Chapter 16: Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Phenomenology focuses on participants’ ______.

A. experiences of events

B. cultural experiences

C. life stories

D. outward behaviors

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The primary data collection method in phenomenological studies is ______.A. in-depth interviews

B. participant observation

C. analysis of standardized tests

D. multiple methods

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phenomenology: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What is the goal of data analysis in phenomenological studies?

A. identifying the essences of phenomena

B. holistic description of search for cultural themes

C. open, axial, and selective coding

D. themes and cross-case analysis

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Phenomenology: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Narrative reports in phenomenological studies ______.A. focus on a rich description of the context and culture

B. focus on a rich description of the essential or invariant structures of experience

C. focus on presentation of a grounded theory

D. focus on a rich description of the context and operation of the case or cases studied

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phenomenology: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The purpose of a phenomenological study is to ______.A. describe cultural characteristics

B. inductively generate a theory

C. describe one or more individuals’ experiences of a phenomenon

D. describe one or more cases in-depth

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The purpose of an ethnography is to ______.A. describe cultural characteristics

B. inductively generate a theory

C. describe one or more individuals’ experiences of a phenomenon

D. describe one or more cases in-depth

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnography

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The disciplinary origin of ethnography is ______.A. psychology

B. education

C. anthropology

D. philosophy

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnography

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The primary data collection methods used in ethnography are ______.A. in-depth interviews with a very small group of people

B. participant observation and interviews over an extended period of time

C. interviews with professional anthropologists

D. individuals’ reports of their experiences

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The primary data analysis approach in ethnography is ______.A. open, axial, and selective coding

B. holistic description and search for cultural themes

C. cross-case analysis

D. identifying essences of a phenomenon

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The primary focus of the narrative report in an ethnography is to focus on ______.A. a rich description of context and culture

B. a rich description of the essential structures of experience

C. presentation of a grounded theory

D. a rich description of the context and operation of the case or cases studied

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The purpose of a grounded theory study is to ______.A. describe cultural characteristics

B. inductively generate a theory

C. describe one or more individuals’ experiences of a phenomenon

D. describe one or more cases in-depth

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Grounded theory ______.

A. focuses on the meaning and structure of an experience to groups of individuals

B. seeks to find a theory that explains the data that have been collected

C. examines the characteristics of different cultures

D. suspends perceptions or feelings about research participants

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Grounded theory studies generally use what method of data collection?

A. standardized tests

B. interviews

C. questionnaires

D. rating scales

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The data analysis approach taken in grounded theory involves ______.A. open, axial, and selective coding

B. holistic description and search for cultural themes

C. cross-case analysis

D. identifying essences of a phenomenon

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The primary focus of the report in a grounded theory study is on ______.A. a rich description of context and culture

B. a rich description of the essential structures of experience

C. the presentation of the inductively generated theory

D. a rich description of the context and operation of the case or cases studied

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The term used to describe suspending preconceptions and learned feelings about a phenomenon is called ______.A. axial coding

B. design flexibility

C. bracketing

D. ethnography

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Phenomenologists refer to the invariant structures of an experience as ______.A. brackets

B. grounded theories

C. essences

D. narratives

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. A researcher studies how students who drop out of high school experienced high school. She found that it was common for such students to report that they felt like they had little control of their destiny. Her report that this lack of control was an invariant part of the students’ experiences suggests that lack of control is ______ of the “flunking out” experience.

A. a narrative

B. a grounded theory

C. an essence

D. a probabilistic cause

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Shared beliefs, values, and norms are characteristics of ______.A. a phenomenon

B. the essence of an experience

C. an ethnography

D. a culture

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Idea of Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Norms refer to ______.A. specific cultural conventions or statements that people who shared a culture hold true or false

B. culturally defined standards about what is good or bad, or desirable or undesirable

C. the written and unwritten rules that specify appropriate group behavior

D. artifacts of different cultural groups

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Idea of Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which of the following is an example of a shared value?

A. a cultural group’s belief that boy and girl babies are equally valued

B. a cultural group’s rules about how men and women should behave

C. a cultural group’s laws regulating the interactions of men and women

D. a cultural group’s artifacts depicting men and women

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Idea of Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Shared beliefs refer to ______.A. specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture hold true or false

B. culturally defined standards about what is good or bad, or desirable or undesirable

C. the written and unwritten rules that specify appropriate group behavior

D. artifacts of different cultural groups

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Idea of Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Two researchers were completing a qualitative study in which they compared two different cultures. This is known as ______.A. an ethnohistory

B. a cross-case analysis

C. an ethnology

D. a collective case study

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. John was studying the cultural pasts of African American students in different regions of the country. This is an example of ______.A. an ethnohistory

B. a cross-case analysis

C. an ethnology

D. a collective case study

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Jean is conducting an ethnography. The first thing she will probably complete is ______.

A. an ethnohistory

B. a cross-case analysis

C. an ethnology

D. a collective case study

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. When we evaluate and judge people in another culture based on the standards of our own culture, this is known as ______.A. ethnology

B. ethnocentrism

C. emic perspective

D. ethnohistory

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Harry is conducting an ethnography. He views the culture through the eyes of members of the culture. He asks questions that are important to his participants. This is known as taking an ______ perspective.

A. etic

B. emic

C. naive

D. ethnocentric

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Regina is studying middle school students. When describing their perceptions, she uses the words they use every day at school. We would say she is taking the ______ perspective.

A. etic

B. emic

C. naive

D. ethnocentric

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. A researcher studying parenting in another culture uses terminology from scientific parenting theories developed in the United States to describe the parenting styles of parents in the culture. The researcher is using ______ terms.

A. etic

B. emic

C. naive

D. nontechnical

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. A researcher is studying schooling in an Asian culture. He collects descriptions of teachers from students and uses their words and terms to describe the values students have about teaching and learning in the culture. He is attempting to use ______ terms to describe teaching and learning in the Asian culture he is studying.

A. etic

B. emic

C. naive

D. nontechnical

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. When a researcher becomes so enmeshed in a culture that he or she loses the ability to see from other perspectives, this is called ______.A. taking an ethic perspective

B. taking a scientific point of view

C. going native

D. becoming objective

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. A good grounded theory ______.

A. is understood by researchers only

B. makes sense to researchers and others working in the area

C. fits only a very small sample of people

D. describes only a specific situation

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of a Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Wes is conducting a grounded theory study. He continually thinks about the data he has collected, data he needs to collect, and the fit of the data to the theory he is attempting to develop. Wes is engaging in ______.

A. ethnocentrism

B. going native

C. theoretical sensitivity

D. confounding the study

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. When the researcher in a grounded theory study reviews data line-by-line and provides initial codes and labels for the data, this is called ______.A. axial coding

B. open Coding

C. selective coding

D. analysis of variance

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. When a researcher in a grounded theory study develops and organizes previously developed concepts into categories and subcategories, this is called ______.A. axial coding

B. open coding

C. selective coding

D. analysis of variance

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. When a researcher reflects back on previous coding stages to put the finishing touches and final focus on his or her theory, this is called ______.A. axial coding

B. open coding

C. selective coding

D. analysis of variance

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. When a grounded theorist has culled all the information and data relevant to his or her grounded theory from a particular context, this is called ______.A. ethnocentrism

B. axial coding

C. constant comparative analysis

D. theoretical saturation

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. If a researcher is interested in gaining access to an individual’s lifeworld, what type of a study would she be conducting?

A. phenomenology

B. ethnography

C. case study

D. grounded theory

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. Which approach to qualitative research focuses on describing a culture or culture scenes?

A. phenomenology

B. ethnography

C. case study

D. grounded theory

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnography

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which approach to qualitative research focuses on what theory or explanation emerges from an analysis of the data collected?

A. phenomenology

B. ethnography

C. case study

D. grounded theory

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. The following terms were used by high school students in a specific city: dorks, geeks, retard, surfers, airheads, rockers, band, and brains. These are examples of ______.

A. emic terms

B. etic terms

C. grounded theories

D. case studies

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. A study that intends to describe the shared beliefs and practices of individuals living in a community in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains would be an example of which type of qualitative research?

A. phenomenology

B. ethnography

C. case study

D. grounded theory

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethnography

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. A researcher interviews 20–30 women who are in abusive relationships and from this research she develops a theory about the dynamics of abusive relationships. This would likely be an example of which type of qualitative research?

A. phenomenology

B. ethnography

C. case study

D. grounded theory

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. A researcher studies what it is like to experience learning from a bad teacher. This would be an example of which type of qualitative research?

A. phenomenology

B. ethnography

C. case study

D. grounded theory

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Marie is describing how she feels in a particular situation. She is describing her ______.

A. interpretive phenomenological analysis

B. life-world

C. essence

D. subculture

Learning Objective: Define and explain phenomenology
Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. Ron is conducting a research study. He is concerned with individual participant’s individualized experiences rather than generalizing from their experiences to other’s similar experiences. Ron is conducting ______.

A. an interpretive phenomenological analysis study

B. an ethnography

C. a grounded theory

D. a case study

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. In phenomenology, significant statements are ______.

A. statements that are meaningful to the researcher but not participants

B. the themes that emerge from analysis of the data

C. those that are especially related to the phenomenon under study

D. statements that do not need to be validated by member checking

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Phenomenology: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Phoebe is conducting a study involving men and women from four different countries. She is asking them about dating. Her study is an example of ______.

A. a grounded theory

B. an autoethnography

C. an interpretive phenomenological analysis study

D. an ethnology

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

49. Fred is analyzing his data from his grounded theory study. He is spending a great deal of time going back and forth between the data he has collected and the theory that he is developing. This is known as ______.

A. searching for significant statements

B. alternating analysis

C. the constant comparative method

D. concurrent analysis

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing.

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Hazel has been conducting an ethnography. She is 6 months into collecting data for her study and has just recently changed her research questions. What do we know?

A. Hazel is conducting a grounded theory study not an ethnography.

B. Hazel appears to be conducting the ethnography correctly.

C. Hazel has studied too many subcultures which have led her astray.

D. Hazel needs to start over with the new questions.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. In analyzing the data in phenomenological and grounded theory studies, common activities include ______.

A. being ethnocentric

B. taking an emic perspective

C. taking an etic perspective

D. identifying themes

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Phenomenology: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing | Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. Of the methods listed below, which approach focuses on building a theory based on several rounds of data collection that ends when the researcher feels that his or her knowledge of the phenomenon under study has been saturated?

A. ethnography

B. phenomenology

C. grounded theory

D. All three approaches (ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory) focus on theory development from several rounds of data collection.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. Of the methods listed below, which approach focuses on the essence of participants’ experiences of a situation or event?

A. ethnography

B. phenomenology

C. grounded theory

D. All three approaches (ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory) focus on participants’ essences.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Of the methods listed below, which approach focuses on the understanding of culture?

A. ethnography

B. phenomenology

C. grounded theory

D. All three approaches (ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory) focus on understanding cultures.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnography

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Which of the following methods has its roots in anthropology?

A. ethnography

B. phenomenology

C. grounded theory

D. All three approaches (ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory) have their roots in anthropology.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnography

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. Which of the following methods has its roots in philosophy?

A. ethnography

B. phenomenology

C. grounded theory

D. None of the three approaches (ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory) have their roots in philosophy.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. Which of the following is generally common to ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory?

A. interviews with participants

B. discovering themes that help describe cultures

C. collection of data from 20–30 participants

D. showing participants’ evolving stories over time

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Phenomenology | Ethnography | Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. What is interpretative phenomenological analysis?

A. an approach that combines phenomenology with grounded theory and ethnography

B. a phenomenological approach that focuses on transcendental experiences that go beyond any individual experience

C. an approach to phenomenology that focuses on universal experiences

D. an approach to phenomenology that focuses on how different people might experience phenomena differently

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. The approach to phenomenology that focuses on how particular people in particular contexts make meaning and interpret their experiences is called ______.

A. interpretative phenomenological analysis

B. transcendental phenomenological analysis

C. group phenomenological analysis

D. cultural phenomenological analysis

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. A culture embedded within a culture is called ______.

A. an ethnic culture

B. a subculture

C. an essence

D. an etic culture

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Idea of Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

61. An extensive cultural and contextual description and detail of one’s life is called ______.

A. an ethnohistory

B. an etic perspective

C. an autoethnography

D. going native

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. The study of the cultural past of a group of people is called ______.

A. an ethnocentric analysis

B. an autoethnography

C. an ethnology

D. an ethnohistory

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

63. Why is an ethnohistory often done in the beginning stages of an ethnography?

A. It helps the researcher decide whether the study should be done or not.

B. it helps the researcher better understand how the group has changed or not over time.

C. it helps to increase the researcher’s ethnocentrism.

D. it helps the researcher to understand etic terms.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

64. An insider’s perspective is called ______.

A. an etic perspective

B. an ethnocentric perspective

C. an autoethnography

D. an emic perspective

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. Special words or terms used in their natural settings by social groups are called ______.

A. emic terms

B. essence terms

C. ethnological terms

D. etic terms

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Easy

66. The researcher’s perspective that reflects an external social scientific view of reality is called ______.

A. an etic perspective

B. an ethnocentric perspective

C. an autoethnography

D. an emic perspective

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. It would be appropriate to study the organizations and people who take part in American football as a distinct culture, because studying the phenomenon as a separate culture provides a way for a researcher to understand the group.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethnography

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. A researcher should first complete his or her ethnographic research and then complete an ethnohistoric study in order to better understand the information gathered.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Some Americans judge individuals from other countries to be immoral because their culture’s acceptance of nudity is vastly different from that of the United States. This is an example of ethnocentrism.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. A researcher who lives among his or her subjects for a very long time runs the risk of losing his or her objectivity or going native.

Learning Objective: Ethnography

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. In the first stage of coding in grounded theory data analysis, the researcher will complete the axial coding.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The researcher knows it is time to stop coding data when he or she has reached the theoretical saturation point.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Phenomenology research focuses on transcendental and situated life experiences.

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Interpretative phenomenological analysis focuses on how people interpret their individual experiences.

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Grounded theory involves collecting data to support existing theories.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Selective coding involves looking at the data and parsing data into discrete categories.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing.

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory studies all investigate the impact of culture on participants.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Phenomenology | Ethnography | Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Triangulation of data is important in grounded theory studies and ethnographies.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing | Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory all take a holistic approach to data analysis.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Phenomenology: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing | Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing | Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The final reports for grounded theory, phenomenological, and ethnography studies are all structured in the same way.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Phenomenology: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing | Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing | Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. In grounded theory research, the researcher is testing the fit of a theory developed for one culture in a different cultural group.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. In grounded theory studies, the theories that are developed are mapped to the data.

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Characteristics of a Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. In phenomenological research, only transcendental experiences are considered worthy of study.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. An autoethnography compares the researcher’s culture to another culture.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. There is only one approach to phenomenology.

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Phenomenology

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. An ethnohistory is often done in the late stages of an ethnography.

Learning Objective: Define and explain ethnography

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Ethnographic Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Compare and contrast phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory in terms of what is studied and how it is studied.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Phenomenology | Grounded Theory | Ethnography

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe how one would conduct phenomenological research on being a graduate student.

Learning Objective: 16-2: Define and explain phenomenology.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Phenomenology: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. How would someone conduct ethnographic research involving students who have become refugees?

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnography: The Idea of Culture | Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. How would you conduct a grounded theory study to understand what variables influence academic achievement in students in low-income urban schools?

Learning Objective: 16-4: Define and explain grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grounded Theory | Grounded Theory: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Compare and contrast what is learned from research studies using phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory approaches.

Learning Objective: 16-1: Compare and contrast the three major approaches to qualitative research discussed in this chapter: phenomenology, ethnography, and grounded theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Phenomenology | Ethnography | Grounded Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. In doing ethnography, the concept of perspective is important to consider. The following terms address issues of perspective: etic perspective, emic perspective, ethnocentrism, and going native. Discuss using these terms the balancing of perspectives that need to be considered when carrying out an ethnography.

Learning Objective: 16-3: Define and explain ethnography.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethnography: Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing

Difficulty Level: Medium