Ch15 – Urbanization, Population, and the + Exam Questions

CHAPTER 15 Urbanization, Population, and the Environment

CONCEPT MAP

1. How Do Cities Develop and Evolve?
   1. Cities in Traditional Societies
   2. Industrialization and Urbanization
   3. Theories of Urbanism
      1. The Chicago School
      2. Jane Jacobs: “Eyes and Ears upon the Street”
      3. Urbanism and the Created Environment
2. How Do Rural, Suburban, and Urban Life Differ in the United States?
   1. The Decline of Rural America?
   2. Suburbanization
   3. Urban Problems
   4. Gentrification and Urban Renewal
3. How Does Urbanization Affect Life across the Globe?
   1. Global Cities
   2. Inequality and the Global City
   3. Urbanization in the Global South
      1. Challenges of Urbanization in the Global South
   4. The Future of Urbanization in the Developing World
4. What Are the Forces behind World Population Growth?
   1. Population Analysis: Demography
      1. Basic Demographic Concepts
   2. Dynamics of Population Change
   3. Malthusianism
   4. The Demographic Transition
   5. Prospects for Change
5. How Do Environmental Changes Affect Your Life?
   1. Global Environmental Threats
   2. Global Warming and Climate Change
   3. A New Ecological Paradigm?

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In recent years, both China and India have seen rapid economic growth and urbanization as their populations have grown larger. While these changes have helped many citizens reach middle-class status, the textbook outlines one significant area negatively associated with this expansion

2. In most ancient cities,

3. Ancient cities were considered the main centers for science, the arts, and cosmopolitan culture. Their influence on surrounding areas was

4. Several distinct central cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, and San Bernardino, merge together to form the Greater Los Angeles Area, creating a continuous network known as

5. Sociologists refer to a "city of all cities" as

6. Britain was the first country to undergo industrialization, which generated ______, the movement of population from the countryside into towns and cities.

7. The Chicago School focused on cities as ______; however, most contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focus on cities as ______.

8. According to the ecological approach, the development of urban areas can be understood as similar to

9. According to sociologists who use _____, cities tend to develop in response to advantageous features of the environment. For example, cities develop on the shores of rivers, on fertile plains, and at intersections on trade routes.

10. The Urban Ecology approach to urbanization emphasizes the _____ of different city areas, with more dominant and influential groups occupying central areas of cities.

11. When Jorge first moved to Chicago from his small, rural town in California, he found it hard to meet new people. Back home in his small town, people often said hello to each other on the street, and he knew the names of most of the people who lived there. However, in Chicago people rarely made eye contact with him on the street. According to Louis Wirth, Jorge was experiencing

12. According to Claude Fischer, how do cities create opportunities for close, rewarding friendships and social ties?

13. Sandra lives in the heart of a large city. Lately, there have been robberies on several streets near her home, but none on her street. Sandra and her neighbors believe that they have not seen any crime on their street because they know each other, notice when strangers or strange cars are in the neighborhood, and have a mix of old retired couples and young families who use the neighborhood at different times of the day. Jane Jacobs would see this as an example of

14. In the time since Jacobs published her study describing the “eyes and ears upon the street,” the appearance and composition of many urban neighborhoods have changed significantly. Modern neighborhoods are more likely to be made up of residents from different cultural backgrounds, have more signs of economic inequalities present, and demonstrate extremely varying personal behaviors. How do these changes affect Jacobs’s concept?

15. According to Jane Jacobs, what circumstance would be most “safe” for city dwellers?

16. Manuel Castells emphasized ______, such as the gay community in San Francisco, as an important factor in urban development.

17. According to David Harvey and Manuel Castells, the most important factors that affect cities are

18. According to David Harvey, cities as well as suburbs can be understood as _____ humans established to serve their needs.

19. Rural areas in the United States have seen their populations decline because of

20. Most of the people leaving rural areas represent

21. According to your textbook, how have rural poverty rates compared to urban rates since 1960?

22. What explains the phenomenon of “aging in place” in rural areas?

23. Suburbanization is

24. Government programs helped fuel the rapid increase of suburbanization in the United States during the

25. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Waukee, an area located outside Iowa's capital city of Des Moines, is 98.17 percent white. If suburbs are increasingly becoming "majority minority," what most likely explains Waukee's demographics?

26. According to William Julius Wilson, the growth of an urban underclass is largely due to

27. The inner cities in the United States have decayed in the past fifty years. What reasons do sociologists give for this decline?

28. The decline in jobs in the manufacturing industries in the urban United States coincided with an increase in jobs in

29. Both urban and suburban neighborhoods are highly

30. Richard Rothstein’s research on housing built under the federal Public Works Administration showed that

31. Jonah grew up in a neighborhood with poor schools, few businesses, and many run-down and abandoned buildings. However, in the past few years, the city has renovated many buildings, and tax breaks are encouraging new businesses to move into the city. This process is called

32. In the 1980s, Williamsburg, Brooklyn, was a predominantly Latino and Black area of New York City, but since the mid-1990s, landlords have pushed out long-time tenants, renovated buildings, and rented out units for dramatically higher prices. This process is called

33. While gentrification is a general term for the process of older, deteriorating neighborhoods becoming “revived” with new businesses, buildings getting renovated, and more affluent residents moving into the area, ______ specifically applies to situations where public funds are used to accomplish the same goals, often through the large-scale demolition of “slum housing.”

34. According to Elijah Anderson, what happened to the poor residents in the Philadelphia neighborhood he studied that became gentrified?

35. Saskia Sassen developed which term to refer to urban centers that are home to the headquarters of transnational corporations and have an abundance of financial, technological, and consulting services?

36. The centrality and marginality of global cities’ geography refers to

37. Mike Davis noticed a "conscious hardening of the city surface against the poor" in his study of Los Angeles. He observed this process taking place through the presence of

38. The Global South experiences high rates of population growth because of higher birth rates as well as

39. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on internal migration from rural to urban areas is an ethnography?

40. Which of the following jobs most closely illustrates the informal economy?

41. In Mexico City, nearly 95 percent of the land has buildings on it. Based on what you read about urbanization in the Global South, Mexico City is likely

42. Karachi—the largest city in Pakistan—began to run out of water. According to your textbook, this example best illustrates

43. When migrants are “positively selected” into urban areas in the global south, what does this mean?

44. In October 2011, the world population reached

45. Which of the following researchers could we categorize as a demographer?

46. Which of the following countries has a higher crude birth rate than the United States?

47. In 2014, Afghanistan had thirty-four live births per one thousand people. This number is known as

48. In 2014, women of childbearing age in Afghanistan had an average of 4.8 live-born children per one thousand women of childbearing age. This number is known as

49. The number of children women are biologically able to produce is known as

50. Fertility rates are often much lower than fecundity rates because

51. The number of deaths per one thousand people per year is known as crude death rate or

52. In 2015, eighty-seven babies per one thousand died before reaching one year of age. This figure is called the

53. The increase in life expectancy has been most significantly influenced by

54. Countries whose populations have access to good healthcare and adequate nutrition generally have populations with

55. What is the difference between a “crude” and a “specific” rate (e.g., birthrate, deathrate)?

56. Demographers study population patterns. If a demographer were going to study the population changes in a country such as China, which of the following would he or she examine?

57. Virtually all industrialized countries have a growth rate of less than .05 percent, while countries in the Global South today have rates of between 2 and 3 percent. Based on what you read in the textbook, how is this difference in the rate of population growth significant?

58. Population growth rates are

59. The formula used to calculate the doubling time of a population is 70 divided by the

60. Malthusianism is the belief that population growth tends to outstrip expansion of food production and that population growth can only be controlled by

61. Thomas Malthus was one of the first scholars to show concern for population growth.

Demographers, economists, politicians, sociologists, and others have continued to debate Malthus's ideas for more than two hundred years, but many do not share his concern for the natural limits to population growth. Which of the following modern advances challenged Malthus's predictions?

62. Instead of the natural curbs to population growth suggested by Malthusianism, demographic transition theory argues that population growth is related to and controlled by

63. According to demographic transition theory, birth rates and death rates remain high in which stage?

64. What is the primary outcome of the second stage in the demographic transition?

65. Reducing population growth around the world faces which of the following challenges?

66. Developed countries that have already undergone the demographic transition are going to experience a growth in the number of older people relative to younger people. This is called the

67. Natasha's organization helps companies design projects that will generate profit but also have minimal impact on the environment. Their focus is on recycling physical resources and keeping pollution to a minimum, thus focusing on

68. What is one major hurdle faced by efforts to address environmental degradation caused by consumption?

69. In 2016, scientists warned that the world's giraffe population dropped 40 percent over the past thirty years and is threatened with extinction. Based on what you read in the textbook, how would contemporary sociologists most likely understand this phenomenon?

70. David Biello, curator of science for TED Talks, recently told the New York Times that humans' impact on the Earth is "deep and pervasive, and probably permanent." Based on what you read in the textbook, which concept does Biello's statement best exemplify?

1. In a few sentences, use China as an example to explain some of the issues that countries face regarding population growth, economic growth, and environmental issues. How are these issues intertwined?

2. How has globalization affected the process of urbanization in societies? Discuss this relationship in a few sentences.

3. In your opinion, which Chicago School approach to urban studies—urban ecology or urbanism—is more convincing to you, and why? Explain your answer in three to five sentences.

4. Why is rural America on the decline? Outline at least one problem facing rural America today in a few sentences.

5. In a short paragraph, describe the process of suburbanization as it has occurred in the United States. How has the U.S. government played a role in shaping the process and the outcomes of suburbanization?

6. Why is gentrification considered an urban problem? In three to five sentences, explain what happens to residents of a neighborhood undergoing gentrification.

7. Outline Saskia Sassen's concept of the global city. Which of the four key traits of these urban centers seems most significant to understanding urban life, and why?

1. They have developed into command posts—centers of direction and policy making—for the global economy.

2. They are the key locations for financial and specialized service firms, which have become more important than manufacturing in influencing economic development.

3. They are the sites of production and innovation in these newly expanded industries.

4. They are markets on which the "products" of financial and service industries are bought, sold, or otherwise disposed of.

Students should pick one of the aforementioned traits and explain its utility to understanding urban life.

DIF: Moderate REF: Global Cities (III.A) MSC: Analyzing

8. In a few sentences, explain why developing countries are experiencing urbanization at such a rapid pace.

9. Demographic transition and Malthusianism are two theories of population change. Which do you think best explains the issues of population growth today and why?

10. According to one popular website, Global Footprint, seven planets would be required for all people on the Earth to somehow achieve the standard of living of the average American. Given that we only have one planet, what changes do you think need to be made to make the transition from current processes of environmental degradation to sustainable development? Explain your answer in a couple sentences.