Ch11 – Middle Childhood Phys Dev | Test Bank – 9e

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Chapter 11
pHYSICAL DEvelopment in Middle cHILDHOOD

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1) Between ages 6 and 8, girls are slightly ________ than boys.

A) shorter and lighter

B) shorter and heavier

C) taller and lighter

D) taller and heavier

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 405; screen 11.1

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

2) Which statement about differences in growth patterns is true?

A) The adolescent growth spurt occurs earlier in boys than in girls.

B) The adolescent growth spurt occurs earlier in girls than in boys.

C) In middle childhood, girls have more body fat and more muscle than boys.

D) In middle childhood, girls have less body fat and less muscle than boys.

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 405; screen 11.1

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

3) After age 8, girls ________.

A) grow more slowly than boys

B) have slightly more muscle than boys

C) have slightly less body fat than boys

D) begin accumulating fat at a faster rate

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 405; screen 11.1

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

4) The gap separating the shortest and tallest 8-year-olds worldwide is explained by ________.

A) heredity, but not environmental factors

B) environmental factors, but not heredity

C) both hereditary and environmental factors

D) neither heredity nor environmental factors

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 406; screen 11.1.1

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

5) One example of the influence of evolutionary adaptations on height is the fact that ________.

A) short, stocky physiques help conserve body heat in cold areas

B) insufficient access to nutritious food is associated with developmental problems

C) in developed countries, infectious diseases are largely controlled

D) extreme poverty is associated with both physical and cognitive developmental problems

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 406; screen 11.1.1

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

6) Children from families that move from poor to wealthy nations grow taller than their parents; this is evidence that ________.

A) environmental factors contribute to group differences in physical size

B) environmental factors and heredity are influences that tend to counteract each other

C) the influence of poverty on height is less than that of other environmental factors, such as exposure to infectious diseases

D) poverty is not an environmental factor contributing to developmental problems

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 406; screen 11.1.1

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

7) Secular trends in physical growth involve changes in body size ________.

A) from one region to another

B) as a result of evolutionary adaptation

C) from one generation to the next

D) as a result of periodic growth spurts

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 407; screen 11.1.2

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

8) The secular trend in physical growth suggests that ________.

A) changes in physical size are influenced more by genetic factors than by environmental factors

B) the larger size of today’s children is mostly due to a faster rate of physical development

C) faster rates of physical development are balanced by slower rates of cognitive development

D) improved health and nutrition have less of an effect on mature body size than reducing exposure to infectious diseases

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 407; screen 11.1.2

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

9) In regions with widespread poverty, famine, and disease, ________.

A) either no secular change or a secular decrease in body size has occurred

B) a secular increase in body size exists, but it is delayed

C) a secular increase in body size exists, but only during early childhood

D) the secular gain in height has slowed in recent decades

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 407; screen 11.1.2

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

10) During middle childhood, the bones of the body ________.

A) stop growing

B) shorten and narrow

C) lengthen and broaden

D) firmly attach to ligaments

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 407; screen 11.1.3

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

11) Two factors that give children unusual flexibility of movement during middle childhood are ________ and ________.

A) having ligaments that are not firmly attached to bones; increasing muscle strength

B) hardening and lengthening of the bones; tightening of ligaments

C) having muscles that are loosely attached to bones; undeveloped muscle tone

D) underdeveloped hip joints; muscles that do not fully develop until adolescence

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 407; screen 11.1.3

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

12) Which statement about teeth and dental care is true?

A) Between ages 6 and 12, all 20 primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones.

B) Boys lose their primary teeth slightly earlier than girls.

C) At about 9 years of age, most children are capable of flossing without assistance.

D) The molars are usually the first primary teeth that are replaced by permanent ones.

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 407; screen 11.1.3

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

13) Which statement about malocclusion is true?

A) It occurs in more than half of school-age children.

B) It is less common among children who suck their thumbs.

C) It is a condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly.

D) It occurs when primary teeth are not replaced with permanent ones.

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 407; screen 11.1.3

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

14) A frequent cause of malocclusion is ________.

A) failing to fill cavities promptly

B) eating too many sweets

C) wearing braces

D) crowding of permanent teeth

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 407; screen 11.1.3

Objective: 11.1a Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

15) White matter in the brain ________.

A) decreases steadily throughout childhood

B) consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers

C) does not exist in the prefrontal cortex

D) consists mostly of neurons and supportive material

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 408; screen 11.1.4

Objective: 11.1b Describe brain development in middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

16) Gray matter in the brain ________.

A) replaces white matter during middle childhood

B) consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers

C) increases steadily throughout childhood and adolescence

D) declines as synaptic pruning and death of surrounding neurons proceed

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 408; screen 11.1.4

Objective: 11.1b Describe brain development in middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

17) Pruning and reorganization of brain circuits lead to ________.

A) decreased capacity for inhibition

B) increased incidence of seizures

C) poorer sustained attention

D) gains in working-memory capacity

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 408; screen 11.1.4

Objective: 11.1b Describe brain development in middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

18) When neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances, children may suffer from serious developmental problems such as epilepsy, which is characterized by ________.

A) brain seizures and loss of motor control

B) increased synaptic pruning

C) pruning and reorganization of brain circuits

D) neural fibers becoming myelinated

Topic: Body Growth

Content Ref: p. 408; screen 11.1.4

Objective: 11.1b Describe brain development in middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

19) Children from economically advantaged homes are at their healthiest in ________.

A) infancy

B) early childhood

C) middle childhood

D) adolescence

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 409; screen 11.2.1

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

20) Children who spent much time in child-care centers during infancy and early childhood experience ________ respiratory, ear, and intestinal infections, and are sick ________ often than their agemates later on.

A) more; more

B) more; less

C) fewer; more

D) fewer; less

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 409; screen 11.2.1

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

21) Which statement about nutrition is true?

A) Children typically feel energized after eating junk foods.

B) Even mild nutritional deficits can affect cognitive functioning.

C) When children eat meals with their families, they tend to eat less nutritious food than they would otherwise.

D) The negative effects of a diet high in sugar, fat, and salt are not apparent until adolescence.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 409; screen 11.2.1

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

22) Children who suffer from malnutrition ________

A) produce less cortisol and tend to be nonresponsive to stressful situations

B) suffer from impaired motor coordination and inattention

C) exhibit normal motor skills, but altered psychological functioning

D) display normal psychological functioning, but delayed development of motor functioning

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 409; screen 11.2.1

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

23) Obesity is defined as ________.

A) being more than 20 percent above healthy weight, based on body mass index (BMI)

B) being heavier than 85 percent of the population

C) having a fat-to-muscle ratio that is 20 percent higher than the average person of the same age

D) having a body mass index (BMI) that is 20 percent higher than the average person of the same age

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 410; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

24) Two people with identical BMI ratios ________.

A) always weigh the same

B) have the same amount of body fat

C) have the same percentage of body fat

D) have the same ratio of weight to height

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 410; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

25) Which statement about body mass index (BMI) is true?

A) Individuals with identical BMI ratios and different heights have different amounts of body fat.

B) Individuals with identical BMI ratios and identical weights always have the same amount of body fat.

C) A person whose weight stays the same and grows taller will have an unchanged BMI.

D) A person who loses five pounds of fat and gains five pounds of muscle will have an unchanged BMI.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 410; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

26) A body mass index (BMI) ________ for a child’s age and sex is considered overweight, and a BMI ________ is considered obese.

A) above the 50^th percentile; above the 75^th percentile

B) above the 85^th percentile; above the 95^th percentile

C) below the 50^th percentile; below the 25^th percentile

D) below the 15^th percentile; below the 5^th percentile

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 410; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

27) Which statement about trends in obesity is true?

A) Around the globe, adult obesity rates have increased in the past four decades, but childhood obesity rates have not changed substantially.

B) Around the globe, childhood obesity rates have increased in the past four decades, but adult obesity rates have not changed substantially.

C) The largest population weight gains in the past four decades have occurred in Canada, Mexico, England, and the United States.

D) Many industrialized nations, such as France and Italy, have seen reductions in childhood obesity in the past four decades.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 410; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

28) A study of projected obesity rates for selected industrialized nations predicted higher adult rates of obesity ________.

A) until 2030, after which rates are expected to decline

B) until 2030, but only because the way obesity is measured is expected to change

C) among countries in North America, but not among countries in Europe or Asia

D) among all nations in the study, with rates in the United States higher than those of any other nation

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 410; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

29) In developing countries, rates of obesity have risen as a result of ________.

A) the low nutritional quality of culturally traditional diets

B) diets low in meats and energy-dense refined foods

C) an urbanized shift toward sedentary lifestyles

D) changing cultural standards about body sizes

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 410; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

30) Childhood obesity in China ________.

A) is influenced by cultural beliefs that excess body fat represents prosperity and health

B) is especially high in rural regions and nearly nonexistent in urban areas

C) is far more prevalent among young girls than among young boys

D) peaked in the 1980s and has decreased during the last 25 years.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 410; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

31) Which statement about childhood obesity rates in the United States is true?

A) Over half of all preschoolers are overweight, and over half of children age 6 and older are obese.

B) Over half of children age 6 to 11 are overweight, and most of those children are obese.

C) In older age groups, the percentage of overweight children who are obese is smaller than it is in younger age groups.

D) In older age groups, the percentage of overweight children who are obese is greater than it is in younger age groups.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 411; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Difficult

32) Which statement about the causes of childhood obesity is true?

A) All children are equally at risk for excessive weight gain.

B) Genetic rather than environmental factors put children at risk for obesity.

C) Excessive food intake induces epigenetic modifications in expression of genes affecting metabolism.

D) Children whose parents restrict when, what, and how much they eat are at very low risk for weight gain.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 411; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

33) Children who were malnourished in their early years are at ________ risk for excessive weight gain, in part because ________.

A) greater; a malnourished body protects itself by establishing a low basal metabolic rate

B) greater; malnutrition is not the only factor that can lead to excessive weight gain

C) lower; the lack of available food enhanced their ability to regulate food intake

D) lower; they were unlikely to build substantial reserves of fat during infancy and early childhood

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: pp. 411-1; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Difficult

34) Which statement about obesity rates is true?

A) In industrialized nations, low SES is associated with obesity, except among ethnic minorities.

B) In industrialized nations, low SES is associated with being overweight, but not with being obese.

C) In developing countries, obesity risk tends to be greater for higher-SES families.

D) In developing countries, obesity risk tends to be lower for higher-SES families.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 412; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

35) Which statement about the causes of obesity is true?

A) Parental restrictions on when, what, and how much a child eats reduce the risk of excessive weight gain.

B) Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are at lower risk for excessive weight gain.

C) Obese children’s maladaptive eating habits result in greater responsiveness to external stimuli associated with food.

D) Inactivity is a cause but not a consequence of excessive weight gain.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 412; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

36) Children who __________ are more likely to be overweight later in life.

A) eat more slowly

B) get less nightly sleep

C) have limited television viewing time

D) are responsive to internal hunger cues

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 412; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

37) Which statement about the dietary circumstances of Pima Indians is true?

A) They have low rates of obesity, due in large part to their traditional diet of plant foods.

B) They have low rates of obesity, because genetic factors make them less susceptible to the effects of a modern diet.

C) They have high rates of obesity, but this rate has not changed despite changes in diet over time.

D) They have high rates of obesity and a genetic susceptibility to overweight that emerges under Western dietary conditions.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 412; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

38) Chronic stress triggers ________, which in turn frequently induces a raging appetite and subsequent weight gain.

A) insulin resistance

B) diabetes

C) a high basal metabolism rate

D) restriction of cortisol

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 413 Box: Social Issues: Health: Family Stressors and Childhood Obesity; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

39) Interventions designed to give children self-regulation training ________.

A) are fully effective, even when stressors are overwhelming

B) are fully effective only when stressors are manageable and not overwhelming

C) have little measurable effect when stressors are moderate

D) have no measurable effect even when stressors are moderate

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 413 Box: Social Issues: Health: Family Stressors and Childhood Obesity; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

40) Obesity has caused a dramatic rise in cases of ________ in children.

A) asthma

B) diabetes

C) tuberculosis

D) allergies

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 413; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

41) The most effective interventions for childhood obesity are ________.

A) family-based and focus on changing behaviors

B) weight-loss camps

C) strict diet and exercise regimens

D) rewards for weight loss and punishments for daily inactivity

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 414; screen 11.2.2

Objective: 11.2a Describe the causes and consequences of serious nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

42) __________ is the most common vision problem in middle childhood.

A) Presbyopia

B) Tunnel vision

C) Astigmatism

D) Myopia

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 414; screen 11.2.3

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

43) Which statement about myopia is true?

A) Children who spend more time reading are more likely to be myopic.

B) Children who spend more time playing outdoors are more likely to be myopic.

C) Myopia occurs less frequently in children and adolescents of East Asian than European ancestry.

D) Myopia is less common now than it has been in recent decades.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 415; screen 11.2.3

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

44) Myopia is one of the few health conditions that is ________.

A) more common at younger ages

B) entirely preventable

C) more common among children from higher-SES families

D) naturally reversible

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 415; screen 11.2.3

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

45) During middle childhood, the Eustachian tube becomes longer, narrower, and more slanted, resulting in __________ of __________.

A) more frequent bouts; otitis media

B) higher rates; strep throat

C) lower rates; sinus infections

D) reduced incidence; otitis media

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 415; screen 11.2.3

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

46) Fifteen percent of U.S. school-age children suffer from nocturnal enuresis, which refers to ________.

A) nightmares

B) bedwetting during the night

C) a brief period during sleep when breathing stops temporarily

D) fear of the dark

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 416; screen 11.2.4

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

47) Which statement about nocturnal enuresis is true?

A) The condition is usually sporadic and has no hereditary ties.

B) More girls than boys suffer from nocturnal enuresis.

C) Often, enuresis is caused by a failure of muscular responses that inhibit urination.

D) Punishing a school-age child for wetting the bed usually decreases its occurrence.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 415; screen 11.2.4

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

48) The most effective treatment for enuresis is ________.

A) a low-dose stimulant

B) a urine alarm

C) anxiety medication

D) punishment

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 415; screen 11.2.4

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

49) Children experience a somewhat higher rate of illness during the first two years of elementary school than later, because of ________.

A) exposure to sick children and an immune system that is still developing

B) a lack of immunizations required for school entry

C) poor hygiene and a lack of preventive measures in schools

D) increased contact with unfamiliar foods in school lunches

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 416; screen 11.2.5

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

50) The most common chronic childhood illness in the United States is ________.

A) sickle cell anemia

B) asthma

C) cystic fibrosis

D) diabetes

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 416; screen 11.2.5

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

51) When Elliot engages in intense exercise, particularly in cold weather or during allergy season, his bronchial tubes fill with mucus and contract. This causes him to cough and have serious breathing difficulties. Elliot has ________.

A) nocturnal enuresis

B) asthma

C) emphysema

D) bronchitis

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 416; screen 11.2.5

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

52) Which statement about asthma is true?

A) It affects about 20 to 25 percent of U.S. children living at home.

B) It is less common now than it was a few decades ago.

C) It is more common among children from higher-SES families.

D) Researchers believe that environmental factors are necessary to spark the illness.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 416; screen 11.2.5

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

53) ________ are at greater risk for asthma.

A) Boys and children who were born underweight

B) Boys and children from higher-SES families

C) Girls and children of smokers

D) Girls and children living in poverty

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 416; screen 11.2.5

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

54) Which of the following statements about chronically ill children is true?

A) About 10 percent of U.S. children suffer from severe chronic illnesses.

B) There is no clear research consensus regarding the link between chronic illness and academic progress.

C) A strong link exists between good family functioning and child well-being for chronically ill children.

D) Most chronically ill children fare well in their emotional and social adjustment.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 416; screen 11.2.5

Objective: 11.2b List factors that contribute to illness during the school years, and explain how these health problems can be reduced.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

55) Which statement about childhood injuries is true?

A) Injury fatalities decrease over the period from middle childhood into adolescence.

B) Injury rates for girls are considerably higher than those for boys.

C) Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of injury fatalities in middle childhood.

D) Sports-related injuries are the second leading cause of injury in middle childhood.

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 417; screen 11.2.6

Objective: 11.2c Describe changes in the occurrence of unintentional injuries during middle childhood, and cite effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

56) Injury fatality rates during middle childhood are ________ for boys than girls, a gap that ________ during adolescence.

A) higher; expands

B) higher; narrows

C) lower; expands

D) lower; narrows

Topic: Health Issues

Content Ref: p. 417; screen 11.2.6

Objective: 11.2c Describe changes in the occurrence of unintentional injuries during middle childhood, and cite effective interventions.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

57) Without effective teaching, children readily generalize their knowledge of familiar health conditions to less familiar ones. For example, they may ________.

A) realize that a wearing a bicycle helmet is important but need help putting it on properly

B) comprehend the importance of washing but not want to bathe every day

C) be able to identify healthy foods but not be able to describe why they are healthy

D) understand risk factors for getting a cold but conclude that all diseases are contagious

Topic: Health Education

Content Ref: p. 418; screen 11.3

Objective: 11.3 Identify steps that parents and teachers can take to encourage good health practices in school-age children.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

58) Which statement about children’s understanding of health is true?

A) Useful health information provided to children by a physician is usually reinforced by information they obtain themselves through screen media.

B) Children are able to associate engaging in preventive behaviors early in life with later health benefits.

C) Maintaining health is seldom an important goal for most school-age children, who feel good most of the time.

D) Most school-age children are unable to comprehend a wide range of health information.

Topic: Health Education

Content Ref: p. 419; screen 11.3

Objective: 11.3 Identify steps that parents and teachers can take to encourage good health practices in school-age children.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

59) Imparting health information to school-age children is difficult because they ________.

A) are far more concerned about schoolwork, friends, and play

B) learn about health through multiple sources, which creates information overload

C) are typically rebellious and ignore the suggestions given by authority figures

D) are skeptical of advertising, which tends to promote healthy living

Topic: Health Education

Content Ref: p. 419; screen 11.3

Objective: 11.3 Identify steps that parents and teachers can take to encourage good health practices in school-age children.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

60) Measurements of gross-motor performance indicate that 10-year-olds react ________ 5-year-olds.

A) about as quickly as

B) about twice as quickly as

C) a little more slowly than

D) much more slowly than

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 420; screen 11.4.1

Objective: 11.4a Cite major changes in gross- and fine-motor development during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

61) Because 5- to 7-year-olds’ gross-motor skills are not fully developed, ________ would be a more appropriate sport for them than ________.

A) T-ball; baseball

B) tennis; handball

C) basketball; four-square

D) football; kickball

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: pp. 420-1; screen 11.4.1

Objective: 11.4a Cite major changes in gross- and fine-motor development during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

62) Which statement about gross-motor activity is true?

A) Exercise interferes with myelination of neural fibers.

B) Improving physical fitness delays cognitive development.

C) Brain structures supporting attention control are larger in better-fit than in poorly-fit children.

D) Exercise affects cognitive development but not executive function.

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 421; screen 11.4.1

Objective: 11.4a Cite major changes in gross- and fine-motor development during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

63) At age 6, Ofelia probably ________.

A) can print the alphabet and the numbers from 1 through 10 with reasonable clarity

B) will learn to write lowercase letters before uppercase letters

C) can learn to write in cursive as easily as printing

D) cannot yet integrate two-dimensional shapes into her drawings

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: pp. 421-2; screen 11.4.2

Objective: 11.4a Cite major changes in gross- and fine-motor development during middle childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

64) Young children’s printing is usually large because ________.

A) horizontal motions are easier to control than vertical motions

B) vertical motions are easier to control than horizontal motions

C) they make pencil strokes with their wrists and fingers

D) they make pencil strokes using the entire arm

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 422; screen 11.4.2

Objective: 11.4a Cite major changes in gross- and fine-motor development during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

65) Legibility of writing gradually increases as children ________

A) use larger, more uniform lettering

B) produce more accurate letters with uniform height and spacing

C) learn to make strokes with their entire arm

D) learn to accurately integrate two-dimensional shapes

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 422; screen 11.4.2

Objective: 11.4a Cite major changes in gross- and fine-motor development during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

66) Girls have an edge over boys in ________.

A) running

B) drawing

C) kicking

D) throwing

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 422; screen 11.4.3

Objective: 11.4b Describe individual differences in motor performance during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

67) Boys have an edge over girls in ________.

A) handwriting.

B) kicking.

C) hopping.

D) skipping.

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 422; screen 11.4.3

Objective: 11.4b Describe individual differences in motor performance during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

68) Which factor plays the largest role in accounting for boys’ superiority in gross-motor skills?

A) differences in fine motor skills

B) differences in cognitive ability

C) boy’s genetic advantage in muscle mass

D) the social environment

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 423; screen 11.4.3

Objective: 11.4b Describe individual differences in motor performance during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

69) Compared with a generation ago, ________ girls now participate in individual and team sports, although ________.

A) more; their involvement lags behind boys’

B) more; educating parents about girls’ capabilities has been largely ineffective

C) fewer; the girls that do participate develop physical and cognitive benefits

D) fewer; society has become more accepting of girls’ participation in sports

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 423; screen 11.4.4

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

70) Child-invented games usually rely on ________.

A) complex physical skills

B) a sizable element of luck

C) fair tests of individual ability

D) significant physical risk-taking

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 423; screen 11.4.4

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Moderate

71) When children spend more time working out the details of a game they invent themselves than they spend actually playing the game, they ________.

A) reduce the cognitive benefits associated with physical activity

B) develop more mature concepts of fairness and justice

C) typically create games that emphasize fine-motor skills instead of gross-motor skills

D) typically invent games that involve more cooperation than competition

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 423; screen 11.4.4

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

72) Compared with past generations, children today spend less time ________.

A) engaged in informal outdoor play

B) participating in adult-organized sports

C) watching television

D) playing video games

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 423; screen 11.4.4

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

73) Which statement about joining community athletic teams is true?

A) For most children, it is associated with increased competitiveness and decreased social skills.

B) For most children, it is associated with increased self-esteem and social skills.

C) Among shy children, sports participation typically contributes to an increase in social anxiety.

D) Community sports improve physical skills but not cognitive skills.

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 424; screen 11.4.5

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

74) One valid criticism of youth sports is that ________.

A) participation in organized sports produces physical benefits but not cognitive benefits

B) they substitute adult control for children’s natural experimentation with rules and strategies

C) participation in community athletic teams is the leading cause of childhood injury

D) participation in organized sports improves physical skills but not social skills

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 424; screen 11.4.5

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

75) Which statement about adult-organized youth sports is true?

A) When coaches make winning paramount, weaker performers generally experience social ostracism.

B) A child who joins a team before mastering the necessary skills tends to be more interested in the sport as a result.

C) Coaches have more influence than parents on children’s athletic attitudes and abilities.

D) Strong parental pressure is associated with improving children’s persistence and skill gains.

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 424; screen 11.4.5

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Easy

76) Adam and Philip occasionally wrestle, roll, hit, and run after one another, alternating roles while smiling and laughing. Adam and Philip are engaged in __________ play.

A) rough-and-tumble

B) parallel

C) nonsocial

D) constructive

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 425; screen 11.4.6

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

77) After school-age children establish a dominance hierarchy, ________.

A) aggression increases

B) rough-and-tumble play decreases

C) hostility is rare

D) cheating during invented games is common

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 426; screen 11.4.6

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

78) Rough-and-tumble play ________.

A) is more common among girls than among boys

B) is unique to humans

C) peaks in the preschool years, then declines during adolescence

D) offers lessons in how to handle combative interactions with restraint

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 426; screen 11.4.6

Objective: 11.4c Describe qualities of children’s play that are evident during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

79) Which statement about physical education is true?

A) Most U.S. states do not require any physical education at all.

B) Very few U.S. states require physical education in every grade.

C) With the transition to adolescence, physical activity declines, more for boys than for girls.

D) Training in competitive sports is the most effective approach to reach the least physically fit youngsters.

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 426; screen 11.4.7

Objective: 11.4d Identify steps that schools can take to promote physcial fitness during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

80) Which statement is supported by research on school recess?

A) Distributing cognitively demanding tasks over a longer time by introducing regular breaks enhances attention and performance.

B) Extra time for academics instead of for school recess translates into achievement gains in children as young as age 6.

C) Recess benefits children the most when adult supervisors organize and direct play activities.

D) Teacher ratings of classroom disruptive behavior increase for children who have more than 15 minutes of recess a day.

Topic: Motor Development and Play

Content Ref: p. 427 Box: Social Issues: Education: School Recess—A Time to Play, a Time to Learn; screen 11.4.7

Objective: 11.4d Identify steps that schools can take to promote physcial fitness during middle childhood.

Skill: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

ESSAY

81) Describe some of the major changes in brain development that take place during middle childhood, and the effects these changes have on cognition.

82) List and describe common factors associated with childhood obesity.

83) Discuss the health consequences of childhood obesity.

84) Discuss some interventions for chronically ill children that foster positive family relationships, help parents and children cope with the disease, and improve adjustment.

85) Describe advances and contributing factors in the development of gross- and fine-motor skills over the course of middle childhood.