Ch2 Complete Test Bank Environmental Ethics

Environmental Science, 15e (Enger)

Chapter 2 Environmental Ethics

1) Which one of the following choices involves an ethical decision?

A) Deciding to buy the cheaper of two similar items.

B) Determining which one of two pieces of art is the best.

C) Deciding whether or not to allow trophy hunting of elephants because the money trophy hunters pay provided income and food for local people.

D) All of these are correct.

2) Biocentrism and ecocentrism differ in that

A) ecocentrism includes both the living things and their interactions in decision making.

B) ecocentrism is focused on the uses we make of plants and animals.

C) ecocentrism is primarily concerned with preserving the places where endangered species live.

D) None of the statements is correct.

3) A position that forests should be managed for the lumber that can be obtained from them is an example of

A) biocentrism.

B) anthropocentrism.

C) ecocentrism.

D) None of the statements is correct.

4) Which naturalist stated that regulated hunting can maintain a proper balance of wildlife?

A) Rachel Carson

B) Lewis Thomas

C) Aldo Leopold

D) John Muir

5) When making ethical decisions about environmental issues it is important to

A) consider the opinions of all stakeholders.

B) recognize that organisms and ecosystems may have rights.

C) consider how local decisions may affect distant environments.

D) All of the options involve ethical decisions.

6) Which naturalist was fascinated by the countryside around Concord, Massachusetts and wrote of his experiences living close with nature?

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) Lewis Thomas

C) Rachel Carson

D) Ralph Waldo Emerson

7) What is the name of the theory which suggests that the environment has direct rights and qualifies for moral personhood?

A) environmental justice

B) resource exploitation

C) ecocentrism

D) comprehensive environmental response

8) To get around the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 many oil carriers

A) use lightly regulated oil barges pulled by tugboats.

B) have constructed pipelines under the ocean floor.

C) have increased the use of supertankers.

D) use unregulated foreign cruise ships.

9) Industries pollute because

A) manufacturing consumes energy and produces waste.

B) they want to cut costs and increase profits.

C) proper waste disposal is too costly.

D) All of these are correct.

10) Which of the following pairs of approaches to environmental ethics is logically consistent?

A) development and ecocentrism

B) preservation and anthropocentrism

C) conservation and anthropocentrism

D) sustainable development and biocentrism

11) Which of the following books cites the danger of pesticides to food, wildlife, and humans?

A) Sand County Almanac

B) Walden

C) Silent Spring

D) Nature

12) In 1994, delegates from around the world gathered for the Conference on Population and Development. Representatives from developing countries protested that

A) a baby born in the United States will consume 20 times the resources in its lifetime as an African or Indian baby.

B) overpopulation is a bigger environmental problem than overconsumption.

C) the United States consumes 90% of the world's resources.

D) China has the highest population and consumes 90% of the world's resources.

13) World food production has doubled in the last 40 years because of

A) diseases, world trade, and new sources of water.

B) fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yielding varieties.

C) genetic modifications, DNA fingerprinting, and international treaties.

D) organic farming practices, erosion control, and farm labor.

14) What percent of the earth's water is undrinkable?

A) 1%

B) 25%

C) 55%

D) 87%

E) 99%

15) Much of the credit for increases in "faith-based" environmentalism can go to the:    

A) National Religious Department of Education (NRDE)

B) National Religious Partnership for the Earth (NRPE)

C) National Religious Partnership for the Environment (NRPE)

D) National Religious Parents for the Environment (NRPE)

16) Who was NOT a notable 19th century conservationist philosopher?    

A) Ralph Waldo Emerson   

B) John Muir

C) Aldo Leopold    

D) Rachel Bilson

17) Sustainable development is often defined as "meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs." Sustainable development is much like:

A) conservationism.

B) environmental pragmatism.

C) preservationism.

D) ecocentrism.

Which of the following best matches the description?

18) Believed that "wilderness mirrors divinity, nourishes humanity, and vivifies the spirit."

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

19) Predominant feeling of a culture concerning ethical issues.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) Preservation approach

C) Rachel Carson

D) Development approach

E) Conservation approach

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

20) Author of Walden, which describes a year in which he lived in direct contact with nature.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

21) Stresses a balance between resource use and resource availability.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

22) Stresses recycling of waste resources rather than discarding them.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

23) Early critic of rampant economic development and the "invasion of nature by trade."

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

24) The view that a healthy relationship with the environment relies upon a spiritual oneness with the earth.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

25) Nature has intrinsic value or inherent worth apart from human appropriation.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

26) Wrote Silent Spring, which dramatized the danger of pesticides to wildlife and humans.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

27) Founded the field of game management and wrote A Sand County Almanac.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

28) Assumes that the human race is the master of nature and that the earth's resources exist for our benefit.

A) Henry David Thoreau

B) preservation ethic

C) Rachel Carson

D) development ethic

E) conservation ethic

F) Ralph Waldo Emerson

G) Aldo Leopold

H) industrial ecology

J) John Muir

K) ethics

L) morals

M) environmental justice

N) deep ecology

29) The CERES Principles are a set of environmental standards that businesses may adopt voluntarily.

30) Growth, expansion, and domination remain the central sociocultural objectives of most advanced societies.

31) Industrial ecology is the study of laws which are designed to protect the health of human beings and their environment.

32) The environmental justice movement emerged from the opposition of a PCB landfill in Warren County, North Carolina.

33) Environmental justice is a law that allows cities, states, or individuals the right to sue companies for contamination of water supplies.

34) Thomas Malthus was an ecologist that declared in his book The Population Time Bomb that worldwide famine was inevitable when human population growth exceeded food production.

35) Motivated by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, environmentalists formed the CERES group which created a set of ten environmental standards by which business practices could be measured.

36) In ecocentrism, it is suggested that the environment itself, not just living organisms that inhabit it, has moral worth.

37) Biocentrism is not considered when looking at life-centered environmental ethics.

38) Environmental aesthetics is the study of how to appreciate beauty in the natural world.

39) Environmental pragmatism is an approach that focuses on ethics rather than policy.

40) Aldo Leopold published his thoughts on land-use ethics in A Sand County Almanac.

41) Sustainable development is a term first used in a U.S. sponsored document called the "Brundtland Report" in 1987.

42) Anthropocentrism is a philosophy of environmental responsibility that focuses primarily on human interests.

43) Some 135,000 congregations—counting Catholic parishes, synagogues, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches and evangelic congregations—have been provided with resource kits on environmental issues.

44) Evangelical Christians, known for their conservative stand on most issues, are becoming green.

45) In 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which dramatized the potential dangers of ________ to food, wildlife, and humans and eventually led to changes in the United States on their use.

46) Environmental justice is:

A) Related to laws passed by Congress in the early 1900s.

B) Directed only at wild nature.

C) Not linked to community-based organizations.

D) The social justice expression of environmental ethics.

47) Environmental justice encompasses a wide range of issues including:

A) Safe housing.

B) Lead poisoning.

C) Water quality.

D) Transportation.

E) Safe housing, Lead poisoning, Water Quality and Transportation.

48) The birthplace of the environmental justice movement was in:

A) Detroit, Michigan

B) Washington, DC

C) Warren County, North Carolina

D) New York City

E) Boston, MA

49) North Americans account for about 5% of the world's population but consume:

A) 10 percent of the world's oil.

B) 5 percent of the world's oil.

C) 15 percent of the world's oil.

D) 22 percent of the world's oil.

50) Natural capitalism is:

A) The idea that businesses can both expand their profits and take good care of the environment.

B) Businesses can only expand their profits by not taking care of environmental concerns.

C) Business profits are more important than environmental concerns.

D) Environmental concerns are more important than business profits.

51) Much of the current environmental crisis is rooted in:

A) The development of environmental laws.

B) The increase in environmental justice concern.

C) The widening gap between rich and poor nations.

D) The narrowing of the gap between rich and poor nations.