Chapter 14: Corrections in the Community: Probation, Parole, and Other Alternatives to Incarceration

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following would be considered community corrections?

A. being held in a local jail

B. being incarcerated in a federal prison

C. being detained

D. being put on probation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What purpose does the risk-needs-responsivity model serve?

A. to assess which programs will help stop reoffenses and reincarceration

B. to determine which local prison is most suitable for an offender

C. to describe the cycle of rehabilitation during probation

D. to understand why offenders commit certain crimes

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following is a relatively new criminal justice movement?

A. retributive justice

B. procedural justice

C. restorative justice

D. constitutional justice

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. How many adults in the U.S. criminal justice system are now being supervised in the community in lieu of incarceration?

A. 1.8 million

B. 2.8 million

C. 3.8 million

D. 4.8 million

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. House arrest is categorized as which of the following?

A. imprisonment

B. incarceration

C. intermediate sanction

D. intensive supervision

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What has been the impetus for using alternatives to incarceration?

A. court rulings that indicate incarcerating certain offenders is unconstitutional

B. research findings that indicate incarceration increases an offender’s likelihood of recidivism

C. a paradigmatic shift from retribution to rehabilitative ideals

D. prison overcrowding and the high cost of constructing new prisons

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Alternatives to Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What is the leading alternative to incarceration?

A. house arrest

B. probation

C. boot camp

D. halfway house

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Alternatives to Incarceration?

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which of the following describes a convicted person who is allowed to remain free in a community while being subject to certain conditions and restrictions of his or her activities?

A. house arrest

B. probation

C. boot camp

D. halfway house

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Alternatives to Incarceration?

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following is a reason in favor of using alternatives to incarceration?

A. It greatly increases recidivism.

B. It allows offenders to take greater advantage of counseling options.

C. It is the same cost as incarceration, but with better outcomes.

D. It provides greater seclusion of offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Alternatives to Incarceration?

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following is one element that must be present in order for alternatives to incarceration to be effective?

A. It must make committing a new offense extremely difficult.

B. It must include intensive counseling to help offender determine why they offended.

C. It must provide job training to help offender re-enter society.

D. It must require offenders to serve community service activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Alternatives to Incarceration?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. One argument for alternatives to incarceration is that is allows offenders to avoid the _____ of imprisonment.

A. violence

B. pains

C. struggles

D. confinement

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Alternatives to Incarceration?

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. English courts used what strategy to serve as a temporary suspension of sentence while an offender appealed to the court for a pardon?

A. banishment

B. judicial reprieve

C. jail suspension

D. probation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Who is considered the father of probation?

A. John Augustus

B. Alexander Maconochie

C. Walter Crofton

D. Zebulon Brockway

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The first probation statute was passed in Massachusetts in what year?

A. 1878

B. 1899

C. 1923

D. 1953

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Who is credited with establishing the first parole system in the United States?

A. John Augustus

B. Alexander Maconochie

C. Walter Crofton

D. Zebulon Brockway

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. What tasks did John Augustus perform that are reminiscent of modern probation?

A. provided counseling to offenders

B. kept careful records of offenders’ progress

C. prohibited offenders from leaving their homes

D. placed strong restrictions on offenders

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The term parole comes from the French word parol, which means ______.

A. prisoner of war

B. remarkable experiment

C. word of honor

D. indeterminate sentence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Some Australians opposed early parole efforts because the efforts were seen as ______.

A. too harsh

B. a ticket to leave Australia

C. an economic drain

D. coddling criminals

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which action led to the first parole system in America?

A. implementing a ticket of leave system

B. creating a statute that allowed indeterminate sentences

C. applying a philosophy of reforming offenders

D. providing punishment for past crimes and training for future

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Which of the following is a reason for the relatively rapid spread of parole legislation?

A. dissatisfaction with the determinate sentencing

B. desire for harsher sentencing for offenders

C. desire to promote retribution for violent offenders

D. dissatisfaction with the “good-times” deductions already in place

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The judge considers a number of factors when evaluating an offender for probation. Each of the following are such factors EXCEPT ______.

A. seriousness of the current offense

B. whether a weapon was used

C. offender’s prior incarceration

D. attitude toward probation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. There are two possible types of probation violations. These include technical and ______.

A. substantive

B. serious

C. recidivism

D. menial

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. John is on probation for a theft offense and has failed to pay court fees. What type of probation violations are these?

A. substantive

B. technical

C. procedural

D. minor

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Which of the following would be considered a substantive violation of probation conditions?

A. failing to submit to a drug test

B. associating with gang members

C. changing address without permission

D. being arrested for drunk driving

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. In which U.S. Supreme Court case were due process rights confirmed for individuals going through probation violation proceedings?

A. Mempa v. Rhay

B. Morrissey v. Brewer

C. Miranda v. Arizona

D. Gagnon v. Scarpelli

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Amanda is on parole and was just arrested for possession of illegal drugs. What type of parole violation is this considered?

A. substantive

B. technical

C. procedural

D. minor

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. In probation or parole, what is the term that describes committing a violation of conditions by committing a new offense?

A. technical

B. substantive

C. procedural

D. major

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Which group of individuals is among the most important that the parole board comes into contact with when making a parole determination?

A. victims

B. offenders

C. parole officers

D. social workers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. A 2013 California study found probationers and parolees were most likely to be arrested for what type of crime while under supervision?

A. violent offenses

B. property offenses

C. drug offenses

D. misdemeanor offenses

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Being arrested for burglary would be considered a ______ probation violation.

A. technical

B. substantive

C. procedural

D. major

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. Failing to report to your probation officer would be considered a ______ violation.

A. technical

B. substantive

C. procedural

D. major

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. What is meant by saying that probation officers supervise individuals at the front end of the sentencing continuum?

A. They supervise individuals with only a limited criminal history.

B. They supervise individuals prior to the imposition of sentence.

C. They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence.

D. They supervise individuals just released from prison.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. What is the role conflict experienced by many probation officers?

A. balancing law enforcement and social worker roles

B. wanting to help offenders but not having enough time to do so

C. coordinating the various responsibilities of the job

D. having to carry a weapon against their will

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which of the following refers to the range of sentencing options that fall between probation and prison?

A. dockets

B. caseloads

C. sanctions

D. impositions

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain the functions of probation and parole officers--and the impact of high caseloads.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. What is meant by saying parole officers supervise individuals at the back end of the sentencing continuum?

A. They supervise individuals with extensive criminal histories.

B. They supervise individuals after a sentence has been imposed.

C. They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence.

D. They supervise individuals who have been released from prison.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Probation officers’ duties include each of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. serving warrants on probation violators

B. reporting to the court any probation violations

C. enforcing court orders

D. performing searches

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Conducting presentence investigations and reports, enforcing court orders, and arranging for drug testing are all responsibilities of ______.

A. parole officers

B. probation officers

C. police officers

D. community supervision officers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and “Front-End” Duties

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Helping individuals transition back into society after incarceration, developing a plan for life outside the prison, and arranging for offenders to receive counseling are all responsibilities of ______.

A. parole officers

B. probation officers

C. police officers

D. correctional officers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. The average number of individuals a probation or parole officer supervises at any given time is known as a(n) ______.

A. docket

B. caseload

C. itinerary

D. workload

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The decision to arm probation and parole officers should be based on officer ______.

A. safety

B. authority

C. power

D. confidence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which describes an action in which the probation or parole is taken away, leading to the offender being placed in prison?

A. graduated sanction

B. intermediate sanction

C. incremental hearing

D. revocation heading

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which of the following would NOT be considered an intermediate sanction?

A. shock incarceration

B. prison

C. electronic monitoring

D. intensive probation supervision

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. With which sanction do offenders receive a sentence of detention in their place of residence, with their compliance often monitored electronically?

A. house arrest

B. intensive supervision probation

C. boot camp

D. day reporting center

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. What combination of intermediate sanctions seems to have the least likelihood of re-arrest?

A. shock incarceration and intensive probation

B. shock incarceration and electronic monitoring

C. house arrest and probation

D. house arrest and electronic monitoring

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. With which population of offenders is electronic monitoring particularly useful?

A. violent offenders

B. property offenders

C. drunk drivers

D. sex offenders

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. The two types of electronic monitoring devices are ______.

A. active and passive

B. medium and high

C. high and low frequency

D. analog and cellular

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which alternative to incarceration involves a brief exposure to incarceration followed by a subsequent release back into the community?

A. boot camps

B. shock probation/parole

C. day reporting centers

D. intensive supervision

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Which of the following is a short-term jail program that places offenders in quasi-military programs to instill discipline and work ethic?

A. boot camps

B. day reporting center

C. electronic monitoring

D. restitution centers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. What is the reason many states discontinued boot camp programs?

A. The programs were excessively expensive to operate.

B. The programs actually increased recidivism rates.

C. The programs resulted in many offenders becoming more violent.

D. The programs had difficulty recruiting credentialed staff.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. A structured corrections program requiring offenders to check in at a community site on a regular basis for supervision and services is called a(n) ______.

A. day reporting center

B. boot camp

C. intensive supervision probation

D. parole

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

51. Melinda is a pregnant woman who is incarcerated at a women’s prison. Once per month, she receives medical care for her pregnancy at an outside facility. Which of the following does this describe?

A. halfway house

B. furlough

C. day reporting center

D. shock incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Hard

52. Which of the following describes how jail inmates are able to leave jail for a certain period of time to receive medical care or attend to a family crisis?

A. parole

B. probation

C. shock incarceration

D. furlough

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. Which is another term to describe boot camps?

A. halfway house

B. shock incarceration

C. day reporting center

D. shock probation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Which of the following is a less costly, intermediate alternative to incarceration that is typically used for first-time offenders?

A. shock incarceration

B. shock probation

C. halfway house

D. furlough

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Maureen is a 17-year-old first offender who has been convicted of larceny. Which of the following punishments is she most likely to receive?

A. shock probation

B. electronic monitoring

C. house arrest

D. incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Hard

56. Which of the following has the goal of limiting the number of generally low-risk offenders who enter prison?

A. enhancement program

B. diversion program

C. shock incarceration

D. furlough

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy created which corrections program to groom young offenders for productive, law-abiding life?

A. furloughs

B. halfway houses

C. day reporting centers

D. intensive supervision probation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. Which rehabilitative approach allows offenders to serve their sentence in a state-run or for-profit facility in hopes of transitioning to life outside of prison?

A. halfway house

B. furlough

C. day reporting center

D. shock incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Which of the following is a type of electronic monitoring?

A. intermittent

B. probationary

C. intensive

D. passive

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. What is the first step in determining how to break the cycle of recidivism?

A. determine whether offender is antisocial

B. assess offender’s risk of reoffending

C. analyze presence of substance abuse

D. implement treatment interventions

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Confronting Recidivists: The Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

61. Using trained personnel to assess an offenders’ risk levels are thought to help significantly ______.

A. reduce violent crime

B. reduce recidivism

C. improve offenders’ marital relationships

D. improve offenders’ work and school performance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Confronting Recidivists: The Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. Which of the following is thought to be a risk factor for recidivism?

A. close association with family

B. poor marital relationships

C. average school or work performance

D. prosocial behavior

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Confronting Recidivists: The Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

63. What occurs once an offender’s risks for recidivism are identified in the risk-need-responsivity model?

A. incarceration of offender in low-security prison

B. house arrest with passive electronic monitoring

C. implementation of specific treatment intervention

D. determination of the degree of predictive accuracy of assessment tool used

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Confronting Recidivists: The Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. Programs and principles that operate on the assumption that using trained personnel to identify individual offenders’ risk and needs and then responding to those needs with the best combination of services and supervision with the goal of reducing recidivism are referred to as ______.

A. intensive supervision programs

B. intermediate sanctions

C. risk-need-responsivity model

D. data needs inventory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Confronting Recidivists: The Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. The perception that crime affects the community as a whole and that the community must be healed and made whole again through an offender's remorse, service, and restitution is known as ______.

A. reintegrative shaming

B. community justice

C. community participation

D. restorative justice

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

66. What do many American citizens view as a shortcoming of the criminal justice system?

A. Punishments for offenders are too relaxed.

B. Crimes are acts against the state.

C. Legislation does not emphasize victim protection.

D. Sentences rarely include incarceration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. One might describe restorative justice as ______.

A. victim-driven

B. offender-driven

C. officer-driven

D. judge-driven

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Which of the following does restorative justice emphasize?

A. face-to-face encounters between victim and offender

B. heavier protection of the victim

C. determination of ways to transform offender

D. rehabilitation and recovery of the victim

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. Which is a focus of restorative justice?

A. incorporating medical treatment for offenders during incarceration

B. encouraging offenders to take responsibility for their offenses

C. providing a means for victims to avoid offenders to move on from crime

D. allowing offenders to voice their reasoning for committing crimes

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Restorative justice views crime as something that affects victims and_____.

A. law enforcement

B. the entire community

C. legislators

D. the entire criminal justice system

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. The word “probation” stems from the Latin term “probis,” which means releasing individuals who promise to return to the court.

Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe the definitions and origins of probation and parole, as well as the differences between them

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Walter Crofton developed a “ticket of leave” system that allowed prison inmates early release and supervision in the community.

Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe the definitions and origins of probation and parole, as well as the differences between them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In 1878, Massachusetts passed the first probation statute.

Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe the definitions and origins of probation and parole, as well as the differences between them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In determining an individual’s appropriateness for probation supervision, judges only take into consideration the offender’s prior record and whether the current offense involved violence of any kind.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. If a person violates the conditions of probation, the judge is only allowed to impose the minimum prison sentence as punishment.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. There are two possible types of parole violations that can be committed: technical and substantive.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The U.S. Supreme Court case Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) held that probationers facing violation proceedings are entitled to certain due process protections.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Victims of crime are among the most important groups of individuals the parole board hears when making a parole determination.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Probation and parole officers perform very similar functions and in some cases combined as single departments in many jurisdictions.

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain the functions of probation and parole officers—and the impact of high caseloads

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Probation and parole officers have very clear distinctions in their roles and functions and experience less stress than other professionals working in the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain the functions of probation and parole officers—and the impact of high caseloads

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Probation and parole experts agree that officers should not be expected to supervise caseloads of more than 60 offenders at any given time.

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain the functions of probation and parole officers—and the impact of high caseloads

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Despite the name, intensive supervision does not constitute a tremendous strain on offenders, who would much rather be on intensive supervision than incarcerateD.

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. House arrest is an alternative to incarceration whereby offenders are detained at home and often electronically monitored.

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Active forms of electronic monitoring give supervising officers real-time information related to the offender's location and what they are doing at any given time.

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Boot camp program utilization has increased dramatically in recent years with the redesigned elements of strenuous workouts, physical agility training, and marching.

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. What three elements need to be present for an intervention to be an effective alternative to incarceration?

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain why the criminal justice system uses alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Alternatives to Incarceration?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Describe the development of parole in the United States.

Learning Objective: 14-3: Describe the definitions and origins of probation and parole, as well as the differences between them

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Origins of Probation and Parole

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain some of the factors the judge or prosecutor may take into account when considering a probation violation.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What are some of the shared functions of probation and parole officers?

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain the functions of probation and parole officers—and the impact of high caseloads

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Explain why there is no precise number of offenders a probation or parole officer can be expected to effectively supervise.

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain the functions of probation and parole officers—and the impact of high caseloads

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Discuss the negative impact of high caseload numbers on probation and parole officers' ability to supervise offenders.

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain the functions of probation and parole officers—and the impact of high caseloads

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Describe the relative pros and cons of intensive supervision for offenders.

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Explain how house arrest works.

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Describe how day reporting centers operate.

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Illustrate the rationale behind using restorative justice principles in community corrections.

Learning Objective: 14-8: Explain the rationale that underlies the use of restorative justice

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Describe some of the benefits to using alternatives to incarceration.

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain why the criminal justice system uses alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Alternatives to Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the factors judges take into consideration when weighing the appropriateness of an individual for probation supervision.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Discuss some of the factors taken into account when considering whether an inmate should be granted parole.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Identify the eligibility and rights accorded to people serving terms of probation or parole

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Probation and Parole Today

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Contrast the arguments in favor of and in opposition to arming probation and parole officers.

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain the functions of probation and parole officers—and the impact of high caseloads

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functions of Probation and Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Distinguish between active and passive electronic monitoring of offenders.

Learning Objective: 14-6: List and explain the purposes and functions of several intermediate sanctions and alternatives to incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium