Ch13 – Social Development in Childhood | Test Bank

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Chapter 13
Emotional and social development
in Middle Childhood

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1) Which statement accurately reflects the change in self-description that typically occurs between ages 8 and 11?

A) Children tend to describe themselves by focusing on specific behaviors.

B) Children will describe positive, but not negative, personality traits.

C) Children organize their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.

D) Children are likely to describe themselves in extreme, all-or-none ways.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 477; screen 13.1.1

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

2) When describing themselves, older school-age children are __________ likely than younger children to __________.

A) less; include both positive and negative personality traits

B) far more; describe themselves in extreme ways

C) less; describe themselves in comparison to peers

D) far less; describe themselves in all-or-none ways

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 478; screen 13.1.1

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

3) In middle childhood, children’s self-descriptions start to emphasize ________.

A) specific behaviors and observable traits

B) industry over inferiority

C) competencies

D) their own physical attributes

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 478; screen 13.1.1

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

4) Which child is engaging in social comparison?

A) Astra, who observes that she is better at singing than her peers but does not run as fast

B) Florrie, who describes herself as talkative and fun-loving, but also as a hard worker

C) Clark, who understands that his friend is upset because he received a poor grade

D) Julien, who attributes his successful basketball dribbling skills to his athletic ability

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 478; screen 13.1.1

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

5) Sociologist George Herbert Mead proposed that a __________ emerges when children adopt a view of the self that resembles others’ attitudes toward the child.

A) sense of doubt

B) well-organized psychological self

C) superiority complex

D) strong sense of guilt

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 478; screen 13.1.2

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

6) Self-esteem can be greatly undermined when ________.

A) children gain an understanding that traits are linked to specific desires

B) recursive thought influences the development of perspective taking

C) children internalize the expectations of those around them

D) there is a large discrepancy between a child’s ideal and real self

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 478; screen 13.1.2

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

7) School-age children with a history of __________ have more complex, favorable, and coherent self-concepts.

A) elaborative parent–child conversations about past experiences

B) authoritarian parent–child interactions

C) permissive parent–child interactions

D) routine parent–child conversations about current events

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 478; screen 13.1.2

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

8) As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from ________.

A) close friends

B) family members

C) younger children

D) the inner self

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.2

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

9) Compared to Western parents, Asian parents tend to stress ________, whereas Western parents tend to stress ________.

A) independence; harmonious interdependence

B) self-assertion; harmonious interdependence

C) harmonious interdependence; independence

D) self-assertion; independence

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.2

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

10) Research demonstrates that when asked to recall personally significant past events, Chinese children are more likely than U.S. children to ________,

A) refer to themselves

B) refer to social interactions

C) include accounts of their personal skills

D) include accounts of their personal opinions

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.2

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

11) Research indicates that when asked to describe themselves, Chinese children are more likely than U.S. children to list ________,

A) cognitive skills

B) physical skills

C) activities they enjoy

D) group membership

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.2

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

12) Research indicates that Chinese schoolchildren in urban areas have recently ________ the mention of personal attributes in their self-descriptions, a trend that likely reflects growing valuing of ________.

A) increased; individual traits

B) increased; harmonious interdependence

C) decreased; individual traits

D) decreased; harmonious interdependence

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.2

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

13) As children enter school and receive more feedback about how well they perform compared to their peers, self-esteem usually ________.

A) rises to an extremely high level

B) stays the same as it was during the preschool years

C) adjusts to a more realistic level

D) drops to an extremely low level

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.3

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

14) By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least four broad self-evaluations, which ________.

A) become less distinct with age

B) they combine into an overall psychological image of themselves

C) are given generally equal importance

D) define a child’s overall social competence

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.3

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

15) During middle childhood, self-esteem ________.

A) is usually higher than it was during the preschool years

B) is less dependent on comparisons with peers

C) takes on a hierarchical structure

D) tends to lack structure

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.3

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

16) During childhood and adolescence, __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than does any other self-esteem factor.

A) academic achievement

B) perceived physical appearance

C) social competence

D) athletic ability

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.3

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

17) Self-esteem ________ during elementary school.

A) becomes less realistic

B) is usually low

C) becomes less nuanced

D) generally remains high

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.3

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

18) From middle childhood on, individual differences in self-esteem become ________, and positive relationships among self-esteem, valuing of various activities, and success at those activities ________ with age.

A) less stable; strengthen

B) less stable; weaken

C) more stable; strengthen

D) more stable; weaken

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 479; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

19) Which statement about culture and self-esteem is true?

A) Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children.

B) Cultural differences in self-esteem tend to narrow with age.

C) Compared to U.S. children, East Asian children rely more on social comparisons to enhance their self-esteem.

D) East Asian children tend to be more reserved in praising others than they are in expressing positive self-judgments.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 480; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

20) Which statement about gender and self-esteem is true?

A) Boys score higher in language arts self-esteem than girls.

B) Boys exceed girls in self-esteem dimensions of social acceptance.

C) Gender-stereotyped beliefs have little, in any, effect on children’s overall self-esteem.

D) By the end of middle childhood, girls feel less confident than boys about their physical appearance.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 480; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

21) Which statement about ethnicity and self-esteem is true?

A) Compared with African-American children, European-American children have slightly higher self-esteem.

B) Among African-American children, more TV viewing is associated with lower self-esteem.

C) Among European-American children, TV viewing is associated with lower self-esteem.

D) Among Mexican American children, perceived physical appearance correlates more strongly with global self-esteem that does academic self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 481; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

22) School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) ________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) permissive

D) uninvolved

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 481; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

23) Narcissistic children have ________.

A) low self-esteem that leads them to act aggressively towards others

B) low self-esteem and little regard for what others think of them

C) an inflated sense of superiority with little regard for what others think of them

D) an inflated sense of superiority and obsessive worry about what others think of them

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 481; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Difficult

24) Consistently providing children with unearned praise ________.

A) boosts social self-esteem but not academic self-esteem

B) boosts academic self-esteem but not social self-esteem

C) produces benefits for children with low self-esteem, but not for children with high self-esteem

D) predicts declines in self-esteem over time

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 481; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

25) Margaret is high in academic self-esteem and motivation. She probably credits her successes to

A) luck

B) favoritism

C) a fixed ability

D) ability and effort

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 482; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

26) One example of a growth mindset about ability is the belief that abilities ________.

A) grow naturally over time

B) increase through effort and by applying effective strategies

C) grow at different times for different people, for unexplained reasons

D) increase based on natural ability instead of effort

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 482; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

27) Children who develop ________ attribute their failures, but not their successes, to ability.

A) learned helplessness

B) mastery-oriented attributions

C) a growth mindset

D) an ideal self

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 482; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

28) ________ praise implies that competence develops through effort.

A) Person

B) Process

C) Performance-goal

D) Fixed-mindset

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 482; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

29) When Amanda brings home a good grade on a school project, her mother says, “You’re so smart!” This type of praise might lead Amanda to ________.

A) exert more effort when faced with a challenge

B) question her competence in the face of failure

C) focus on learning rather than performance

D) pay little attention to her academic achievements

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 483; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

30) Girls __________ often than boys __________.

A) more; attribute poor performance to a lack of ability

B) more; view failures as stemming from external factors

C) less; let negative stereotypes undermine their performance

D) more; tend to receive mastery-oriented support from teachers

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 483; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level:

31) Asian parents and teachers are more likely than their American counterparts to ________.

A) hold a fixed view of ability

B) attend more to success than to failure

C) ignore a child’s inadequate performance

D) view effort as a moral responsibility

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 483; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

32) In considering achievement outcomes, Asians attend more to ________ than to ________.

A) ability; effort

B) luck; effort

C) success; failure

D) failure; success

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 483; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

33) Which statement about attribution retraining is true?

A) It encourages low-effort students to focus more on grades and less on mastering a task for individual improvement.

B) It incorporates difficult enough tasks that children will experience some failure, followed by repeated feedback that helps children revise their attributions.

C) It encourages children to believe that success should be attributed to chance rather than effort.

D) One benefit is that it does not necessitate instruction in effective strategies and self-regulation.

Topic: Self-Understanding

Content Ref: p. 484; screen 13.1.4

Objective: 13.1 Describe school-age children’s self-concept and self-esteem, and discuss factors that affect their achievement-related attributions.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

34) In which of the following situations is Henry, age 9, most likely to experience guilt?

A) He accidentally knocks his friend over while running on the playground.

B) He breaks his mother’s favorite glass while trying to help her clean the dishes.

C) He forgets to clean up his toys before leaving for school in the morning.

D) He peeks at the answers of his classmate during a spelling quiz.

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: p. 485; screen 13.2.1

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

35) A summary of findings from many studies confirms that children who experience guilt following transgressions ________.

A) tend to be well-adjusted

B) are prone to adjustment problems

C) have increased problems with coping

D) experience impaired perspective taking

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: p. 485; screen 13.2.1

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

36) Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?

A) Children typically feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions.

B) Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental.

C) Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.

D) Experiencing shame following transgressions motivates children to make amends.

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: p. 485; screen 13.2.1

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

37) Eleven-year-old Dalton is more likely than 6-year-old Janine to explain emotion by referring to ________.

A) personal accomplishments

B) observable characteristics

C) external events

D) internal states

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: pp. 485-6; screen 13.2.2

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

38) Between ages 6 and 12, children become more aware ________.

A) that others’ facial expressions reliably indicate their true feelings

B) that feelings of pride and guilt primarily occur when adults are present

C) of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions

D) that fixed mindsets promote greater resilience

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: p. 486; screen 13.2.2

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

39) In ________ coping, children appraise a situation as changeable, identify the source of the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.

A) problem-centered

B) emotion-centered

C) effort-centered

D) avoidant

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: p. 486; screen 13.2.3

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

40) Ten-year-old Stanley knows that his friend MaryAnn is angry because he played with Chester at recess. The next day, Stanley invites MaryAnn to play with Chester and him. Stanley is using ________.

A) emotion-centered coping

B) problem-centered coping

C) a fixed mindset

D) attribution retraining

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: p. 486; screen 13.2.3

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

41) When Erica’s best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to 10. Erica is using ________.

A) emotion-centered coping

B) problem-centered coping

C) a fixed mindset

D) attribution retraining

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: p. 486; screen 13.2.3

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

42) A cross cultural study indicated that, compared to U.S. children, ________ children in rural Nepal were ________ when asked to respond to stories about emotionally changed situations such as peer aggression.

A) Hindu; more likely to convey anger

B) Hindu; more likely to interpret the situation so that they felt “just OK”

C) Buddhist; more likely to convey anger

D) Buddhist; more likely to interpret the situation so that they felt “just OK”

Topic: Emotional Development

Content Ref: p. 487; screen 13.2.3

Objective: 13.2 Cite changes in self-conscious emotions, emotional understanding, and emotional self-regulation in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

43) Which statement about moral development in middle childhood is true?

A) School-age children typically say truth telling is always good and lying is always bad.

B) In middle childhood, children primarily rely on reinforcement to develop morally relevant behaviors.

C) During the school years, children construct a flexible appreciation of moral rules.

D) Although school-age children think about right and wrong, they usually copy their morality from others.

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 488; screen 13.3.1

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

44) Compared to North American agemates, Chinese schoolchildren are more likely to rate lying favorably when ________.

A) it is used to cover up antisocial acts

B) it supports the individual at the expense of the group

C) the intention is modesty

D) the intention is self-protection

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 488; screen 13.3.1

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

45) A study of 8- to 10-year-olds’ views of the moral implications of violating a social convention indicated they believed that ________

A) public violations are no worse than private violations

B) intentional violations are worse than accidental violations

C) violating social conventions is never acceptable

D) violations are acceptable when motivated by sincere belief

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 488; screen 13.3.1

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

46) Which statement about culture and moral understanding is true?

A) Chinese schoolchildren say that adults have the right to interfere in children’s personal matters, such as how they spend free time.

B) In Korean culture, 7- to 11-year-olds evaluate negatively a teacher’s order to engage in immoral acts, such as stealing or refusing to share.

C) In diverse cultures, schoolchildren view a directive telling children to share candy as wrong if it comes from a child with no authority.

D) Only schoolchildren in Western cultures believe that higher principles must prevail when people’s rights and welfare are at stake.

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 489; screen 13.3.3

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

47) Which statement about children and diversity is true?

A) By the early school years, children associate power and privilege with White people.

B) Children do not pick up on mainstream beliefs unless they are explicit messages.

C) Almost always, children adopt the views of race held by their parents.

D) Children reserve making judgments about members of different races until they have sufficient information to do so.

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 489; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

48) Which statement about in-group favoritism is true?

A) It emerges after out-group prejudice develops.

B) It involves wanting people who are outside one’s group to become part of one’s group.

C) It involves preferring members of one’s own group over others.

D) It occurs when people desire to become part of a group regarded as socially privileged.

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 490; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

49) Which statement about out-group prejudice is true?

A) It emerges before in-group favoritism develops.

B) It involves wanting people who are outside one’s group to become part of one’s group.

C) It involves the desire to change one’s group membership.

D) It occurs when people acquire negative attitudes about people perceived as being different from one’s group.

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 490; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

50) Which situation is an example of implicit bias?

A) believing that discrimination laws should not apply to members of certain ethnic groups

B) refusing to play with members of certain ethnic groups because of out-group prejudice

C) being more likely to associate positive characteristics with one’s own group than with others

D) believing that people from groups outside one’s own have more positive characteristics than people in one’s own group

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 490; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

51) Voicing of negative attitudes toward minorities ________.

A) declines after age 7 or 8, which is consistent with studies showing a reduction or elimination of implicit bias

B) declines after age 7 or 8, but this may not represent a true decrease in bias because it may reflect awareness of social standards

C) increases after age 7 or 8 as majority-culture children adopt the in-group favoritism implicit in widely held social standards

D) increases after age 7 or 8 as majority-culture children adopt the out-group prejudice implicit in widely held social standards

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 491; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

52) Which factor is associated with children being less likely to hold racial and ethnic biases?

A) believing that personality traits are fixed rather than changeable

B) having overly high self-esteem

C) basing judgments of people on their motives and circumstances

D) learning from adults to highlight group distinctions

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 491; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

53) The more adults highlight ________, the more likely White children will express in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice

A) intergroup interactions

B) ethnic diversity

C) the consequences of prejudice

D) group distinctions

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 491; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

54) Research confirms that an effective way to reduce prejudice is through ________.

A) segregation of children in classrooms to promote ethnic pride

B) encouraging children to view each other’s personality traits as fixed

C) highlighting group distinctions and sorting children into racial and ethnic groups

D) intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 491; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

55) The more children believe that people can change their personalities, the ________.

A) less time they spend volunteering to help people in need

B) more they judge others as either “good” or “bad”

C) more they report liking members of disadvantaged out-groups

D) less they report seeing themselves as similar to members of disadvantaged out-groups

Topic: Moral Development

Content Ref: p. 491; screen 13.3.4

Objective: 13.3 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including children’s understanding of diversity and inequality.

Skill: C

Difficulty Level: Moderate

56) Nene spends most of her time with a particular set of girlfriends, who are in the same classroom and are similar to her in academic achievement and popularity. Nene is ________.

A) a controversial child

B) a popular-prosocial child

C) part of a peer group

D) skilled at attribution retraining

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 492; screen 13.4.1

Objective: 13.4a Describe changes in peer sociability and friendship in middle childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

57) Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that ________.

A) with age, children are more likely to endorse excluding someone because of unconventional appearance or behavior

B) children who belong to a peer group rarely use relationally aggressive tactics to oust no longer “respected” children

C) most school-age children believe it is acceptable for a group to exclude a peer on the basis of skin color

D) girls experience exclusion more often than boys and are especially likely to regard it as unjust

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 493; screen 13.4.1

Objective: 13.4a Describe changes in peer sociability and friendship in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

58) Which statement about school-age children’s friendships is true?

A) Trust is the defining feature of friendships in middle childhood.

B) School-age children’s friendships are less selective than preschoolers’ friendships.

C) Boys are more exclusive in their friendships than girls.

D) As in early childhood, school-age children’s friendships are highly unstable.

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 493; screen 13.4.2

Objective: 13.4a Describe changes in peer sociability and friendship in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

59) Findings that some girls’ friendships are full of jealousy and that some boys’ friendships often involve physical attacks suggest that ________.

A) prosocial children are as much at risk of having hostile, fragile relationships as aggressive children

B) friendships in middle childhood are seldom considered to be stable

C) aggressive children’s social problems operate even within their closest peer ties

D) school-age children are still largely incapable of behaving prosocially

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 494; screen 13.4.2

Objective: 13.4a Describe changes in peer sociability and friendship in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

60) The children in Nadine’s class are asked to identify the classmates they like most or like least. Nadine receives the highest number of votes, many positive and many negative. Based on this assessment of social preferences, Nadine is a ________ child.

A) popular

B) rejected

C) controversial

D) neglected

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 494; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

61) On a measure of peer acceptance, Jud gets many negative votes from his classmates and no positive ones. Jud is a ________ child.

A) neglected

B) rejected

C) controversial

D) withdrawn

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 494; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

62) The correspondence between the classmates children perceive as popular and those classified as popular based on peer preferences is ________, which suggests that children perceived as popular ________.

A) strong; are very likely to be actually popular

B) moderate; are not, and many children are more popular than they are perceived to be

C) weak; are no more likely to be popular than are other children

D) negative; are likely to be unpopular

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 495; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

63) The largest subtype of rejected children consists of rejected-________ children.

A) withdrawn

B) passive

C) prosocial

D) aggressive

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 495; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

64) Nick is passive and socially awkward. He worries often, holds negative expectations about his peer interactions, and is disliked by many of his classmates. Nick is a __________ child.

A) neglected-withdrawn

B) neglected-aggressive

C) rejected-withdrawn

D) rejected-aggressive

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 495; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

65) Most neglected children ________.

A) are just as socially skilled as average children

B) have poor cooperation skills and tend to lash out

C) report feeling especially lonely compared to others

D) report feeling unhappy about their social life

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 496; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

66) Interventions with rejected children aim to help them attribute their peer difficulties to __________ causes.

A) external, unchangeable

B) external, changeable

C) internal, changeable

D) internal, unchangeable

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 496; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

67) Children who develop a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties are likely to ________.

A) believe that they eventually might become popular, but through no action of their own

B) conclude, after repeated rebuffs, that they will never be liked

C) assume that they will become rejected-withdrawn children unless they make more of an effort to build social skills

D) assume that they will become rejected-aggressive children unless they make more of an effort to build social skills

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 496; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

68) Which statement about bullying is true?

A) The percentage of children who are bullied is greater than the percentage of children who are bullies.

B) The percentage of children who are bullies is greater than the percentage of children who are bullied.

C) Most bullies who engage in face-to-face physical attacks are girls.

D) Most bullies who engage in face-to-face verbal attacks are girls.

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 497 Box: Biology and Environment: Bullies and Their Victims; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Difficult

69) Boys are ________ likely than girls to _________ to cyberbully another child.

A) more; distribute embarrassing photos or videos

B) more; use text messages and email

C) less; use social media

D) less; make physical threats

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 497 Box: Biology and Environment: Bullies and Their Victims; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Difficult

70) Which statement about cyberbullying is true?

A) Gender differences in cyberbullying are less pronounced than those of traditional bullying.

B) Cyberbullying is far less likely than traditional bullying to be reported by victims to parents or adults at school.

C) Cyberbullying is more common during middle childhood than during adolescence.

D) Traditional forms of bulling and cyberbullying rarely co-occur.

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 497 Box: Biology and Environment: Bullies and Their Victims; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Difficult

71) Research on peer victimization shows that ________.

A) chronic victims tend to be passive when active behavior is expected

B) when bullying occurs, peers usually intervene and almost never join in

C) victims of persistent bullying are likely to experience increased production of cortisol

D) very few targets of bullying become bullies themselves

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 497 Box: Biology and Environment: Bullies and Their Victims; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

72) Research indicates that the best way to reduce bullying is to ________.

A) focus on helping the targets of bullying cope with their problems

B) focus on teaching aggressors to adopt prosocial attitudes

C) exclude bullies from school settings

D) promote prosocial attitudes and behaviors in youth environments

Topic: Peer Relations

Content Ref: p. 497 Box: Biology and Environment: Bullies and Their Victims; screen 13.4.3

Objective: 13.4b Describe categories of peer acceptance and ways to help rejected children.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

73) Which personality traits is a child most likely to describe as feminine?

A) dependent

B) rational

C) dominant

D) aggressive

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 498; screen 13.5.1

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

74) Elementary school teachers tend to stereotype boys who display “masculine” behavior as ________.

A) lazy and troublesome

B) diligent and compliant

C) smart and competent

D) hardworking and compliant

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 498; screen 13.5.1

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

75) Which statement about gender-stereotyped beliefs is true?

A) Parents behave in more mastery-oriented ways with daughters than with sons.

B) Parents set higher standards for girls than for boys when helping a child with a task.

C) Elementary school teachers stereotype boys who display “feminine” behavior as diligent and compliant.

D) When presented with a boy and a girl who are equally successful at math, elementary school teachers tend to see the girl as having to work harder.

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 498; screen 13.5.1

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

76) Compared to the others, which school subject are children most likely to regard as being more appropriate for girls?

A) mathematics

B) physical education

C) language arts

D) science

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 498; screen 13.5.1

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

77) Compared to the others, which school subject are children most likely to regard as being more appropriate for boys?

A) reading

B) spelling

C) music

D) science

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 498; screen 13.5.1

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

78) Girls tend to feel more competent than boys at ________.

A) math

B) science

C) athletics

D) language arts

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 498; screen 13.5.1

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

79) When researchers examined the results of five decades of studies in which children were asked to draw an image of a scientist, female scientists were drawn ________.

A) more often in later decades

B) less often in later decades

C) more than half the time when boys made the drawing

D) more than half the time when girls made the drawing

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 499; screen 13.5.1

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

80) Which statement about gender stereotyping is true?

A) By the end of the school years, most children regard gender typing as socially rather than biologically influenced.

B) Over time, school-age children tend to develop a more narrow view of what males and females can do.

C) Children in elementary school tend to develop a more flexible view of what males and females can do, but this trend reverses in adolescence.

D) Boys and girls are treated similarly when they commit violations of traditional gender roles.

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 499; screen 13.5.1

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

81) From third to sixth grade, boys tend to ________ their identification with “masculine” personality traits, whereas girls’ identification with “feminine” personality traits ________.

A) strengthen; declines

B) weaken; strengthens

C) steadily maintain; increases over time

D) weaken; remains steady

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 500; screen 13.5.2

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

82) Which statement about gender identity and behavior is true?

A) School-age children of both sexes rate “masculine” occupations as having higher status than “feminine” occupations.

B) School-age children of both sexes tend to be tolerant when boys engage in cross-gender acts.

C) Boys are more likely than girls to describe themselves as having some “other-gender” characteristics.

D) Tomboyish girls who interact with boys are likely to lose the approval of their female peers.

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 500; screen 13.5.2

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

83) Which statement about gender-atypical children in middle childhood is true?

A) Although gender-atypical children sometimes feel rejected, they seldom experience serious adjustment difficulties.

B) Children who, on gender typicality, express an androgynous identity tend to report high self-esteem and few internalizing problems.

C) Experts agree that the best way to help gender-atypical children is to encourage them to become more gender typical.

D) Gender-typical and gender-atypical children show similar gains in self-esteem in third through seventh grade.

Topic: Gender Typing

Content Ref: p. 501; screen 13.5.2

Objective: 13.5 Discuss changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

84) Coregulation refers to a form of supervision in which ________.

A) two parents of a child alternate between being the caregiver who supervises day-to-day activities and the parent who provides overall guidance

B) parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making

C) one or more parents share caregiving responsibilities with extended family members, such as grandparents

D) parents provide general supervision, but their decisions are limited by regulations imposed by the government

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 502; screen 13.6.1

Objective: 13.6a Discuss changes in parent–child communication and sibling relationships in middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

85) Which statement about coregulation is accurate?

A) Parents use coregulation to closely monitor their children’s activities and decisions.

B) With coregulation, children take responsibility for making the rules, while parents monitor from a distance.

C) Coregulation typically is a result of a lax parenting style in which children become accustomed to monitoring themselves.

D) Coregulation supports and protects children while preparing them for adolescence.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 502; screen 13.6.1

Objective: 13.6a Discuss changes in parent–child communication and sibling relationships in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

86) Which statement about parent-child relationships is true?

A) Both parents tend to devote more time to children of their own sex.

B) In middle childhood, the amount of time children spend with parents tends to increase.

C) Fathers spend more time than mothers with school-age children.

D) Child-rearing becomes more difficult for parents who established an authoritative parenting style over the years.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 502; screen 13.6.1

Objective: 13.6a Discuss changes in parent–child communication and sibling relationships in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

87) Which statement is supported by research on sibling rivalry?

A) Sibling rivalry tends to decrease in middle childhood.

B) Jealousy over attention from fathers predicts sibling conflict.

C) Parental comparisons are less frequent for same-sex siblings who are close in age.

D) When siblings select the same athletic and academic pursuits, rivalry is reduced.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 502; screen 13.6.2

Objective: 13.6a Discuss changes in parent–child communication and sibling relationships in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

88) Research demonstrates that in the United States, compared to children with siblings, only children ________.

A) are somewhat closer to their parents

B) are lower in achievement motivation and self-esteem

C) tend to be better accepted in their peer group

D) have fewer close, high-quality friends

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 503; screen 13.6.2

Objective: 13.6a Discuss changes in parent–child communication and sibling relationships in middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

89) The most common way gay men and lesbians become parents is through ________.

A) previous heterosexual marriages

B) fostering arrangements

C) reproductive technologies

D) adoption

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 503; screen 13.6.4

Objective: 13.6b Explain how children fare in lesbian and gay families and in never-married, single-parent families.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

90) Which statement is supported by research on lesbian and gay families?

A) Children in lesbian and gay families do not differ from the children of heterosexual parents in mental health, quality of life, or peer relations.

B) Most research on families headed by same-sex couples is based on large, nationally representative samples of respondents.

C) Children in lesbian and gay families are more likely than children of heterosexual parents to be gender atypical.

D) Most children of lesbian and gay parents are adopted from another country.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 504; screen 13.6.4

Objective: 13.6b Explain how children fare in lesbian and gay families and in never-married, single-parent families.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

91) Children of lesbian and gay parents can be distinguished from other children mainly by issues related to ________.

A) parenting skills

B) heredity

C) reproductive technologies

D) living in discriminatory contexts

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 504; screen 13.6.4

Objective: 13.6b Explain how children fare in lesbian and gay families and in never-married, single-parent families.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

92) Which statement about births to unmarried mothers is true?

A) Cohabiting relationships are less common among young adults with low education and income than among other adults.

B) Over the past several decades, births to unmarried mothers have increased dramatically in developing nations but not in industrialized nations.

C) The percentage of nonmarital births to cohabiting couples has declined in recent decades.

D) In the United States, the percentage of births to single mothers has more than doubled since 1980.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 504; screen 13.6.5

Objective: 13.6b Explain how children fare in lesbian and gay families and in never-married, single-parent families.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

93) The United States has experienced a(n) __________ in divorces over the past fifteen years, largely due to __________.

A) increase; increases in family size

B) increase; heightened economic stress

C) decline; improved economic stability

D) decline; a rise in the age at first marriage

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 505; screen 13.6.6

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

94) Which statement about divorce is true?

A) Among developed nations, the United States has one of the highest divorce rates.

B) Most U.S. children live in divorced, single-parent households.

C) Among divorced, single-parent households, the percentage of father-headed households has decreased in recent decades.

D) Children of divorce usually spend most of their childhood in a single-parent home.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 505; screen 13.6.6

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

95) A survey of the marital status of U.S. women revealed that ________.

A) across education levels, most women who have been divorced are in their third marriage or higher

B) divorced women with college degrees or higher are more likely than other women to remarry

C) women with limited education are more likely to have been divorced than to be in their first marriage

D) increased education is linked to marital stability, and limited education is linked to divorce

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 506; screen 13.6.6

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

96) Which statement about the consequences of divorce is true?

A) Divorced fathers who see their children only occasionally are likely to adopt an authoritarian parenting style.

B) In mother-custody families, girls are at higher risk than boys for serious adjustment problems.

C) After divorce, internalizing reactions, such as withdrawal, are less common than attention-getting behavior.

D) Boys of divorcing parents who go on to live in a single-parent household receive more emotional support from mothers, teachers, and peers than girls do.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 507; screen 13.6.6

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

97) The overriding factor for children in positive adjustment after divorce is ________.

A) the gender of the child

B) effective parenting

C) the custody arrangement

D) the temperament of the child

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 507; screen 13.6.6

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

98) Which statement about the long-term consequences of divorce is true?

A) In most investigations, children in mother-custody homes do better in terms of psychological well-being than those in father-custody homes.

B) In most investigations, children in mother-custody homes do better in terms of psychological well-being than those in father-custody homes.

C) An intact but high-conflict family is usually a worse environment for children than a low-conflict, single-parent household

D) Single fathers tend to provide children with more warmth, monitoring, and supervision than mothers.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 508; screen 13.6.6

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

99) Which statement about divorce mediation is true?

A) It is a court-based system designed to protect children’s well-being by involving both parents in child rearing.

B) It involves a series of meetings between divorcing adults and a trained professional aimed at reducing family conflict.

C) It is a process in which parents who are already divorced conduct meetings with their children to jointly arrive at custody arrangements.

D) It improves post-divorce parent cooperation but has little effect on children’s feelings of well-being.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 508; screen 13.6.6

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

100) Which statement about blended families is true?

A) The most common form of blended family is a father–stepmother arrangement.

B) Boys are more likely than girls to have difficulty with their custodial mother’s remarriage.

C) Children living with fathers often start out with fewer problems than other children and are therefore more likely to adjust well to remarriage.

D) Children in blended families usually have more adjustment problems than children in stable, first-marriage families.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 509; screen 13.6.7

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

101) Which statement about divorce and custody is true?

A) Joint custody parents usually report more conflict than parents with other custody arrangements.

B) Children in sole-maternal-custody homes tend to be better adjusted than children in joint custody arrangements.

C) The divorce rate for second marriages is higher than for first marriages.

D) No legal remedies exist for cases in which parents fail to make child support payments.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 510; screen 13.6.7

Objective: 13.6c Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

102) Which statement about maternal employment is true?

A) Daughters of employed mothers tend to gradually acquire negative views about the roles of women in the workforce.

B) Daughters of employed mothers perceive women’s roles as involving more freedom of choice and satisfaction.

C) Stable maternal employment during a child’s early years is linked to lower academic achievement for that child.

D) Employed mothers who feel financially secure are likely to be less involved in co-parenting.

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 511; screen 13.6.8

Objective: 13.6d Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

103) Self-care, in which children regularly look after themselves for some period of time during after-school hours, ________.

A) increases with age and with SES

B) increases with age, but decreases with SES

C) decreases with age and with SES

D) decreases with age but increases with SES

Topic: Family Influences

Content Ref: p. 511; screen 13.6.8

Objective: 13.6d Cite factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce and blended family arrangements.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

104) Some fears, such as a fear of ________, are more prominent in middle childhood than in early childhood.

A) the dark

B) supernatural beings

C) thunder and lightning

D) the possibility of personal harm

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 512; screen 13.7.1

Objective: 13.7a Cite common fears and anxieties in middle childhood, and discuss their impact on children’s adjustment.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

105) By definition, a phobia is a fear ________.

A) that produces feelings of anxiety but not obvious physical symptoms

B) of something that does not produce fear in most people

C) of something that is not in fact dangerous

D) that is intense and unmanageable

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 512; screen 13.7.1

Objective: 13.7a Cite common fears and anxieties in middle childhood, and discuss their impact on children’s adjustment.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

106) Which statement about school refusal is true?

A) The underlying cause of school refusal is more likely to be underprotection than overprotection.

B) Addressing the child’s refusal to return to school should always involve changing the child’s behavior and not changing the school environment.

C) Most cases of school refusal appear before age 10.

D) About one-third of children with school refusal are 5- to 7-year-olds for whom the real fear is maternal separation.

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 513; screen 13.7.1

Objective: 13.7a Cite common fears and anxieties in middle childhood, and discuss their impact on children’s adjustment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

107) Which statement about child sexual abuse is true?

A) Men and women are approximately equally likely to sexually abuse children.

B) Most cases of child sexual abuse are reported in early childhood.

C) Sexual abuse is committed against children of both sexes, but more often against girls.

D) Typically, the abuser is a nonrelative whom the child does not know very well.

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 513; screen 13.7.2

Objective: 13.7b Discuss factors related to child sexual abuse, its consequences for children’s development, and its prevention and treatment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

108) Which statement about the effects of ethnic and political violence on children is true?

A) Most affected children show long-term emotional difficulties, even when the threatening conditions are temporary.

B) War-related consequences for children seem to be culturally universal, appearing in children of every war zone studied.

C) Parental affection and reassurance are among the least effective approaches to preventing lasting problems.

D) When parents discuss traumatic experiences with their children, the parents should focus on communicating the full extent of their own trauma.

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 514 Box: Cultural Influences: Impact of Ethnic and Political Violence on Children; screen 13.7.1

Objective: 13.7a Cite common fears and anxieties in middle childhood, and discuss their impact on children’s adjustment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

109) Numerous child welfare and mental health organizations have publicly denounced recent U.S. separation and deportation practices based on ________.

A) a legal claim that crossing the U.S. border is not, in fact, illegal

B) a moral belief that even parents who pose a physical danger to society have a right to stay with their children

C) claims that temporary separation is more damaging to adolescents than to young children

D) evidence that children separated from their parents are at greatest risk for long-term maladjustment

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 514 Box: Cultural Influences: Impact of Ethnic and Political Violence on Children; screen 13.7.1

Objective: 13.7a Cite common fears and anxieties in middle childhood, and discuss their impact on children’s adjustment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

110) Which statement about the consequences of sexual abuse is true?

A) Sexually abused children rarely display precocious sexual knowledge or behavior.

B) Sexually abused children show decreased arrest rates for sex crimes when they become adults.

C) Women who were sexually abused are likely to choose partners who abuse them and their children.

D) The harmful effects of an incident of sexual abuse are usually limited to the generation in which the incident occurs.

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 515; screen 13.7.2

Objective: 13.7b Discuss factors related to child sexual abuse, its consequences for children’s development, and its prevention and treatment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

111) New Zealand’s approach to preventing child sexual abuse is noteworthy in that it ________.

A) teaches children that abusers are typically strangers, and not parents or other adults the family knows

B) stresses that abusers are almost always adults and not other children

C) is the only country with a national, school-based prevention program available to all elementary and secondary school students

D) focuses on educating children instead of parents about the dangers of child sexual abuse

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 515; screen 13.7.2

Objective: 13.7b Discuss factors related to child sexual abuse, its consequences for children’s development, and its prevention and treatment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

112) Which statement about children’s eyewitness testimony is true?

A) Inhibition, which improves from early to middle childhood, makes children more susceptible to suggestion in the courtroom.

B) Compared with preschoolers, school-age children who give eyewitness testimony are less likely to give detailed narrative accounts.

C) Children as young as three years old are capable of recalling recent events accurately.

D) Adolescents are unlikely to form elaborate, false memories of events, even when faced with biased questioning.

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 516 Box: Social Issues: Health: Children’s Eyewitness Testimony; screen 13.7.2

Objective: 13.7b Discuss factors related to child sexual abuse, its consequences for children’s development, and its prevention and treatment.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

113) Which of these is an example of a leading question that is likely to bias the response?

A) “Tell me what happened.”

B) “How did you feel that day?”

C) “He tried to touch you, didn’t he?”

D) “Where were you on Saturday?”

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 516 Box: Social Issues: Health: Children’s Eyewitness Testimony; screen 13.7.2

Objective: 13.7b Discuss factors related to child sexual abuse, its consequences for children’s development, and its prevention and treatment.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

114) In many sexual abuse cases, the use of anatomically correct dolls or body diagrams ________.

A) usually prompts older children to give false information

B) increases the suggestibility of preschoolers

C) helps very young witnesses by not requiring dual representation

D) has not been shown to increase the likelihood of false testimony

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 516 Box: Social Issues: Health: Children’s Eyewitness Testimony; screen 13.7.2

Objective: 13.7b Discuss factors related to child sexual abuse, its consequences for children’s development, and its prevention and treatment.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

115) Research indicates that ________ relationship exists between stressful life experiences and psychological disturbance in childhood, which indicates that ________.

A) only a modest; every effort must be made to avoid those experiences

B) only a modest; the capacity to overcome adversity plays a role in healthy development

C) a very strong; even resilient children are unable to overcome common stressful events

D) a very strong; even well-designed intervention programs are unlikely to have significant positive effects

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 517; screen 13.7.3

Objective: 13.7c Cite factors that foster resilience in middle childhood

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

116) In the context of child development, resilience is ________.

A) the ability to avoid stressful situations

B) the ability to seek positive experiences instead of negative ones

C) the capacity to overcome adversity

D) attained when someone has not had many stressful life experiences

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 517; screen 13.7.3

Objective: 13.7c Cite factors that foster resilience in middle childhood

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

117) Programs like 4Rs (Reading, Writing, Respect, and Resolution) recognize that resilience is not __________ but rather __________.

A) a preexisting attribute; a capacity that develops

B) a developmental cascade; predetermined

C) environmental in origin; biological in origin

D) a cognitive ability; a social ability

Topic: Some Common Problems of Development

Content Ref: p. 518; screen 13.7.3

Objective: 13.7c Cite factors that foster resilience in middle childhood

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

ESSAY

118) How does children’s self-esteem change from early to middle childhood?

119) Provide examples of ways in which culture, gender, and ethnicity influence self-esteem in middle childhood.

120) Explain how problem-centered coping differs from emotion-centered coping, and provide an example of how each strategy is used by school-age children.

121) Describe development in middle childhood of only children in the United States and China.

122) Describe factors that help children make a more positive adjustment to divorce.

123) Describe some of the consequences of child sexual abuse from early childhood to adulthood.

124) Identify factors that foster resilience in middle childhood.