Ch3 Change Across Life Course Test Bank

Chapter 3

Integrating Physical, Psychological, and Social Change across the Life Course

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which term refers to the co-occurrence of chronic conditions, such as arthritis or diabetes, which can become serious in later life?
   1. Co-mortality
   2. Co-morbidity
   3. Multimortality
   4. Multimorbidity

Page: 70

1. Approximately what percentage of Canadians aged 65 and over report at least one disability which influences their daily activities?
   1. 7–12 per cent
   2. 15–18 per cent
   3. 23–25 per cent
   4. 33–40 per cent

Page: 70

1. What percentage of Canadians aged 65–74 experience some form of diagnosed dementia?
   1. 2 per cent
   2. 8 per cent
   3. 20 per cent
   4. 30 per cent

Page: 70

1. Which of the following would not be considered a disability?
   1. Influenza
   2. Chronic joint pain
   3. Using a wheelchair
   4. An inability to walk

Page: 71

1. What is the most common disability reported among people aged 65 and up related to?
   1. Hearing
   2. Sexual functioning
   3. Mobility
   4. Dental issues

Page: 71

1. Which of the following would be considered an instrumental activity of daily life (IADL)?
   1. Dressing
   2. Cleaning the house
   3. Grooming oneself
   4. Using the toilet

Page: 71

1. Which of the following statements is false?
   1. Frailty is a disease state that can be reversed in some cases.
   2. Frailty is strongly related to an increased risk of falling, social isolation, cognitive decline, and hospitalization.
   3. The main causes of frailty can include genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyles, the onset of disease, and poor nutrition.
   4. Frailty is an inevitable consequence of aging.

Page: 71

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of sarcopenia?
   1. A decrease in water content and an increase in fat cells in relation to muscle cells
   2. A decrease in bone mass and minerals
   3. A decrease in muscle mass, strength, and elasticity
   4. A deterioration in the flexibility and composition of joints

Page: 74

1. What is the cause of body weight decline for many adults over the age of 60?
   1. A change in body metabolism
   2. The inability to chew
   3. Loss of appetite
   4. Lack of access to nutritious food

Page: 73

1. Which of the following would not be evidence of the central nervous system slowing down with age?
   1. Longer response or reaction time
   2. The earlier onset of fatigue
   3. Forgetfulness
   4. Hand tremors

Page: 75

1. What kinds of physiological changes occurring with age are the most visible?
   1. Those in the central nervous system
   2. Those in the musculoskeletal system
   3. Those in the cardiovascular system
   4. Those in the respiratory system

Page: 75

1. Which of the following statements is false?
   1. Physical activity is positively associated with mental and physical health.
   2. There is an inverse relationship between physical activity and mortality rates.
   3. Physical inactivity is especially common in later life.
   4. There are fewer benefits of physical activity for older people.

Page: 75

1. Robert has been visiting his physician for an annual physical every spring since he retired a decade ago. This year, Robert tells his doctor that he has taken up several new hobbies in an effort to ward off “old age.” He then tells his doctor all about his winter schedule, which included curling, learning Spanish, knitting, and yoga. Upon hearing about these new activities, Robert’s doctor tells him that his decreased systemic blood pressure and increased muscle mass, endurance, and strength make sense now. What is the most likely explanation for these changes in Robert’s health?
   1. Robert’s doctor misinterpreted his chart.
   2. Learning a language has an impact on physical health.
   3. Robert is experiencing the benefits of increased social activities.
   4. Robert is experiencing the benefits of regular physical activity.

Page: 76

1. Which of the following refers to the motivation, confidence, physical competence, understanding and knowledge that individuals develop in order to maintain physical activity at an appropriate level throughout their life?
   1. Physical literacy
   2. Functional literacy
   3. Boomer syndrome
   4. Age norming

Page: 78

1. According to the textbook, why do the mass media periodically report the accomplishments or unusual athletic feats of aging adults?
   1. These accomplishments are commonplace and news media reports on routine events.
   2. The increased interest in physical activity and sport among the general population.
   3. Aging adults buy more newspapers.
   4. Sports-related news draws more advertising profits.

Page: 78

1. If a job demands speed in decision-making and performance, an older worker may be disadvantaged more by which of the following than if the job merely requires physical strength?
   1. Faster neurons
   2. Faster cognition
   3. Slower reaction time
   4. Slower social cues

Page: 82

1. Which of the following statements is false regarding presbycusis?
   1. It affects 80 per cent of older adults.
   2. It is a major type of hearing loss that results in the inability to hear higher-frequency sounds.
   3. It starts to appear after the age of 50.
   4. It is more common in men.

Page: 84

1. Which of the following statements regarding sexuality in later life is false?
   1. Physical changes, chronic illness, and some prescription drugs may reduce sexual desire in later years.
   2. As they age, men experience increased sexual desire while women experience a decrease.
   3. Reduced sexual activity in later life can be explained by psychological or social problems.
   4. It may take longer to become aroused and reach satisfaction in later years.

Page: 85

1. What percentage of dementia is classified as the Alzheimer’s type?
   1. 10 per cent
   2. 20 per cent
   3. 40 per cent
   4. 70 per cent

Page: 87

1. Which of the following statements regarding intelligence is false?
   1. Fluid intelligence is the ability to adjust one’s thinking to the demands of a specific situation.
   2. Crystallized intelligence is a product of education, experience, and acculturation.
   3. Fluid intelligence is not susceptible to age-related declines.
   4. Crystallized intelligence increases with age, even into the mid-70s.

Page: 88

1. Which of the following activities cannot enhance memory?
   1. Practising
   2. Relying more on recognition than on recall
   3. Using non-meaningful material to be learned and remembered in experimental situations
   4. Reducing interference during the learning process

Page: 91

1. Regarding cognitive styles, what is true of “field-dependent” individuals?
   1. They are more aware of their social environment.
   2. They are more analytical.
   3. They are more internally directed.
   4. They are less constrained in their behavior by tradition.

Page: 92

1. Which of the following statements regarding creativity is true?
   1. Creativity involves the ability to produce work that is novel, high in quality, and task-appropriate.
   2. Creative potential often peaks at around the age of 20 and begins to decline around the age of 40.
   3. Creativity and wisdom are thought to function at similar ends of the life course.
   4. Creativity is easy to measure.

Page: 92

1. What does Erikson’s definition of generativity (1985) describe?
   1. A process in which individuals become less concerned with leaving a legacy to the next generation.
   2. A process in which individuals become less concerned with self-identity.
   3. A process in which individuals begin to focus more on themselves.
   4. The fact that individuals expect reciprocity.

Page: 95

1. Which of the following tends to occur with regards to the “big five” personality traits later in life?
   1. An increase in agreeableness and conscientiousness
   2. An increase in neuroticism and extroversion
   3. An increase in neuroticism, extroversion, and openness
   4. An increase in openness

Page: 95

True or False Questions

1. Environmental factors have no bearing on those who are predisposed to disease states and malnutrition.

Page: 70-71

1. The 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey and 2012 Canadian Survey of Disability showed consistent reporting of disabilities for older Canadian populations.

Page: 71

1. Older women, more than older men, report one disability or more.

Page: 71

1. It is estimated that the incidence of dementia in Canada will decrease by the year 2038.

Page: 70

1. Clinicians often label someone as “frail” if they have one of the following characteristics: muscle weakness, fatigue, unintentional weight loss, or unsteady gait.

Page: 71-72

1. Most people experience serious functional loss by the time they are 65.

Page: 72

1. Body weight tends to increase until about 50–60 years of age, and then it begins to decline.

Page: 73

1. Aging entails a decrease in muscle mass and elasticity.

Page: 74

1. Research shows that declines in cognitive processes are more rapid and more severe than declines in motor, physiological, and sensory systems.

Page: 87

1. Aging results in a decrease in bone mass, especially among women.

Page: 74

1. Crystallized intelligence peaks during adolescence whereas fluid intelligence increases with age.

Page: 88

1. For aging people, lack of physical activity can result in early fatigue and long recovery periods during stressful situations.

Page: 76

1. Recent studies have found that more physically fit older people score higher on tests of cognitive functioning.

Page: 77

1. “Field-dependent” and “field-independent” are terms that refer to the ways in which individuals practice physical activity.

Page: 91-92

1. There is an inverse relationship between the amount of physical activity at work or play and mortality rates.

Page: 77

1. Physical activity is becoming more socially acceptable and desirable among baby boomers.

Page: 78

1. The “self” is only influenced by current social circumstances and not cultural or social circumstances from earlier in life.

Page: 95

1. Adults aged 18 to 39 are less likely to meet the guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity than those aged 40 to 79.

Page: 77

1. Age grading can be entrenched when role models for physical activity are absent in a society.

Page: 78

1. Longitudinal studies suggest that after early adulthood, people demonstrate reasonable consistency in attitudes, values, temperament, and traits.

Page: 94

1. Impairment in sensory systems cannot be compensated for through other means.

Page: 91

1. Sexual activity occurs more often in old age than in middle-age because of a dramatic increase in the use of medications like Viagra.

Page: 86

1. Baby boomers define sexuality similarly to earlier cohorts of older adults.

Page: 86

1. Nursing home personnel are increasingly grappling with how to accommodate the sexual needs of married and unmarried older residents.

Page: 86

1. Research has yet to examine why some individuals live to an extreme advanced age.

Page: 96

Short Answer Questions

1. What are the benefits of physical activity for older adults? What are some of the reasons for inactivity in later life?

Page: 76–78

1. How do learning and memory change in later life? What are five ways to enhance memory in later years?

Page: 89–91

1. How does personality change across the life course?

Page: 93–96

1. Is aging a disease? Explain your position.

Page: 70–72

1. What is frailty? Explain using examples.

Page: 71-72

1. What are the most significant external changes that occur when aging?

Page: 73-74

1. What are the most significant internal changes that occur when aging?

Page: 74-76

1. What is reaction time? How do changes in reaction time affect people in later life? Is there anything that can be done to offset the negative effects?

Page: p. 81–82

1. What is impairment? Explain using examples.

Page: 82-85

1. What happens to taste, smell, and touch as we age?

Page: 84-85

1. How does sexuality change with age? Is there an inevitable decline in sexual desire or sexual function?

Page: 85–86

1. What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence? How does each change with age?

Page: 88

1. What are five factors that can influence intelligence-test performance in old age?

Page: 89

1. How do problem solving styles change as people age?

Page: 92

1. What is “disability”?

Page: 71

1. What are the ways in which hearing loss can affect older people?

Page: 83–84

1. What are some of the changes to the muscular system that occur with age? How can they impact daily life for older adults?

Page: 75-76

1. What is meant by cautiousness in relation to motor performance?

Page: 81

1. What is the concept of “wisdom”?

Page: 93

1. What is a self-concept and how does it change with age?

Page: 95

1. What do we know about cognitive vitality and quality of life issues for those who reach extreme ages?

Page: 96-97

1. What were the findings of the Canadian Health Measures Survey from 2012 and 2013? Given what you have learned in the textbook so far, do you think these findings will stay the same or change when the survey is conducted 5–10 years from now? Explain your reasons.

Page: 77, 78-81

1. How does obesity impact aging persons or populations?

Page: 73-74

1. How did the reporting of prevalence rates of disability change in Canada between 2006 and 2012?

Page: 71

1. What is physical literacy and why does it matter for aging adults?

Page: 78-81