Ch12 | Test Bank Docx – Emotional And Social Development In - Final Test Bank | Child Development 1e Berk by Laura E. Berk. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 12
Emotional and Social Development In adolescence
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is ________.
A) trust
B) identity
C) autonomy
D) intimacy
Page Ref: 398
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.1 Identify the major personality attainment of adolescence in Erikson’s theory.
Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Identity versus Role Confusion
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Although the seeds of identity formation are planted early, not until ________ do people become absorbed in this task.
A) middle to late childhood
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence and early adulthood
D) middle adulthood
Page Ref: 398
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.1 Identify the major personality attainment of adolescence in Erikson’s theory.
Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Identity versus Role Confusion
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Seventeen-year-old Gisela stopped attending her church youth group and religious services, and, contrary to her conservative parents’ beliefs, became immersed in a liberal political movement. Two months later, she lost interest in the movement and joined a new church. According to Erikson, Gisela is experiencing ________.
A) an identity crisis
B) inferiority
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity diffusion
Page Ref: 398
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.1 Identify the major personality attainment of adolescence in Erikson’s theory.
Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Identity versus Role Confusion
Difficulty Level: Difficult
4. Once formed, identity ________.
A) remains unchanged throughout the lifespan
B) continues to be refined in adulthood
C) tends to be rigid and stable
D) prevents people from questioning their choices
Page Ref: 398
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.1 Identify the major personality attainment of adolescence in Erikson’s theory.
Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Identity versus Role Confusion
Difficulty Level: Moderate
5. According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences ________.
A) mistrust
B) isolation
C) inferiority
D) role confusion
Page Ref: 398
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.1 Identify the major personality attainment of adolescence in Erikson’s theory.
Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Identity versus Role Confusion
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. For most young people, identity development ________.
A) is traumatic and disturbing
B) is complete by the end of high school
C) is a process of exploration followed by commitment
D) leaves them unprepared for the challenges of adulthood
Page Ref: 398–399
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.1 Identify the major personality attainment of adolescence in Erikson’s theory.
Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Identity versus Role Confusion
Difficulty Level: Moderate
7. During adolescence, the young person’s vision of the self becomes ________.
A) more inconsistent
B) well-organized
C) less complex
D) unbalanced
Page Ref: 399
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.1 Identify the major personality attainment of adolescence in Erikson’s theory.
Topic: Erikson’s Theory: Identity versus Role Confusion
Difficulty Level: Moderate
8. Who is most likely to describe herself as “shy,” “outgoing,” and “a smart airhead”?
A) 10-year-old Lois
B) 13-year-old Evangelina
C) 17-year-old Zoe
D) 19-year-old Monica
Page Ref: 399
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.2 Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
9. By late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers to ________ when describing themselves.
A) focus mostly on their positive personality traits
B) avoid the use of qualifiers and social virtues
C) place less emphasis on personal and moral values
D) combine their traits into an organized system
Page Ref: 399
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.2 Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
10. Which statement exemplifies 15-year-old Jerry’s awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next?
A) “I am an honest person.”
B) “I have a fairly quick temper.”
C) “I am not smart.”
D) “I am a happy person.”
Page Ref: 399
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.2 Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
11. Seventeen-year-old Amber is likely to place more emphasis on ________ in her self-description than 11-year-old Corey.
A) social virtues
B) academic ability
C) athletic ability
D) physical attractiveness
Page Ref: 399
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.2 Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
12. Landon’s parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence. Which dimensions of self-evaluation is Landon likely to add to those of middle childhood?
A) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence
B) athletic ability, academic ability, and physical attractiveness
C) physical attractiveness and relationships with family members
D) spirituality, integrity and honesty, and academic ability
Page Ref: 399
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.2 Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
13. If 14-year-old Wesley is like most adolescents, his self-esteem is likely to ________ from mid- to late adolescence.
A) decline
B) rise
C) remain stable
D) fluctuate a lot
Page Ref: 399
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.2 Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
14. Which parenting style is predictive of stable, favorable self-esteem for adolescents?
A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive
Page Ref: 399–400
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.2 Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Quincy plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he might change his career path, he responds, “I might, but I doubt it. I’ve spent a lot of time studying my options. I’m pretty sure engineering is right for me.” Quincy is demonstrating identity ________.
A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) achievement
Page Ref: 400, Table 12.1
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
16. Individuals in identity moratorium ________.
A) have not yet made definite commitments
B) are not actively trying to reach goals or values
C) are committed to clearly formulated self-chosen values
D) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives
Page Ref: 400, Table 12.1
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
17. Khanh accepts her family’s religious beliefs without question. She has never reconsidered them. Khanh’s identity status is ________.
A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement
Page Ref: 400, Table 12.1
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
18. Identity-diffused individuals ________.
A) feel a sense of psychological well-being
B) are often confused about their parents’ real values and goals
C) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives
D) are not actively trying to reach values and goals
Page Ref: 400, Table 12.1
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
19. When asked about his political beliefs, Paolo responds, “Oh, I don’t know. It doesn’t make much difference to me.” Paolo is demonstrating identity ________.
A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) achievement
Page Ref: 400, Table 12.1
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
20. The process of identity formation typically involves ________.
A) in-depth exploration and reconsideration
B) moving from a lower to a higher status
C) selecting a status that remains stable
D) making solid commitments
Page Ref: 401
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
21. College students usually ________.
A) make progress on genuine intimacy in relationships before experiencing identity concerns
B) settle on a self-definition earlier than those who go to work immediately after high school
C) make more identity progress than they did in high school because college offers expanded opportunities for exploration
D) are at risk for identity foreclosure or diffusion because they rarely encounter obstacles before realizing their goals
Page Ref: 401
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
22. Both identity ________ and ________ are psychologically healthy routes to a mature self-definition.
A) moratorium; foreclosure
B) achievement; diffusion
C) foreclosure; diffusion
D) achievement; moratorium
Page Ref: 401
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. At times, Inez feels anxious and depressed about finding commitments, but she uses an active, information-gathering cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems: She seeks out relevant information, evaluates it carefully, and critically reflects on her views. Inez is experiencing identity ________.
A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion
Page Ref: 401
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
24. Identity-foreclosed individuals ________.
A) seek out and carefully evaluate information
B) doubt that anything can ever be known with certainty
C) display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style
D) display an active, information-gathering style
Page Ref: 401
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
25. ________ individuals are the least mature in identity development.
A) Long-term diffused
B) Identity-achieved
C) Identity-foreclosed
D) Short-term moratorium
Page Ref: 401
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. Eighteen-year-old Hershel assumes that absolute truth is always attainable. Hershel is probably ________.
A) identity-achieved
B) identity-diffused
C) in identity moratorium
D) identity-foreclosed
Page Ref: 402
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
27. Young people who ________ tend to have committed to values and goals and are on their way to identity achievement.
A) feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions
B) have close bonds with their parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation
C) rarely, if ever, experience warm, open communication with their parents
D) have permissive or uninvolved parents and report the lowest levels of parental support
Page Ref: 402
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. Teenagers with ________ are more involved in exploring relationship issues, such as what they value in close friends and in a life partner.
A) foreclosed identities
B) permissive parents
C) warm, trusting peer ties
D) diffused identities
Page Ref: 402
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
29. In one study asking 12- to 20-year-olds to justify why they regarded themselves as the same continuous person in the past and the present, Native Canadian youths ________.
A) described an enduring personal essence, a core self that remained the same despite change
B) emphasized a constantly transforming self, resulting from new roles and relationships
C) emphasized that change made them doubt that they would ever feel certain about anything
D) described a core self that internalized societal values and beliefs without deliberate evaluation
Page Ref: 402
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
30. Xiao is an adolescent immigrant from a culture that values interdependent qualities. The longer her family lives in the United States, the less Xiao feels committed to obeying her parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Xiao may experience ________.
A) acculturative stress
B) bicultural avoidance
C) ethnic identity foreclosure
D) ethnic identity moratorium
Page Ref: 403 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Difficult
31. Which strategy helps minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively?
A) Foster ethnic pride and encourage separation from other ethnic groups.
B) Discourage exploration of minority values.
C) Ensure that schools respect minority youths’ native languages.
D) Discourage adoption of values from the dominant culture.
Page Ref: 403 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
32. Biculturally identified adolescents tend to ________.
A) be identity-foreclosed or identity-diffused more often than identity-achieved
B) have especially positive relations with members of other ethnic groups
C) refuse to adopt values from both their subculture and the dominant culture
D) have a less secure ethnic identity than monocultural adolescents
Page Ref: 403 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, along with factors that promote identity development.
Topic: Self-Understanding
Difficulty Level: Moderate
33. Which statement about Lawrence Kohlberg’s “Heinz dilemma” is true?
A) It is the content of the response that determines moral maturity.
B) The most advanced moral thinkers focus on avoidance of punishment as a reason for behaving morally.
C) It is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma that determines moral maturity.
D) The most advanced moral thinkers focus on obeying the law as a reason for behaving morally.
Page Ref: 404–405
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
34. At Kohlberg’s preconventional level, individuals ________.
A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences
B) believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures societal order
C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies
D) regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest
Page Ref: 405
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
35. Shlomo finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the Heinz dilemma. He tends to overlook people’s intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Shlomo is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation
B) Stage 2, the instrumental purpose orientation
C) Stage 3, the “good boy–good girl” orientation
D) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
Page Ref: 405
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Difficult
36. At Kohlberg’s Stage 2 of moral development, children ________.
A) want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a “good person”
B) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person
C) take societal laws into account when making moral choices
D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors
Page Ref: 405
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
37. Emma believes that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. She is at Kohlberg’s ________ level.
A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) principled
Page Ref: 405
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Difficult
38. In response to the Heinz dilemma, Marlee says, “No one will think you’re bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you’re an inhumane husband if you don’t. If you let your wife die, you’ll never be able to look anyone in the face again.” Marlee is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation
B) Stage 2, the instrumental purpose orientation
C) Stage 3, the “good boy–good girl” orientation
D) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
Page Ref: 405
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Difficult
39. In response to the Heinz dilemma, Dolph states, “Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz’s duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there’d be no civilization, just crime and violence.” Dolph is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
A) Stage 3, the “good boy–good girl” orientation
B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation
D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation
Page Ref: 405–406
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
40. At Kohlberg’s ________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law.
A) Stage 3, the “good boy‒good girl” orientation
B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation
D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation
Page Ref: 405–406
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
41. In response to the Heinz dilemma, Ruby explains, “It doesn’t make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute.” Ruby is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
A) Stage 3, the “good boy–good girl” orientation
B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation
D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation
Page Ref: 405–406
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
42. Individuals at Kohlberg’s postconventional level of moral development ________.
A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences
B) believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures societal order
C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies
D) view behaviors that result in punishment as bad and those that lead to rewards as good
Page Ref: 406
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
43. Kohlberg’s original research and other longitudinal studies confirm that with few exceptions, individuals ________.
A) reach his Stage 6 by late adolescence or early adulthood
B) move through the first four stages in the predicted order
C) achieve the postconventional level of moral understanding
D) rarely move beyond Stage 3 of moral understanding
Page Ref: 406
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
44. Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development, ________.
A) few people move beyond Stage 4
B) research only verifies the first three stages
C) current research suggests there are at least eight stages
D) no clear evidence exists that Kohlberg’s Stage 2 actually follows Stage 1
Page Ref: 406
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
45. According to one reexamination of Kohlberg’s stages, ________.
A) “postconventional” morality is based on social conformity
B) people must reach Stages 5 and 6 to be considered truly morally mature
C) moral maturity can be found in a revised understanding of Stages 3 and 4
D) “postconventional” morality is attainable if a person relies on intuition
Page Ref: 406
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Difficult
46. The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget’s cognitive stages, Kohlberg’s moral stages are ________.
A) predictable and universal
B) highly organized and sequential
C) attained in a neat, stepwise fashion
D) loosely organized and overlapping
Page Ref: 406
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
47. Carol Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s theory of moral understanding ________.
A) does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women
B) does not adequately represent the morality of boys and men
C) shows that there are no sex differences in moral reasoning
D) overemphasizes the role of emotion in moral judgment
Page Ref: 406–407
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
48. Most studies have found that on hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females ________.
A) are more likely than males to focus on themes of justice
B) display reasoning at a lower stage than their male agemates
C) display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates, and often at a higher stage
D) focus on themes of both justice and caring, whereas males focus only on themes of caring
Page Ref: 407
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
49. Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females taps orientations of both care and justice, ________.
A) females more than males tend to emphasize justice
B) males more than females tend to focus equally on justice and care
C) females more than males tend to focus equally on justice and care
D) males more than females tend to emphasize care
Page Ref: 407
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
50. In diverse Western and non-Western cultures, parent‒child disputes over ________ increase during the teenage years.
A) social conventions
B) moral situations
C) personal issues
D) cultural values
Page Ref: 407
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
51. With age, teenagers ________.
A) are less likely to believe that all students have the right to be free from discrimination in school
B) are more likely to say that exclusion of a child from a peer group on the basis of gender is always unfair
C) are less mindful of the overlap between moral imperatives and strongly held social conventions
D) increasingly defend the government’s right to limit individual freedom to engage in risky behaviors, in the interest of the larger public good
Page Ref: 407
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.4 Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and evaluate its accuracy.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Difficult
52. Adolescents who ________ are advanced in moral reasoning.
A) have parents who permit them to make all their own decisions
B) report more friendships and more often participate in conversations with their friends
C) have less diverse friendships and school communities
D) have parents who ask fewer clarifying questions
Page Ref: 408
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
53. Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg’s higher stages the longer a person ________.
A) is alive
B) attends church
C) remains in school
D) is employed
Page Ref: 408
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
54. Which statement about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning is true?
A) College students are no more advanced in moral reasoning than non-college-bound high school graduates.
B) Students who experience unjust treatment are more likely to view excluding a peer as a moral transgression.
C) Students in schools with nondiscrimination and antibullying policies have fewer opportunities to reason morally.
D) College students who report more perspective-taking opportunities tend to be advanced in moral reasoning.
Page Ref: 408
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
55. College students who ________ tend to be advanced in moral reasoning.
A) report fewer close friendships
B) report more social-diversity opportunities
C) have more like-minded friends
D) have fewer cross-race friendships
Page Ref: 408
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
56. In both village and industrialized cultures that highly value interdependence, responses to moral dilemmas ________ than in North America and Western Europe.
A) place greater weight on individual rights
B) are less other-directed
C) are more other-directed
D) place greater weight on justice
Page Ref: 409
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
57. Higher-stage moral thinkers among adolescents ________.
A) more often engage in cheating
B) less often volunteer in their communities
C) less often act prosocially by helping or sharing
D) more often defend victims of injustice
Page Ref: 409
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
58. The connection between more mature moral reasoning and moral action is ________...
A) nonexistent
B) weak
C) modest
D) strong
Page Ref: 409
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
59. In a study of low-SES African-American and Hispanic teenagers, those who emphasized ________ in their self-descriptions displayed exceptional levels of community service.
A) moral traits and goals
B) involvement in sports
C) individualism
D) justice-based reasoning
Page Ref: 409
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
60. Which factor is likely to strengthen moral identity?
A) permissive parenting
B) community service
C) like-minded peer groups
D) authoritarian parenting
Page Ref: 409
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
61. About 75 percent of Americans ________.
A) report no religious affiliation
B) rate religion as important in their lives
C) rate religion as irrelevant to their lives
D) regularly attend religious services from ages 13 to 15
Page Ref: 410
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
62. Compared with nonaffiliated youths, teenagers who remain part of a religious community are ________.
A) less morally mature
B) more likely to display antisocial behavior
C) advantaged in moral values and behavior
D) less likely to report trusting relationships with parents
Page Ref: 410
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.5 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior.
Topic: Moral Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
63. Seventeen-year-old Bobbie strives to rely on herself and not on her parents for decision making. Bobbie is developing ________.
A) moral self-relevance
B) identity foreclosure
C) autonomy
D) identity diffusion
Page Ref: 411
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Moderate
64. Although 15-year-old Darnell does not yet make many independent decisions, he is relying more on himself and less on his parents for support and guidance. Darnell is developing the ________ component of adolescent ________.
A) behavioral; autonomy
B) cognitive; decision making
C) emotional; autonomy
D) ethical; decision making
Page Ref: 411
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Moderate
65. Seventeen-year-old Tabitha carefully weighs her own judgment and the suggestions of others to arrive at a personally satisfying, well-reasoned independent decision. Tabitha has developed the ________ component of adolescent ________.
A) behavioral; autonomy
B) cognitive; decision making
C) emotional; autonomy
D) ethical; decision making
Page Ref: 411
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Moderate
66. An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to ________.
A) rely more on parental support
B) view their parents as “just people”
C) solve problems less efficiently
D) idealize their parents
Page Ref: 411
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Difficult
67. Effective parenting of adolescents strikes a balance between ________ and ________.
A) freedom; coerciveness
B) connection; separation
C) control; coercion
D) separation; freedom
Page Ref: 411
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Easy
68. Parents who ________ interfere with the development of their child’s autonomy.
A) are authoritative
B) permit teens to explore ideas
C) are psychologically controlling
D) monitor their teens’ daily activities
Page Ref: 411
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Easy
69. In cultures that place a high priority on interdependence, ________.
A) teenagers view autonomy as self-endorsed decision making
B) autonomy is not a central adolescent motive
C) teenagers equate autonomy with independent decision making
D) teenagers accept their parents’ decisions because they feel pressured to comply
Page Ref: 411
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Easy
70. Which factor or set of factors is linked to a variety of favorable outcomes, such as prevention of delinquency, reduction in sexual activity, improved school performance, and positive psychological well-being?
A) permissive parenting, noninterference with daily activities, and allowing the adolescent to withhold information from parents
B) consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information
C) parental insistence on family closeness and obedience to authority, while insisting that the adolescent disclose all information
D) strong reaction to adolescent disagreement by immigrant parents from cultures that emphasize family closeness
Page Ref: 411–412
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Moderate
71. Throughout adolescence, ________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health.
A) the quality of the parent–child relationship
B) academic achievement
C) clique membership
D) moral development
Page Ref: 412
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Easy
72. Mild to moderate parent–child conflict during adolescence ________.
A) is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents
B) often escalates into intense disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry
C) informs parents of teenagers’ changing needs, signaling a need for adjustments in the relationship
D) interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems
Page Ref: 412
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Moderate
73. The reduced time that Western teenagers spend engaged in activities with their parents results from ________.
A) a sharp increase in parent–child conflict
B) the lack of unstructured time available to teenagers
C) adolescents’ view that parents are not “cool”
D) the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers
Page Ref: 412
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Moderate
74. Parents who ________ usually find it easier to grant teenagers appropriate autonomy and experience less conflict with them.
A) have time-consuming, stressful jobs and multiple interests outside the home
B) have a permissive parenting style
C) are financially secure and content with their marriages
D) have an authoritarian parenting style
Page Ref: 412
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Moderate
75. Among the minority of families with seriously troubled parent–adolescent relationships, most difficulties began ________.
A) with an older sibling’s disobedience
B) in childhood
C) at the onset of adolescence
D) in late adolescence
Page Ref: 412
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Easy
76. During adolescence, sibling ________.
A) relationships often become less intense, in both positive and negative feelings
B) relationships often become more intense, in both positive and negative feelings
C) rivalry peaks, often causing moderate to significant family conflict
D) relationships are more intense in negative feelings and less intense in positive feelings
Page Ref: 413
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Moderate
77. Siblings who established a positive bond in early childhood ________.
A) increasingly look to older brothers and sisters for direction
B) continue to display greater affection and caring during adolescence
C) show decreased attachment to each other over the teenage years
D) demonstrate increased sibling rivalry with age
Page Ref: 413
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.6 Discuss changes in parent‒child and sibling relationships during adolescence.
Topic: The Family
Difficulty Level: Easy
78. Number of best friends declines from about ________ in early adolescence to ________ in adulthood.
A) six to eight; four or five
B) six to eight; two or three
C) four to six; one or two
D) three or four; one
Page Ref: 413
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Easy
79. Sonja, age 15, is likely to report that the most important characteristic of friendship is ________.
A) shared interests
B) mutual friends
C) shared activities
D) intimacy
Page Ref: 413
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
80. ________ rises over the adolescent years.
A) Self-disclosure between friends
B) Number of best friends
C) Peer conflict
D) Time spent with siblings
Page Ref: 413
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Easy
81. Adolescents are less ________ their friends than they were in childhood.
A) similar to
B) possessive of
C) likely to cooperate with
D) likely to share feelings with
Page Ref: 413
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
82. In a study in which ethnically diverse boys from low-income families were asked to describe their friendships, ________ boys were more likely than others to resist conforming to gender stereotypes.
A) Hispanic
B) European-American
C) Asian-American
D) African-American
Page Ref: 414
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
83. When focusing on deeper thoughts and feelings, adolescent friends Glenda and Svetlana repeatedly mull over problems and negative emotions, which sometimes triggers anxiety and depression. Glenda and Svetlana are demonstrating ________.
A) peer victimization
B) clique membership
C) corumination
D) identity foreclosure
Page Ref: 414
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Easy
84. ________ has become the preferred means of electronic interaction between teenage friends.
A) Texting
B) Video chatting
C) Social networking
D) Instant messaging
Page Ref: 414
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Easy
85. Which statement about cell phones and the Internet is true?
A) Boys text their friends more often than girls.
B) Girls are more avid gamers with friends than boys.
C) Girls call their friends more often than boys.
D) Boys more often use social media sites to share information.
Page Ref: 414
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
86. Which statement about online interaction among friends is true?
A) Online messaging between preexisting friends often increases adolescents’ perception of intimacy in the relationship.
B) Social media sites can support existing relationships among adolescents but rarely contribute to the formation of new friendships.
C) Most teenagers report that online communication has improved their competence in face-to-face social interactions.
D) Teenagers with positive face-to-face peer relationships tend to have smaller networks of social media friends.
Page Ref: 414–415
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
87. Very high social media use is linked to ________.
A) high-quality face-to-face relationships
B) boredom and depression
C) feelings of connectedness
D) a decline in mental health problems
Page Ref: 415
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Easy
88. Which statement about adolescent friendships is true?
A) Close friendships in early adolescence often interfere with identity development.
B) Close friendships provide a foundation for future intimate relationships.
C) Even friendships characterized by aggression and antisocial behavior contribute to psychological health and competence.
D) Close friendships have a negative impact on school adjustment, academically and socially.
Page Ref: 416
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
89. Twelve-year-old Violet spends most of her time with a group of six girls who are friends and have similar family backgrounds, attitudes, interests, and values. This group is Violet’s ________.
A) crowd
B) circle
C) clique
D) club
Page Ref: 416
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
90. Membership in a crowd is based on ________.
A) pubertal timing
B) socioeconomic status
C) reputation and stereotype
D) emotional closeness
Page Ref: 416
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
91. “Brains,” “jocks,” “populars,” and “burnouts” are typical examples of teenage ________.
A) cliques
B) crowds
C) clubs
D) circles
Page Ref: 416
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Easy
92. As adolescents settle on personal values and goals, ________.
A) membership in same-sex cliques increases
B) crowds decline in importance
C) mixed-sex cliques increase in importance
D) membership in deviant crowds increases
Page Ref: 417
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
93. Early adolescents tend to mention ________ as a reason for dating.
A) achieving peer status
B) personal compatibility
C) companionship
D) intimacy
Page Ref: 417
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
94. Early dating ________.
A) leads to greater psychological intimacy between partners
B) promotes identity development and self-esteem
C) is related to delinquency and poor academic achievement
D) is related to academic achievement and social success
Page Ref: 417–418
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
95. Which statement about adolescent dating is true?
A) Security of attachment to parents and friends predicts gratifying romantic ties among both heterosexual and sexual minority teenagers.
B) For sexual minority adolescents, quality of attachment to parents has little influence on romantic relationship satisfaction.
C) Although some romances dissolve after high school graduation, those that survive usually become more satisfying.
D) Even when adolescent dating leads to warm, supportive romantic bonds, it is related to anxiety and depression.
Page Ref: 418
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
96. Mr. Contreras is concerned about his 17-year-old daughter, who has been exchanging text messages with one particular boy. You should tell him that ________.
A) this romantic involvement will probably last through college
B) close romantic ties among older teenagers promote self-esteem and identity progress
C) this relationship is probably interfering with his daughter’s sensitivity and self-esteem
D) his daughter is too young for dating and is at risk for drug use and early sexual activity
Page Ref: 418
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.7 Describe adolescent friendships, peer groups, and dating relationships and their consequences for development.
Topic: Peer Relations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
97. The most common psychological problem of adolescence is ________.
A) anorexia
B) anxiety
C) bulimia
D) depression
Page Ref: 418–419
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
98. Teenage girls are twice as likely as boys to ________.
A) report persistent depressed mood
B) show low rates of depressive symptoms
C) have positive coping styles that help prevent depression
D) experience depression as just a passing phase
Page Ref: 419
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
99. Twin studies indicate that depression is ________ heritable.
A) not
B) slightly
C) moderately
D) highly
Page Ref: 419
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
100. Which statement about gender differences in adolescent depression is true?
A) Besides greater stress reactivity, boys’ gender-typed coping styles make them more prone to depression.
B) Girls with either an androgynous or a “masculine” gender identity show low rates of depressive symptoms.
C) Adolescents who identify strongly with “feminine” traits ruminate more and report fewer depressive symptoms.
D) Adolescents who identify strongly with “masculine” traits ruminate more and tend to be more depressed.
Page Ref: 419
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
101. Having friends with depressive symptoms ________.
A) increases teenagers’ ability to cope with stress
B) is linked to identity progress and a rise in self-esteem
C) is linked to a rise in teenagers’ own depressive symptoms
D) decreases the likelihood of corumination
Page Ref: 419
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
102. The suicide rate is low in ________, intermediate in ________, and high in ________.
A) Spain; the United States; Finland
B) Canada; Italy; Singapore
C) New Zealand; Australia; the United States
D) Japan; Spain; the United States
Page Ref: 420
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
103. The number of boys who ________ exceeds the number of girls by a ratio of over 4 to 1.
A) experience serious depression
B) kill themselves
C) make unsuccessful suicide attempts
D) overdose on sleeping pills
Page Ref: 420
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
104. Which teenager is at highest risk for committing suicide?
A) Ahanu, a Native-American boy
B) LaRhonda, an African-American girl
C) Aiko, an Asian-American girl
D) Javier, a Hispanic boy
Page Ref: 420
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Difficult
105. ________ attempt suicide three times as often as other adolescents.
A) African-American boys
B) Sexual minority youths
C) Asian Americans
D) Heterosexual boys
Page Ref: 420
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
106. Which factor contributes to the sharp rise in suicide from childhood to adolescence?
A) belief in the personal fable
B) inability to plan ahead
C) identity foreclosure
D) magical thinking
Page Ref: 420
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
107. Which statement about adolescent suicide is true?
A) It is nearly impossible to prevent adolescent suicide, as teenagers rarely exhibit warning signs around adults.
B) Gun-control legislation would have little to no impact on the number of adolescent suicides in the United States.
C) Teenage suicides often occur in clusters, with one death increasing the likelihood of others among depressed peers.
D) Parents should not be concerned when a teen says, “I wish I were dead,” because adolescents are overly dramatic.
Page Ref: 420–421
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.8 Describe factors related to adolescent depression and suicide.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
108. When asked directly and confidentially about lawbreaking, ________ teenagers admit to having committed some sort of offense—usually a minor crime, such as petty stealing or disorderly conduct.
A) about 10 percent of
B) nearly 25 percent of
C) around half of all
D) almost all
Page Ref: 421
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
109. Police arrests and self-reports show that delinquency ________.
A) is equally common among boys and girls
B) rises over adolescence and then declines from the early twenties on
C) rises over late childhood and early adolescence and then declines
D) in adolescence usually leads to a lifelong pattern of crime
Page Ref: 421
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
110. Serious violent crime is ________.
A) prevented by zero tolerance policies
B) mostly the domain of girls
C) mostly the domain of boys
D) linked to authoritative parenting
Page Ref: 421
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
111. Chronically delinquent youths, regardless of socioeconomic status and ethnicity, often experience parenting that is ________.
A) high in support
B) high in conflict
C) heavy in monitoring
D) warm and consistent
Page Ref: 421
Skill Level: Remember
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
112. As a child, Jarvis was negative, restless, willful, and physically aggressive. By age 8, he was already engaging in petty theft. In contrast, Larry was a happy child who did well in school but began displaying antisocial behavior around age 13 and gradually moved to more severe delinquent acts. Which statement is true?
A) Jarvis will likely outgrow his delinquent behavior by middle adolescence.
B) Larry is far more likely than Jarvis to develop a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality.
C) Jarvis is far more likely than Larry to develop a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality.
D) Jarvis and Larry are equally likely to develop a life-course pattern of criminality.
Page Ref: 422 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency
Skill Level: Apply
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Difficult
113. In adolescent delinquency, early-onset youths ________.
A) rarely show any deficits in cognitive functioning
B) exhibit conduct problems that arise from the peer context
C) abandon their delinquent ways when age brings gratifying adult privileges
D) usually inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness
Page Ref: 422 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
114. The longer antisocial young people spend in prison, the more likely they are to ________.
A) sustain a life of crime
B) end criminal offending by age 20
C) be rehabilitated by age 25
D) abandon habitual offending
Page Ref: 422 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
115. Some studies find that zero tolerance policies________,
A) drastically reduce antisocial behavior, both in and out of school
B) reduce youth aggression and other forms of misconduct in school
C) limit only severe acts of disruptive and threatening behavior
D) heighten high school dropout and antisocial behavior
Page Ref: 423
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
116. Multisystemic therapy aimed at preventing delinquency ________.
A) increases family instability after youth offenders reach adulthood
B) leads to improved parent–adolescent relationships and school performance
C) is exclusively a family-based intervention that focuses on parenting techniques
D) leads to an increase in the severity of subsequent crimes committed by participants
Page Ref: 423
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.9 Discuss factors related to delinquency.
Topic: Problems of Development
Difficulty Level: Moderate
117. Casey maintains close, supportive friendships with her peers. Her parents monitor and invest in her education and foster effective conflict resolution that encourages rational decision making. She is steadily achieving a balance between family connection and separation that promotes autonomy. Overall, Casey’s resources are likely to ________.
A) heighten adversity during adolescence
B) limit her personal growth
C) diminish her career interests
D) foster resilience
Page Ref: 424–425
Skill Level: Understand
Objective: 12.10 Review factors that foster resilience in adolescence.
Topic: At the Threshold
Difficulty Level: Easy
ESSAY
118. Identify the four identity statuses that researchers use to evaluate progress in identity development. Describe the cognitive style typically used by adolescents in each of these statuses. How does cognitive style affect the process of identity development?
Page Ref: 400–401
119. Define and discuss moral identity. How is moral identity related to prosocial behavior? What are some factors that strengthen moral identity?
Page Ref: 409
120. Describe how sibling interactions adapt to development during adolescence.
Page Ref: 413
121. Discuss gender differences in friendship quality in adolescence.
Page Ref: 414
122. Summarize the psychological factors associated with adolescent suicide.
Page Ref: 420