Ch.13 | Full Test Bank – Crusaders, Mongols, and Eurasian

Smith test bank: Chapter 13

In what ways did the Roman popes seek to expand their powers during the age of the Crusades?

1. Under Pope Gregory VII, a merger occurred between the movements for
   1. clerical reform and for centralization of authority within the church
   2. priestly celibacy and for clerical reform
   3. centralization of authority within the church and for the Latin mass
   4. the Great Schism between the Latin and Orthodox churches and for an end to secular control of church appointments

(p. 456)

1. The disagreement between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman emperor Henry IV over the emperor’s authority to appoint bishops within his domains is known as the
   1. Great Schism
   2. Cistercian order
   3. inquisition
   4. investiture controversy

(p. 456)

1. The Great Schism was the
   1. disagreement between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman emperor Henry IV over the emperor’s authority to appoint bishops
   2. formal break between the Latin and Orthodox churches
   3. series of military campaigns instigated by the Roman papacy with the goal of returning Jerusalem and other holy places in Palestine to Christian rule
   4. split between the movements for clerical reform and centralization of authority within the church under Pope Gregory

(p. 456)

1. The renewed dedication to poverty, chastity, and evangelism among the Latin clergy was epitomized by the
   1. Cistercians
   2. Byzantines
   3. Crusaders
   4. Mamluks

(p. 457)

1. The first Crusade was launched after Pope Urban II received a call for aid against the advancing armies of
   1. Byzantium
   2. the Abbasid caliphate
   3. Persia
   4. the Seljuk Turks

(p. 457)

1. Urban II incentivized participation by Christians in the Crusade by promising
   1. a salary nearly twice what was typical at the time
   2. full absolution of sins for Crusaders
   3. Crusaders a plot of land in the conquered area
   4. promotion to the knightly class for all Crusaders

(p. 457)

1. After nearly a century of Christian control, Jerusalem was recaptured by Muslims under the leadership of
   1. the Seljuks
   2. Mu’in ad-Din Unur
   3. Saladin
   4. the Mamluks

(p. 458)

1. The Third Crusade ended with
   1. a truce under which the Christian armies agreed to withdraw and the Muslim armies pledged to allow Christian pilgrims access to holy sites
   2. Christian control of Jerusalem
   3. Saladin’s death
   4. the capture of Constantinople

(p. 458)

1. The original religious motivations of the Crusaders came to be overshadowed by political and economic objectives, as evidenced by the Venetians’ decision in the Fourth Crusade to
   1. abandon the Fourth Crusade when it became too costly
   2. conquer Constantinople instead of Jerusalem, as that seemed a more profitable course of action
   3. attack Jerusalem despite the city being under Christian control
   4. hold Jerusalem ransom, demanding payment from the pope

(p. 459-460)

1. Pope Innocent III established a judicial body to investigate and punish anyone who challenged the pope’s supreme authority, called the
   1. Cistercian order
   2. Investiture
   3. Inquisition
   4. Internal Crusade

(p. 460)

How did the efforts to establish Christianity in Spain and Eastern Europe compare with the Crusaders’ quest to recover Jerusalem?

1. The culture of chivalry was created by
   1. the creation of new Christian orders, including the Franciscans and Dominicans
   2. the need, in light of the Inquisition, for people to define themselves in opposition to non-Christians
   3. new efforts at colonization from Spain to the Baltic Sea
   4. the assimilation of the warrior class into the monastic culture of the Christian church

(p. 464)

1. When Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade, he also
   1. urged Christian rulers in northern Spain to take up arms against their Muslim neighbors
   2. announced a program to rid Europe of Jews
   3. declared the Muslims of Spain to be friends of Latin Christendom
   4. banned banking because of its affiliation with Judaism

(p. 465)

1. The Christian Reconquista effort in Spain
   1. was a total failure
   2. reduced the Muslim territory in Iberia to a single state by 1275
   3. was quickly reversed through the efforts of the Almohad dynasty
   4. was set aside in favor of the Crusades in the east

(p. 465)

1. The goal of the Wendish Crusade was to
   1. eliminate the Greek Orthodox church
   2. wipe out or convert the non-Christian populations of northern and eastern Europe
   3. remove Muslim influence from Spain
   4. retake Jerusalem

(p. 466)

1. By 1350, Latin Christianity was firmly implanted in all parts of Europe except
   1. the Iberian peninsula
   2. Scandinavia
   3. the British Isles
   4. the Orthodox Balkan peninsula

(p. 468)

How did the organization of Mongol society and government change from the time of Chinggis Khan to that of his grandson Qubilai, the ruler of China?

1. Historians give much of the credit for the Mongols’ swift military triumphs and political cohesion to the charismatic authority of the empire-builder
   1. Chinggis Khan
   2. Qubilai Khan
   3. Genghis Khan
   4. Ogodei Khan

(p. 469)

1. The Liao dynasty, a hybrid state that incorporated elements of Chinese bureaucratic governance while retaining the militarized tribal social structure and nomadic lifestyle of the steppe, was established by the
   1. Jurchens
   2. Mongols
   3. Jin
   4. Khitans

(p. 469-470)

1. Chinggis Khan’s goal in conquering territory was
   1. to spread Mongol culture
   2. to ensure the safety of his people from the crusading Christians
   3. plundering the goods and resources of the defeated peoples
   4. to govern fairly and maintain a just society

(p. 471)

1. The splitting of Chinggis’s Mongol empire into four independent khanates was triggered by
   1. Chinggis’s death
   2. Great Khan Mongke’s decision to reassign the richest lands to his brothers
   3. Ogodei’s death
   4. the rise of Qubilai Khan

(p. 474)

1. The Yuan Empire under Qubilai marked the first time all of China had
   1. been unified
   2. been ruled from Beijing
   3. been subject to tax farming
   4. fallen under foreign rule

(p. 474)

1. Under Mongol rule, the Chinese were
   1. forbidden to ride horses
   2. strongly encouraged to marry Mongols
   3. required to learn the Mongol language
   4. required to own firearms and to serve as members of the army

(p. 475)

1. Under the Mongols in China,
   1. all religions were granted full tolerance
   2. the teachings of the Saskya sect of Tibetan Buddhism became the only authorized religion
   3. religions “of the book”—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism—were banned
   4. religion was prohibited outright

(p. 475)

In what respects did the Turkish Islamic states of the Mamluks and Ottomans pursue policies similar to those of the Mongol regimes in Iran and Russia?

1. The last great campaign conducted jointly by the Mongol princes was the conquest of
   1. China
   2. Baghdad
   3. Cairo
   4. Palestine

(p. 476)

1. Many in the Ilkhanate, especially the Mongol and Turkish horsemen, converted to
   1. Buddhism
   2. Christianity
   3. Islam
   4. Zoroastrianism

(p. 477)

1. Under Ghazan, with the help of his minister Rashid al-Din, the ideological basis of the Ilkhanate shifted, with new emphasis placed on
   1. descent from Chinggis Khan
   2. the divine right of the ruler
   3. the role of royal protector of the Islamic faith
   4. pure military prowess

(p. 478)

1. In the Rus lands, the Golden Horde
   1. instituted a form of indirect governance that relied on local rulers as intermediaries
   2. ruled directly over the local populace, extracting tribute from peasants and lords alike
   3. instituted a policy of deportation to ensure cooperation from conquered peoples
   4. replaced local rulers with officials drawn from minority groups and foreigners

(p. 479)

1. The Mamluk regime gained enormous stature among Muslims when it
   1. aided Muslim Spain in resisting Christian incursions
   2. fought off the invading Ottoman Empire
   3. attacked the Crusaders in Constantinople
   4. repelled the Mongol incursions into Syria in 1260

(p. 480)

In what ways did the self-image and mission of the Christian military orders resemble or differ from those of the papal and royal leaders of the Crusades?

1. The founding of the Knights of the Temple marked the beginning of
   1. the Crusades
   2. the Reconquista
   3. the new church institution of military orders
   4. the rise of nationalist monarchies

(p. 483)

1. The end of the Crusades and the Mamluks’ final expulsion of Latin Christians from Acre in 1291 led to the end of the
   1. Teutonic Knights
   2. Hospitallers
   3. Knights of the Temple
   4. Cistercian order

(p. 483)

1. The ________ were victims of their own success, with no reason for being after completing their mission of implanting Christianity through conquest, colonization, and conversion of pagans in the Baltic region.
   1. Teutonic Knights
   2. Hospitallers
   3. Knights of the Temple
   4. Cistercians

(p. 485)