tested with the scientific method

d. cannot explain behavior

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Of the following resources, ______ likely cannot help a researcher conduct a literature review.

a. PsycINFO

b. reading book chapters

c. reading journal articles

d. typing your topic into Google

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Sources

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A literature review is ______.

a. the same as a journal article

b. only conducted with books

c. a detailed review of past research in a topic area

d. never conducted using PsycINFO

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Using the Literature Review to Make Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. A way to get the most up-to-date information on research being conducted in an area of psychology is to ______.

a. read journal articles

b. read book chapters

c. attend a conference

d. do a web search

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Sources

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. A search in PsycINFO will not yield results if a(n) ______ is used as the search criteria.

a. topic of the article

b. author of the article

c. word in the abstract or title of the article

d. book title

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What You Find in a Literature Review

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. An abstract of a journal article that adheres to APA guidelines ______.

a. can be as long as you want it to be

b. can include extra information about the study that you forgot to include in the body of the paper

c. must include a description of every result found in the study

d. is typically no more than 150 words

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. According to APA guidelines, the participants section is a subsection of the ______ section.

a. reference

b. results

c. method

d. introduction

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. In the ______ section of a published journal article one will find graphs or tables of the summary data.

a. results

b. hypotheses

c. participants

d. abstract

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Theory-driven hypotheses rely on ______ reasoning, whereas data-driven hypotheses rely on ______ reasoning.

a. descriptive; causal

b. causal; descriptive

c. deductive; inductive

d. inductive; deductive

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theory-Driven Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. If a researcher makes a hypothesis for a study based on results that were reported in previous studies, they are making a ______ hypothesis.

a. theory-driven

b. data-driven

c. causal

d. descriptive

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Data-Driven Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Research questions for psychological studies ______.

a. should be important for understanding behavior in a particular area

b. should be answerable using intuition

c. should be questions already answered in previous studies

d. should never be descriptive

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The ______ section of an APA style article should provide enough information about the way the study was conducted to allow researchers to replicate the study if they wish.

a. introduction

b. method

c. references

d. discussion

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. An APA style article has the section ordered as ______.

a. abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion

b. introduction, method, discussion, abstract

c. results, method, discussion, references

d. references, abstract, discussion, results

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. A good database to use to find journal articles in the area of biological psychology is ______.

a. ERIC

b. PsycINFO

c. PubMed

d. Google

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: PubMed and ERIC

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Predicting that a dog should breathe because all mammals breathe, and all dogs are mammals is an example of ______ reasoning.

a. inductive

b. deductive

c. causal

d. descriptive

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theory-Driven Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Predicting that all dogs can run because one dog was seen running is an example of ______ reasoning.

a. inductive

b. deductive

c. causal

d. descriptive

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Data-Driven Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Choosing a research question is the ______ step in the research process.

a. first

b. second

c. third

d. fourth

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Explanations of behavior that need to be tested are called ______.

a. results

b. findings

c. theories

d. descriptions

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is a ______ research question.

a. descriptive

b. causal

c. fundamental

d. vital

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Descriptive and Causal Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. A research question that asks what causes specific behaviors to occur is a(n) ______ research question.

a. descriptive

b. causal

c. fundamental

d. applied

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Descriptive and Causal Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. A hypothesis for a study that is a fact-based framework for describing a behavioral phenomenon of interest is a ______ hypothesis.

a. theory-driven

b. data-driven

c. causal

d. descriptive

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theory-Driven Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. “Is anxiety in college students caused by a lack of confidence in their abilities?” is an example of a ______ research question.

a. predictive

b. causal

c. descriptive

d. non-empirical

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. “How does an authority figure influence behavior?” is a research question from the ______ area of psychological research.

a. cognitive

b. social

c. industrial-organizational

d. biological

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. “What types of people benefit most from cognitive behavioral therapy?” is a research question from the ______ area of psychological research.

a. cognitive

b. social

c. clinical

d. industrial-organizational

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. “What types of memory decline as people age?” is a research question from the ______ of psychological research.

a. cognitive

b. social

c. clinical

d. biological

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. “How does work environment affect job stress?” is a research question from ______ area of psychological research?

a. industrial-organizational

b. social

c. clinical

d. biological

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. If you are conducting a literature review on topics such as standardized testing, you may want to search for articles in ______.

a. ERIC

b. PsycINFO

c. PubMed

d. Google

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: PubMed and ERIC

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. “What are the effects of amphetamine on the brain?” is a research question from the ______ area of psychological research.

a. cognitive

b. social

c. clinical

d. biological

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Articles that have not been peer reviewed are typically ______.

a. less reliable sources of information

b. more reliable sources of information

c. evaluated by experts in the field

d. not useful to researchers

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Other Sources

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. Peer review is a process where an article is ______.

a. discussed by the author and their peers in a meeting

b. posted on a public blog and readers can make comments

c. sent by the author via email to their peers to review

d. sent to several experts on the general topic of the article for review

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is a Journal Article?

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. Popular magazine articles are considered ______ for research information in a literature review.

a. primary sources

b. secondary sources

c. detailed sources

d. thorough source

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is a Journal Article?

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. An introduction section does not provide the ______ content of study.

a. introduction to the general topic

b. design, materials, and procedure

c. general problem

d. brief description of how the current study addresses the relevant aspect of the research question

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Information about the statistical tests that were performed to analyze the data is included in the ______ section of an empirical journal article.

a. results

b. introduction

c. methods

d. discussion

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. “Thirty minutes before bed, will taking a brisk 20-minute walk or doing Yoga facilitate time to fall asleep more?” as a research question is a ______ question.

a. behavior

b. application

c. descriptive

d. causal

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. “What are the causes of alcoholism for veterans who were not in actual combat?” is a research question in the area of ______ psychology.

a. social

b. industrial-organizational

c. clinical

d. biological

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. Interested in conducting a literature search on depression and migraine headache correlation, a good place to start is a keyword search of ______.

a. depression AND migraines

b. depression OR migraines

c. depression

d. migraines

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: How to Conduct a Literature Review

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. The ______ section is a short paragraph that summarizes the content of the article.

a. discussion

b. sample

c. abstract

d. summary

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: PsycINFO

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Justification for the present study is generally found in a well-written ______ section of an empirical journal article.

a. abstract

b. methods

c. introduction

d. conclusion

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Research questions are never descriptive.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Researchers should consider how appropriate their question is for both scientific methods and the specific field of study before moving on to designing a study.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Conducting a literature review will ensure that a new study will add to the knowledge in an area without duplicating what is already known.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Empirical journal articles are considered secondary sources for research information because they are written by the researchers who conducted the research and details of the study are provided.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is a Journal Article?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The methods section provides a summary of the data (often in tables or figures) and information about the statistical tests that were performed to analyze the data.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Theory-driven hypotheses are made from the predictions of a theory.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Using the Literature Review to Make Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. A theory-driven hypothesis involves inductive reasoning in that a researcher is taking a general statement about behavior (the theory) and making a specific prediction (the hypothesis) about the study from this general statement.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Data-Driven Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Google Scholar will search the Web for academic journals and books to find articles relevant to a topic or written by a specific author.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Sources

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. An introduction is a short summary of the study that allows readers to decide if the article is relevant to their literature review without reading the entire article.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The review process for book chapters is variable and may not be as rigorous as that for journal articles.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Review Articles and Book Chapters

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Explanations of behavior that need to be tested can guide research questions.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing a Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Taking a specific result from another study and using it to make a more general prediction for the research question of interest is inductive reasoning.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Data-Driven Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. If researchers are interested in the causes of behavior, they state a prediction about a particular cause of behavior and are using data-driven theory.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Descriptive and Causal Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain the difference between an empirical journal article and a popular magazine article.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is a Journal Article?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain why a Google search will not provide a good literature review of a topic area in psychology?

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Sources

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe how you would conduct a literature review for the research question “Do symptoms of depression improve with cognitive therapy?”

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: How to Conduct a Literature Review

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain the difference between theory-driven and data-driven hypotheses.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Generate appropriate research questions for a psychological study

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Using the Literature Review to Make Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain the difference between descriptive and causal hypotheses.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand the difference between a research question, a hypothesis, and a theory

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Descriptive and Causal Hypotheses

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Discuss the purpose of review articles in terms of conducting a literature review.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Demonstrate how to conduct a literature review for a research question

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Review Articles and Book Chapters

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Detail and discussion of what one should include in the results section of an empirical research article.

KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: Locate relevant information in an empirical journal article

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Structure of an Empirical Journal Article

Difficulty Level: Hard