Ch11 Exam Questions Physical And Cognitive Development In

Chapter 11

physical and cognitive development in adolescenCe

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In the early twentieth century, psychologist G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a ________.

A) biologically based “developmental disturbance” resulting from reawakening of sexual impulses

B) period so turbulent that it resembled the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings

C) generally pleasant time of life in which the social environment is entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences

D) time when internal stresses and social expectations prompt moments of uncertainty, self-doubt, and disappointment

Page Ref: 357

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.1 Discuss changes in conceptions of adolescence from the early twentieth century to the present.

Topic: Conceptions of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

2. Contemporary research shows that the “storm-and-stress” notion of adolescence ________.

A) neglects biological influence

B) greatly understates the turbulence of this period

C) represents a universal experience

D) is exaggerated

Page Ref: 357

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.1 Discuss changes in conceptions of adolescence from the early twentieth century to the present.

Topic: Conceptions of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Santiago sees the social environment as being entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences, from erratic and agitated to calm and stress-free. His view of adolescence best aligns with that of which theorist?

A) G. Stanley Hall

B) Anna Freud

C) Margaret Mead

D) Charles Darwin

Page Ref: 357–358

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.1 Discuss changes in conceptions of adolescence from the early twentieth century to the present.

Topic: Conceptions of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

4. Current views of adolescence acknowledge that ________.

A) the overall rate of serious psychological disturbance rises greatly from childhood to adolescence

B) biological, psychological, and social forces combine to influence adolescent development

C) adolescence is an untroubled time of life, perhaps the pleasantest time a girl or boy will ever know

D) the length of adolescence and its demands and pressures vary little among cultures

Page Ref: 358

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.1 Discuss changes in conceptions of adolescence from the early twentieth century to the present.

Topic: Conceptions of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

5. In most tribal and village societies, ________.

A) adolescence is a nonexistent period of development

B) young people face postponement of sexual gratification while they prepare for a productive work life

C) adolescence is only a brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles

D) adolescence is extended because young people face prolonged dependence on parents

Page Ref: 358

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.1 Discuss changes in conceptions of adolescence from the early twentieth century to the present.

Topic: Conceptions of Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

6. Fourteen-year-old Ronald experiences muscle growth and notices the growth of body and facial hair. Which hormone is primarily responsible for this change?

A) estrogen

B) testosterone

C) adrenal androgen

D) thyroxine

Page Ref: 358

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

7. The first outward sign of puberty is ________.

A) steady improvement in gross-motor performance

B) extreme moodiness, particularly toward adults

C) changes in physical features related to sexual functioning

D) the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt

Page Ref: 359

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

8. During puberty, ________.

A) the cephalocaudal growth trend of infancy and childhood reverses

B) the torso accelerates first, followed by the hands, legs, and feet

C) the average child gains 20 to 35 pounds

D) girls’ shoulders broaden relative to the hips

Page Ref: 359

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

9. Which statement about sex similarities and differences in adolescence is true?

A) Girls’ legs are longer than boys’ in relation to the rest of the body.

B) Unlike girls, boys start to add fat on their arms, legs, and trunk.

C) The number of red blood cells increases in boys but not in girls.

D) Boys and girls experience an almost identical gain in muscle.

Page Ref: 360

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

10. Brian is a star high school athlete who has recently exhibited severe mood swings and aggressiveness. An initial health screening indicates that Brian has acne, excess body hair, and high blood pressure. Brian’s symptoms are consistent with ________.

A) delayed puberty

B) sexual maturation

C) physical self-efficacy

D) anabolic steroid use

Page Ref: 360

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

11. When researchers followed a large, representative sample of U.S. youths from age 9 to 17, they found that ________.

A) two-thirds of all students received physical education in high school

B) daily free-time exercise steadily diminished, more so for girls than boys

C) a majority engaged in regular physical activity outside of school hours

D) more than half of all students experienced a daily physical education class in high school

Page Ref: 360–361

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

12. Which of these is a secondary sexual characteristic?

A) ovaries

B) pubic hair

C) scrotum

D) testes

Page Ref: 361

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Female puberty usually concludes with ________.

A) the peak height spurt

B) menarche

C) the peak weight spurt

D) the completion of breast growth

Page Ref: 362

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Male puberty usually begins with ________.

A) growth of facial hair

B) the enlargement of the testes

C) the peak height spurt

D) spermarche

Page Ref: 362

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.2 Describe body growth, motor performance, and sexual maturation during puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which girl is most likely to experience puberty first?

A) Melissa, who is a European-American competitive gymnast

B) Jaeda, who is an overweight African American

C) Salma, who lives in a poverty-stricken area of Afghanistan

D) Cherish, who is an underweight European American

Page Ref: 362

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.3 Cite factors that influence the timing of puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

16. Girls and (less consistently) boys with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty ________, whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty ________.

A) relatively late; early

B) on target; late

C) around the same age as their mothers; earlier than their mothers

D) early; relatively late

Page Ref: 362

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.3 Cite factors that influence the timing of puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

17. In industrialized nations, age of menarche ________ per decade from 1900 to 1970.

A) increased by about 1 to 2 months

B) increased by about 3 to 4 months

C) declined by about 3 to 4 months

D) declined by about 5 to 6 months

Page Ref: 363

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.3 Cite factors that influence the timing of puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

18. In the United States and a few European countries, ________ are responsible for a modest, continuing trend toward earlier menarche.

A) increased rates of infectious disease

B) soaring rates of overweight and obesity

C) eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia

D) lack of standardized health care and high poverty rates

Page Ref: 363

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.3 Cite factors that influence the timing of puberty.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

19. fMRI evidence reveals that adolescents ________ than adults do.

A) recruit the prefrontal cortex’s network of connections with other brain areas less effectively

B) react less strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely

C) manage their feelings and impulses and delay gratification more effectively

D) engage in risky, sensation-seeking activities less often and manage their emotions more effectively

Page Ref: 363

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.4 Describe changes in the brain during adolescence.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

20. Sixteen-year-old Manuel is going to bed later and later, perhaps because of increased neural sensitivity to evening light. Manuel’s parents should know that he needs about ________ hours of sleep per night.

A) five

B) seven

C) nine

D) eleven

Page Ref: 364

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.4 Describe changes in the brain during adolescence.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Sleep-deprived adolescents ________.

A) show gains in quantity of sleep when bedrooms are equipped with screen media

B) are more likely to suffer from anxiety and irritability

C) are less likely to engage in high-risk behaviors

D) display improvements in executive function

Page Ref: 364

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.4 Describe changes in the brain during adolescence.

Topic: Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

22. Virtually all ________ know about ________ ahead of time, but many say that no one spoke to them before or during puberty about physical changes.

A) boys; ejaculation

B) girls; breast buds

C) boys; the timing of puberty

D) girls; the timing of puberty

Page Ref: 364

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.5 Explain adolescents’ reactions to the physical changes of puberty.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Moderate

23. Which statement about the onset of puberty is true?

A) Most girls in developed countries are uninformed about puberty.

B) Girls usually get information about puberty from reading material or websites, whereas most boys get it from their mothers.

C) Although almost all boys tell a friend about spermarche, far fewer girls tell friends that they are menstruating.

D) Overall, boys get much less social support than girls for the changes of puberty.

Page Ref: 364–365

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.5 Explain adolescents’ reactions to the physical changes of puberty.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Moderate

24. Ceremonies such as the Jewish bar or bat mitzvah and the quinceañera in Hispanic communities resemble the initiation ceremonies of many tribal and village societies, but they ________.

A) do not mark a significant change in social status in the larger society

B) more often mark an important change in privilege and responsibility

C) do not let young people know that reaching puberty is a significant milestone

D) do not mean anything to children growing up within these ethnic or religious subcultures in Western societies

Page Ref: 365

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.5 Explain adolescents’ reactions to the physical changes of puberty.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Difficult

25. Western adolescents ________.

A) often celebrate the onset of puberty with an initiation ceremony

B) are granted partial adult status at many different ages

C) are formally recognized when they move from adolescence to adulthood

D) are formally recognized when they move from childhood to adolescence

Page Ref: 365

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.5 Explain adolescents’ reactions to the physical changes of puberty.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Moderate

26. Which statement about adolescent moodiness is true?

A) Adolescents rate their moods more positively in adult-structured settings.

B) Younger adolescents’ mood swings are strongly related to situational changes.

C) Adolescents’ emotional highs coincide with weekend evenings spent at home.

D) Adolescents’ emotional lows coincide with self-chosen leisure activities.

Page Ref: 365

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.5 Explain adolescents’ reactions to the physical changes of puberty.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Which teenage boy is the most likely to feel profoundly lonely?

A) 15-year-old Maurice, who spends most Saturday nights at home

B) 16-year-old Frank, who spends Thursday nights playing football

C) 17-year-old Roger, who spends Friday nights at youth group

D) 18-year-old Zeke, who spends Saturday nights working

Page Ref: 365

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.5 Explain adolescents’ reactions to the physical changes of puberty.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Moderate

28. Which statement about parent‒child relationships in adolescence is true?

A) Research shows that puberty is related to a decrease in intensity of parent‒child conflict.

B) In industrialized nations, psychological distancing may act as a substitute for leaving the family around the time of puberty.

C) Adolescents’ new powers of reasoning contribute to a decline in family tensions.

D) Parent‒son conflict tends to be more intense than parent–daughter conflict.

Page Ref: 365–366

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.5 Explain adolescents’ reactions to the physical changes of puberty.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Difficult

29. Darcy is having frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter. Darcy should be told that by late adolescence, ________.

A) only a small minority of families experience continuing friction

B) most parent‒daughter conflicts continue and intensify

C) adolescents typically display increasingly angry behaviors

D) parent–child problem-solving efforts are largely ineffective

Page Ref: 366

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.5 Explain adolescents’ reactions to the physical changes of puberty.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Difficult

30. Adults and peers alike view Gary as relaxed, independent, and physically attractive. Both groups view Olivia as physically attractive, lively, and sociable. Which statement is likely to be true?

A) Both Gary and Olivia are early-maturing teens.

B) Both Gary and Olivia are late-maturing teens.

C) Gary is an early-maturing boy, and Olivia is a late-maturing girl.

D) Gary is a late-maturing boy, and Olivia is an early-maturing girl.

Page Ref: 366

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.6 Describe the impact of pubertal timing on adolescent adjustment, noting sex differences.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Difficult

31. Phillipe, a late-maturing boy, is likely to ________.

A) be viewed by both adults and peers as self-confident

B) report more psychological stress than early-maturing boys

C) experience transient emotional difficulties

D) be involved in more problem behaviors than early-maturing boys

Page Ref: 366

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.6 Describe the impact of pubertal timing on adolescent adjustment, noting sex differences.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Difficult

32. Early-maturing European-American girls tend to report a ________.

A) positive attitude about their physical appearance

B) less positive body image than their on-time agemates

C) more positive body image than their late-maturing agemates

D) more positive body image than early-maturing boys

Page Ref: 366

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.6 Describe the impact of pubertal timing on adolescent adjustment, noting sex differences.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Moderate

33. Early-maturing adolescents of both sexes ________.

A) often seek out younger peers

B) excel in academic performance

C) often seek out older companions

D) report feeling little emotional stress

Page Ref: 367

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.6 Describe the impact of pubertal timing on adolescent adjustment, noting sex differences.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Moderate

34. Follow-up research on pubertal timing reveals that ________, especially, are at risk for lasting difficulties.

A) early-maturing boys

B) late-maturing girls

C) late-maturing boys

D) early-maturing girls

Page Ref: 367

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.6 Describe the impact of pubertal timing on adolescent adjustment, noting sex differences.

Topic: The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. One of the most common nutritional problems of adolescence is ________ deficiency, which can result in anemia.

A) calcium

B) folic acid

C) iron

D) zinc

Page Ref: 368

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. ________ are associated with healthier eating in teenagers.

A) Vitamin supplements

B) Increased hours of weekend sleep

C) Dieting programs

D) Frequent family meals

Page Ref: 368

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

37. Disturbed eating is highest in ________.

A) Asia

B) the Middle East

C) Western nations

D) Africa

Page Ref: 368

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true?

A) About 9 percent of North American and Western European teenage girls are affected by anorexia.

B) During the past half-century, cases of anorexia have increased sharply, fueled by cultural admiration of female thinness.

C) In the United States, African-American girls are at greater risk for anorexia than European-American and Hispanic girls.

D) Boys account for 1 to 5 percent of anorexia cases, and up to half of these are gay or bisexual young people.

Page Ref: 368

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

39. Clarence’s 14-year-old daughter, Glenda, has been diagnosed with anorexia. Clarence can expect that Glenda ________.

A) will lose 5 to 15 percent of her body weight

B) sees herself as severely underweight

C) will avoid most forms of exercise

D) has an extremely distorted body image

Page Ref: 369

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which statement accurately describes aspects of the parent–child relationship in cases of anorexia?

A) Mothers are often overprotective and controlling, and fathers tend to be either controlling or uninvolved.

B) Mothers are typically permissive and indulgent, while fathers are highly competitive and controlling.

C) Mothers are often permissive and indulgent, and fathers tend to be uninvolved or absent.

D) The parents are typically divorced; the mother is often overwhelmed and the father is largely absent.

Page Ref: 369

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

41. Which statement about individuals with anorexia nervosa is true?

A) Over 80 percent of young people with the disorder recover fully.

B) They usually deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder, making treatment difficult.

C) In school, they tend to be low-achieving students who are irresponsible and poorly behaved.

D) Later-maturing girls are at greatest risk for the disorder.

Page Ref: 369

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

42. Carlie engages in binge eating, followed by deliberate vomiting and sometimes purging with laxatives. Carlie suffers from ________.

A) marasmus

B) food insecurity

C) bulimia nervosa

D) anorexia nervosa

Page Ref: 369

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Individuals with bulimia nervosa usually ________.

A) feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits

B) lose between 25 and 50 percent of their body weight

C) deny or minimize the seriousness of the disorder

D) have overprotective and controlling parents

Page Ref: 369

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

44. Binge-eating disorder ________.

A) is accompanied by purging, exercise, or fasting

B) typically leads to overweight and obesity

C) usually leads to restrictive dieting

D) leads to delayed menarche or disrupted menstrual cycles

Page Ref: 370

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.7 Describe nutritional needs during adolescence, and cite factors related to eating disorders.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

45. Sexual attitudes in North America are ________.

A) very restrictive

B) relatively restrictive

C) relatively open

D) very open

Page Ref: 370

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.8 Discuss social and cultural influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Typically, North American parents ________.

A) rarely talk about sex in their children’s presence

B) provide their children with a lot of information about sex

C) engage in meaningful discussions with teens about sex

D) discuss sexual health with their children’s dating partners

Page Ref: 370

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.8 Discuss social and cultural influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

47. Teenagers’ exposure to sexualized media predicts ________.

A) decreased rates of teenage pregnancy

B) increased sexual activity and coercive sexual behaviors

C) improved communication about sex between parents and children

D) increased use of contraceptives

Page Ref: 370

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.8 Discuss social and cultural influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. ________ is among the factors linked to early and frequent teenage sexual activity.

A) Late pubertal timing

B) Small family size

C) Family religious involvement

D) Childhood impulsivity

Page Ref: 371

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.8 Discuss social and cultural influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Early sexual activity is more common among young people from ________.

A) middle- to high-SES households

B) economically disadvantaged homes

C) only-child families

D) dual-earner families

Page Ref: 371

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.8 Discuss social and cultural influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

50. Which statement about contraceptive use in adolescence is true?

A) Adolescents’ use of contraceptives has decreased in recent years.

B) Adolescents who report good relationships with parents are less likely to use birth control.

C) Self-regulation is difficult for teenagers, who often overlook the potential consequences of risky behaviors.

D) Young people are most likely to use condoms in relatively new relationships in which they feel high trust or love.

Page Ref: 371–372

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.8 Discuss social and cultural influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

51. Typically, first sense of a biologically determined lesbian or gay sexual orientation appears between ages ________.

A) 3 and 6, in a preference for the same-sex parent

B) 3 and 6, in a preference for quiet activities and hobbies

C) 6 and 12, in play interests more like those of the other gender

D) 6 and 12, in strong physical attraction to members of the same sex

Page Ref: 372–373 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: Coming Out to Oneself and Others

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.9 Cite factors involved in development of sexual orientation.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

52. Which statement about self-acceptance among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths is true?

A) Only a small minority of lesbian, gay, and bisexual teenagers accept their sexual identity by the end of adolescence.

B) Most young people come out to parents before they tell trusted friends or other family members.

C) Contact with other lesbian, gay, and bisexual peers is rarely important in reaching self-acceptance.

D) Coming out can foster self-esteem, psychological well-being, and relationships with family and friends.

Page Ref: 372–373 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: Coming Out to Oneself and Others

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.9 Cite factors involved in development of sexual orientation.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

53. Which set of siblings is most likely to share a homosexual orientation?

A) Raoul and Juanita, who are fraternal twins

B) Reagan and Kennedy, who are identical twins

C) Kendall and Randi, who are adopted siblings

D) Quentin and Russell, who are biological, non-twin siblings

Page Ref: 372–373

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.9 Cite factors involved in development of sexual orientation.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

54. Girls ________ are more likely to develop lesbian or bisexual orientations.

A) who are later in birth order

B) exposed prenatally to very high levels of androgens or estrogens

C) who have a higher-than-average number of older brothers

D) who are gender-atypical in dress or behavior

Page Ref: 373

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.9 Cite factors involved in development of sexual orientation.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

55. Young people between ages 15 and 24 ________.

A) are at a very low risk for sexually transmitted infections

B) have the lowest rates of sexually transmitted infections of all age groups

C) are unlikely to contract a sexually transmitted infection if they are heterosexual

D) have the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections of all age groups

Page Ref: 373–374

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

56. Which sexually active teenager is most likely to contract a sexually transmitted infection?

A) Jim from Canada

B) Ross from the United States

C) Bruna from Germany

D) Milla from Finland

Page Ref: 374

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Difficult

57. Studies show that most adolescents ________.

A) are unaware of basic facts about HIV and AIDS

B) know less about HIV and AIDS than about other sexually transmitted infections

C) are poorly informed about how to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections

D) overestimate their own susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections

Page Ref: 374

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

58. Which statement about the spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, is true?

A) It is nearly impossible to transmit any STI through oral sex.

B) It is at least twice as easy for a female to infect a male as for a male to infect a female.

C) It is just as easy for a female to infect a male as for a male to infect a female.

D) It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female as for a female to infect a male.

Page Ref: 374

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

59. The number of teenage births is considerably lower in the United States than it was 50 years ago because ________.

A) most schools provide abstinence-only sex education courses

B) about one-fourth of adolescent pregnancies end in abortion

C) fewer teenagers are having sexual intercourse

D) most U.S. adolescents use contraceptives

Page Ref: 374

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

60. Which statement about teenage mothers is true?

A) They are unlikely to experience pregnancy complications.

B) They have unrealistically low expectations of their infants.

C) They are less likely to divorce if they do marry.

D) Very few give up their infants for adoption.

Page Ref: 374

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

61. Compared with adult mothers, adolescent mothers ________.

A) know more about child development

B) perceive their babies as more difficult

C) less often engage in abusive parenting

D) interact more effectively with their infants

Page Ref: 375

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

62. Sex education ________.

A) encourages early sexual activity by providing specific information about contraceptives

B) need only last a few sessions to reduce teenage pregnancy rates

C) delays the initiation of sexual activity by cataloging facts about anatomy and reproduction

D) must help teenagers build a bridge between what they know and what they do if it is to be effective

Page Ref: 375

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

63. In Canada and Western Europe, where community- and school-based clinics offer adolescents contraceptives and where universal health insurance helps pay for them, ________ than in the United States.

A) teenage sexual activity is much higher

B) teenage sexual activity is much lower

C) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much higher

D) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much lower

Page Ref: 375

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

64. The most difficult and costly way to deal with adolescent parenthood is to ________.

A) wait until it happens

B) provide a nationally mandated sex education curriculum

C) give adolescents free and open access to contraceptives

D) increase the number of community health clinics

Page Ref: 376

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.10 Discuss factors related to sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy and parenthood, noting prevention and intervention strategies.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

65. According to the most recent nationally representative survey of U.S. high school students, 43 percent of tenth graders have tried ________.

A) drinking

B) cigarettes

C) marijuana

D) amphetamines

Page Ref: 376

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.11 Discuss personal and social factors related to adolescent substance use and abuse.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

66. If Mathilde is like 21 percent of U.S. students, by twelfth grade she will ________.

A) smoke cigarettes regularly

B) have tried marijuana

C) have tried at least one highly addictive and toxic substance

D) have moved from substance use to abuse

Page Ref: 376

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.11 Discuss personal and social factors related to adolescent substance use and abuse.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Difficult

67. Teenagers who occasionally experiment with alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana are ________.

A) seriously troubled young people who are often led to commit antisocial acts

B) usually impulsive, disruptive, and hostile in early childhood

C) usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young people

D) genetically predisposed to elevated sensation seeking

Page Ref: 377

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.11 Discuss personal and social factors related to adolescent substance use and abuse.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

68. Adolescent experimentation with any drug ________.

A) is a normal part of adolescence and therefore no cause for concern

B) should not be taken lightly, because most drugs impair perception and thought processes

C) is less concerning than adolescent drinking, because few drugs can cause permanent injury or death

D) is concerning because most teenagers who try alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana are headed for a life of addiction

Page Ref: 377

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.11 Discuss personal and social factors related to adolescent substance use and abuse.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

69. In a longitudinal study of ethnically diverse early adolescents, a large imbalance between the brain’s cognitive-control network and its emotional/social network predicted ________.

A) increased abuse of all types of drugs into early adulthood

B) adult patterns of drug use that mirrored those of early adolescent nonusers

C) a rapid rise in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use by midadolescence

D) decreased rates of alcohol consumption but increased rates of tobacco use in the next decade

Page Ref: 377

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.11 Discuss personal and social factors related to adolescent substance use and abuse.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Difficult

70. Comprehensive programs that aim to reduce adolescent drug abuse ________.

A) have alarmingly high relapse rates

B) typically focus on peer influences rather than attempting to improve parent–child relationships

C) have shown success only with teenagers whose abuse is limited to alcohol

D) have surprisingly low relapse rates

Page Ref: 377–378

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.11 Discuss personal and social factors related to adolescent substance use and abuse.

Topic: Health Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

71. Young people who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development ________.

A) are not capable of hypothetico-deductive reasoning

B) can only “operate on reality”

C) no longer require concrete things or events as objects of thought

D) cannot yet come up with general logical rules through internal reflection

Page Ref: 379

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.12 Describe advances in thinking during the formal operational stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory: The Formal Operational Stage

Difficulty Level: Moderate

72. Kira, age 14, uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning. When faced with a problem, she ________.

A) fails to notice variables that are not obvious

B) starts with reality and proceeds to possibility

C) cannot think of alternatives when her predictions about the outcome are not confirmed

D) starts with a hypothesis from which she deduces logical, testable inferences

Page Ref: 379

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.12 Describe advances in thinking during the formal operational stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory: The Formal Operational Stage

Difficulty Level: Difficult

73. When presented with Piaget’s pendulum problem, adolescents who engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning ________.

A) test for the effect of string length without holding weight constant

B) isolate and test each variable, as well as testing the variables in combination

C) typically fail to notice variables that are not immediately suggested by the concrete materials of the task

D) eventually deduce that the weight of the object and the string length do not affect the speed of the pendulum swing

Page Ref: 379

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.13 Explain the implications of follow-up research for the accuracy of Piaget’s formal operational stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory: The Formal Operational Stage

Difficulty Level: Moderate

74. Which child is the most likely to evaluate the logic of statements only by considering them against concrete evidence in the real world?

A) Chandra, age 15

B) Tyrell, age 13

C) Daniela, age 11

D) Wiley, age 8

Page Ref: 379

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.13 Explain the implications of follow-up research for the accuracy of Piaget’s formal operational stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory: The Formal Operational Stage

Difficulty Level: Easy

75. Which statement is supported by follow-up research on Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A) School-age children show the glimmerings of hypothetico-deductive reasoning, although they are less competent at it than adolescents.

B) With respect to propositional thought in an entirely verbal mode, school-age children can reason from premises that contradict reality.

C) Adolescents are rarely able to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning.

D) School-age children can easily explain why a pattern of observations supports a hypothesis, when they recognize the connection between the two.

Page Ref: 380

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.13 Explain the implications of follow-up research for the accuracy of Piaget’s formal operational stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory: The Formal Operational Stage

Difficulty Level: Moderate

76. Children often fail to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning because they ________.

A) recognize that the accuracy of conclusions drawn from premises rests on the rules of logic

B) routinely apply hypothetico-deductive reasoning

C) find it more difficult than adolescents to inhibit activation of well-learned real-life knowledge

D) show no ability to engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Page Ref: 380

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.13 Explain the implications of follow-up research for the accuracy of Piaget’s formal operational stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory: The Formal Operational Stage

Difficulty Level: Difficult

77. In an Israeli study of seventh to ninth graders, after controlling for participants’ age, researchers found that ________ fully accounted for early adolescent gains in propositional thought.

A) pubertal timing

B) real-world knowledge

C) adolescents’ own beliefs

D) years of schooling

Page Ref: 381

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.13 Explain the implications of follow-up research for the accuracy of Piaget’s formal operational stage.

Topic: Piaget’s Theory: The Formal Operational Stage

Difficulty Level: Easy

78. The ability to distinguish theory from evidence and use logical rules to examine their relationship ________.

A) improves steadily from childhood into adolescence

B) slowly declines as adolescents move into adulthood

C) drops off suddenly from childhood into adolescence

D) typically develops in early childhood

Page Ref: 382

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.14 Explain how information-processing researchers account for cognitive changes in adolescence.

Topic: An Information-Processing View of Adolescent Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

79. Sophisticated metacognitive understanding is vital for ________.

A) performing concrete operations

B) the development of scientific reasoning

C) executing seriation and classification tasks

D) comprehending conservation of number

Page Ref: 382

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.14 Explain how information-processing researchers account for cognitive changes in adolescence.

Topic: An Information-Processing View of Adolescent Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

80. Scientific reasoning ________.

A) involves skills developed in a nonsequential fashion

B) results from an abrupt, stagewise change

C) develops gradually out of many specific learning experiences

D) is not influenced by years of schooling

Page Ref: 382

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.14 Explain how information-processing researchers account for cognitive changes in adolescence.

Topic: An Information-Processing View of Adolescent Cognitive Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

81. Quang is frustrated by his daughter’s exaggerated sense of her personal uniqueness. One way he can deal with this is to ________.

A) encourage a more balanced perspective by pointing out that he had similar feelings as a teenager

B) give her a “reality check” in which he points out many other people with similar characteristics

C) play along with her inflated sense of self, as it will eventually diminish on its own

D) refuse to acknowledge his daughter’s unique characteristics

Page Ref: 383

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Difficult

82. Angela notices that her son has difficulty making everyday decisions and is sensitive to public criticism. One way she can help her son is by ________.

A) making decisions for him, when necessary, to avoid poor choices

B) refraining from making any decisions of her own

C) speaking to him honestly both alone and in front of others

D) offering diplomatic suggestions about the likelihood of various outcomes

Page Ref: 383

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Moderate

83. Thirteen-year-old Donette is extremely self-conscious. She believes she is the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern. Donette is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as ________.

A) the personal fable

B) the imaginary audience

C) metacognition

D) personal uniqueness

Page Ref: 383

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Moderate

84. The imaginary audience helps explain adolescents’ ________.

A) increased argumentativeness with their parents

B) greater willingness to engage in risky behavior

C) self-consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism

D) ability to solve problems with many variables

Page Ref: 383

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Moderate

85. Fourteen-year-old Roscoe is certain he will be a professional baseball player. When his mother makes him stay home from practice because he has strep throat, Roscoe says, “You’re ruining my life! You have no idea how hard it is to miss out on something you love to do!” Roscoe is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as ________.

A) the imaginary audience

B) the personal fable

C) metacognition

D) idealism

Page Ref: 383

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Difficult

86. In a study of sixth through tenth graders addressing aspects of the personal fable, ________ predicted self-esteem and overall positive adjustment.

A) a sensation-seeking personality

B) sense of personal uniqueness

C) egocentric thought

D) sense of omnipotence

Page Ref: 384

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Moderate

87. Fifteen-year-old Greta, who has become critical of her parents and siblings, envisions a world with no injustice or discrimination. This is typical of the ________ that arises from adolescents’ capacity to think about possibilities.

A) personal fable

B) imaginary audience

C) idealism

D) egocentrism

Page Ref: 384

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Easy

88. In making decisions, teenagers ________.

A) are more likely than adults to avoid potential losses

B) take far greater risks than adults in their twenties

C) are more effective than adults under unemotional conditions

D) are more effective than adults when they must inhibit emotion

Page Ref: 384

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Moderate

89. Compared with adults, in decision making, adolescents ________.

A) more often carefully evaluate alternatives

B) are more likely to avoid potential losses

C) less often fall back on well-learned intuitive judgments

D) are more enticed by the possibility of immediate reward

Page Ref: 384

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.15 Describe typical reactions of adolescents that result from their advancing cognition.

Topic: Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes

Difficulty Level: Moderate

90. In every country in which assessments have been conducted, girls score higher than boys on tests of ________ during middle childhood and adolescence.

A) verbal ability

B) science

C) mathematics

D) spatial abilities

Page Ref: 385

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.16 Cite factors that contribute to sex differences in mental abilities at adolescence.

Topic: Sex Differences in Mental Abilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

91. In verbal ability, girls have one biological advantage: earlier development of ________.

A) the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

B) the auditory and visual areas of the brain

C) the tactile regions of the brain

D) brain areas specific to spatial reasoning

Page Ref: 385

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.16 Cite factors that contribute to sex differences in mental abilities at adolescence.

Topic: Sex Differences in Mental Abilities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

92. The gender gap in ________ is typically small, varies considerably across nations, and has diminished over the past 30 years.

A) verbal ability

B) writing

C) mathematics

D) spatial ability

Page Ref: 386

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.16 Cite factors that contribute to sex differences in mental abilities at adolescence.

Topic: Sex Differences in Mental Abilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

93. ________ skills are a key focus of researchers’ efforts to explain sex differences in complex mathematical reasoning.

A) Problem-solving

B) Computational

C) Estimation

D) Spatial

Page Ref: 386–387 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.16 Cite factors that contribute to sex differences in mental abilities at adolescence.

Topic: Sex Differences in Mental Abilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

94. Which statement about sex differences in spatial abilities is true?

A) Experience contributes to females’ superior spatial performance.

B) Sex differences in spatial abilities emerge as early as the first few months of life.

C) One hypothesis is that heredity enhances boys’ left-hemispheric functioning.

D) Girls spend far more time than boys in play involving manipulative activities.

Page Ref: 386–387 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.16 Cite factors that contribute to sex differences in mental abilities at adolescence.

Topic: Sex Differences in Mental Abilities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

95. Research suggests that ________ cause(s) girls to do worse than their abilities allow on difficult math problems.

A) stereotype threat

B) poor problem-solving skills

C) a biological disadvantage

D) mediocre math instruction

Page Ref: 387

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.16 Cite factors that contribute to sex differences in mental abilities at adolescence.

Topic: Sex Differences in Mental Abilities

Difficulty Level: Moderate

96. Students report that their ________ school teachers care less about them and are less friendly than their ________ school teachers.

A) middle and high; elementary

B) elementary and middle; high

C) elementary; middle

D) high; middle

Page Ref: 388

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.17 Discuss the impact of school transitions on adolescent adjustment.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Easy

97. Which statement about school transitions is true?

A) Grade point averages increase and feelings of anonymity decline after each school change.

B) Multiple-problem youths often show a decline in truancy after a school transition.

C) Adolescents facing added strains are at greatest risk for academic difficulties during school transitions.

D) For well-adjusted youths, grade point averages increase with the high school transition.

Page Ref: 388

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.17 Discuss the impact of school transitions on adolescent adjustment.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

98. Natasha is a distressed adolescent who shows a persisting pattern of poor self-esteem, motivation, and academic achievement. For students like Natasha, the transition to high school ________.

A) often means receiving more personal attention and less whole-class instruction

B) tends to give them more chances to participate in classroom decision making

C) usually means an increase in grade point average

D) often accompanies a rise in out-of-school problem behaviors

Page Ref: 388

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.17 Discuss the impact of school transitions on adolescent adjustment.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

99. Which high school is the most likely to help its students adjust to the school transition?

A) North High, which emphasizes good grades over mastery

B) East High, which provides homerooms that offer counseling

C) West High, which randomly assigns students to all classes

D) South High, which has large freshman classrooms of 40 or more students

Page Ref: 389

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.17 Discuss the impact of school transitions on adolescent adjustment.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

100. ________ parenting is linked to higher grades and achievement test scores among adolescents varying widely in socioeconomic status.

A) Permissive

B) Authoritarian

C) Uninvolved

D) Authoritative

Page Ref: 389

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.18 Discuss family, peer, school, and employment influences on academic achievement during adolescence.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. High-achieving students typically have parents who ________.

A) are very involved in elementary school but are less involved in middle and high school

B) remain invested in their teenager’s education and keep tabs on academic progress

C) are somewhat involved in elementary school but are very involved in middle and high school

D) rely on the student to communicate with teachers and give them complete scheduling authority

Page Ref: 389–390

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.18 Discuss family, peer, school, and employment influences on academic achievement during adolescence.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

102. Compared to students placed into higher academic tracks, those placed in low tracks ________.

A) gain more in academic self-esteem

B) exert substantially more effort

C) experience more stimulating classrooms

D) more often experience reduced teacher expectations

Page Ref: 391

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.18 Discuss family, peer, school, and employment influences on academic achievement during adolescence.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

103. Which statement about part-time work during high school is true?

A) The more hours students work, the more likely they are to drop out of school.

B) About 10 percent of U.S. high school students work part time during the school year.

C) Heavy commitment to part-time work is not harmful as long as the job involves repetitive tasks.

D) Students who spend many hours at low-level part-time jobs report less drug and alcohol use.

Page Ref: 391–392

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.18 Discuss family, peer, school, and employment influences on academic achievement during adolescence.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

104. The decline in the overall U.S. high school dropout rate since the mid-2000s is largely due to ________.

A) the impact of legislation such as the No Child Left Behind Act

B) substantial gains in Hispanic teenagers’ graduation rates

C) substantial gains in Native-American teenagers’ graduation rates

D) the availability of high-quality vocational learning opportunities

Page Ref: 392

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 11.19 Cite factors that increase the risk of high school dropout, and discuss prevention strategies.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

105. Doug is considering dropping out of high school and finding a job. Doug should know that dropouts ________ than high school graduates.

A) have much higher employment rates

B) are less likely to be out of work from time to time

C) are more likely to have skills valued by employers

D) are more likely to remain in menial, low-paid jobs

Page Ref: 392

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.19 Cite factors that increase the risk of high school dropout, and discuss prevention strategies.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Easy

106. Compared to students placed in a college preparatory track, students placed in general education and vocational tracks ________.

A) are twice as likely to graduate from high school

B) tend to have more supportive teachers

C) are three times as likely to drop out of high school

D) tend to have higher academic self-esteem

Page Ref: 393

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.19 Cite factors that increase the risk of high school dropout, and discuss prevention strategies.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

107. Most potential high school dropouts need ________.

A) intensive remedial instruction in small classes

B) less exposure to vocational education classes

C) to curb their extracurricular involvement

D) larger, more diverse classroom environments

Page Ref: 393

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.19 Cite factors that increase the risk of high school dropout, and discuss prevention strategies.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Easy

108. To work well, vocational education must ________.

A) focus heavily on job-related tasks and instruction

B) integrate academic and job-related instruction

C) provide a pathway to college admission

D) focus heavily on basic academic skills

Page Ref: 393

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.19 Cite factors that increase the risk of high school dropout, and discuss prevention strategies.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

109. Which at-risk high school student is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?

A) Hank, who attends a school with 500 students

B) Keisha, who attends a school with 1,000 students

C) Cory, who attends a school with 1,500 students

D) Penelope, who attends a school with 2,000 students

Page Ref: 393

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 11.19 Cite factors that increase the risk of high school dropout, and discuss prevention strategies.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

110. More than two-thirds of U.S. high school dropouts ________.

A) obtain rewarding, high-paying jobs

B) never complete their secondary education

C) eventually obtain college degrees

D) finish their secondary education by their mid-twenties

Page Ref: 393–394

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 11.19 Cite factors that increase the risk of high school dropout, and discuss prevention strategies.

Topic: Learning in School

Difficulty Level: Moderate

ESSAY

111. Discuss sex differences in gross motor performance and in levels of physical activity and exercise during adolescence.

Page Ref: 360–361

112. Describe the sleep patterns of teenagers, and discuss the psychological consequences of sleep deprivation.

Page Ref: 364

113. What roles do heredity and environment play in the development of sexual orientation?

Page Ref: 372–373

114. Discuss effective interventions for adolescent parents, including resources for both mothers and fathers.

Page Ref: 376

115. How can parents, peers, and teachers help adolescents adjust to school transitions? What steps can school district officials take to ease the strains caused by these transitions?

Page Ref: 388–389