Ch.11 Test Bank Hiv And Sexually Transmitted Infections

Chapter 11

HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In 2015, the area most affected by HIV/AIDS, in terms of percentage of total cases, was ________.
   1. Russia
   2. India
   3. North America
   4. sub-Saharan Africa

Page: 230

1. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) cannot be transmitted via ________.
   1. casual contact
   2. sexual intercourse
   3. breastfeeding
   4. needles used by an infected individual

Pages: 230-231

1. ________ is also known as clinical latency or asymptomatic HIV.
   1. Acute HIV infection
   2. Chronic HIV infection
   3. Severe HIV infection
   4. AIDS

Page: 235

1. In the US, a person whose CD4⁺ T-lymphocyte count is less than ________ per microlitre of blood will receive an AIDS diagnosis.
   1. 50
   2. 100
   3. 200
   4. 300

Page: 232

1. Scabies is categorized as a ________.
   1. bacterial infection
   2. parasitic infection
   3. pathogen
   4. viral infection

Pages: 234, 238-239

1. ________ is/are a symptom of primary-stage syphilis.
   1. Paralysis
   2. Sores
   3. Numbness
   4. Dementia

Page: 237

1. In the US, the most commonly transmitted STI is ________.
   1. genital human papillomavirus
   2. syphilis
   3. gonorrhea
   4. genital herpes

Page: 232

1. ________ can be acquired outside of sexual contact.
   1. Genital human papillomavirus
   2. Genital herpes
   3. Hepatitis A
   4. Syphilis

Page: 235

1. The Insite safe injection site in Vancouver, BC has been shown to ________.
   1. decrease rates of HIV risk behaviour
   2. increase rates of public injection
   3. increase rates of relapse among former drug users
   4. have a negative effect on those attempting to discontinue drug use

Pages: 254-255

1. ________ can lead to liver cancer or cirrhosis.
   1. Hepatitis A
   2. Hepatitis B
   3. Hepatitis C
   4. Syphilis

Page: 235

1. Many people living with HIV and other STIs experience ________.
   1. indifference
   2. commendation
   3. stigmatization
   4. acceptance

Page: 243

1. ________ cannot be cured with antibiotics.
   1. Gonorrhea
   2. Syphilis
   3. Chlamydia
   4. Genital herpes

Page: 235

1. HIV stigma is associated with ________.
   1. better quality of life in general
   2. better medical outcomes
   3. higher medication adherence
   4. higher-risk HIV transmission behaviour

Page: 244

1. A potentially ethically problematic condom negotiation skill is ________.
   1. presenting HIV/STI risk information to introduce condom use
   2. using false pretenses to deceive a partner into condom use
   3. withholding sex unless condoms are used
   4. asking directly

Page: 240

1. The following statement regarding HIV disclosure and the law is not true: ________.
   1. In the US, there is no overarching federal law mandating that people living with HIV must disclose their HIV status prior to engaging in behaviour likely to result in HIV transmission
   2. In Canada, federal law states that an HIV-positive status must be disclosed prior to engaging in any sexual activity that poses a significant risk of HIV transmission to one’s partner
   3. In no US state is non-disclosure of HIV-positive status deemed to be a criminal offence
   4. The punishment for non-disclosure in Canada can result in a charge of aggravated assault

Pages: 244-245

1. AIDS is diagnosed when an individual has HIV and a(n) ________ infection.
   1. parasitic
   2. acute
   3. severe
   4. opportunistic

Pages: 231-232

1. HIV-associated dementia (HAD) typically occurs during ________ of HIV infection when CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts ________.
   1. early stages; are stable
   2. early stages; are at high levels
   3. late stages; drop to low levels
   4. late stages; are fluctuating

Page: 247

1. Depression in HIV patients is associated with ________.
   1. poor adherence to therapeutic regimens
   2. higher mortality
   3. faster disease progression
   4. all of the above

Page: 246

1. It is difficult to diagnose depression in HIV patients because ________.
   1. the physiological symptoms of depression are also associated with HIV
   2. patients have control over the symptoms of both depression and HIV
   3. patients make every possible effort to hide their condition
   4. physicians who treat HIV do not have the resources to perform this type of diagnosis

Pages: 245-246

1. Researchers have applied the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour to explain ________.
   1. sexual behaviour combined with substance abuse
   2. condom use
   3. the prevalence of depression among people living with HIV
   4. unsafe needle use

Page: 251

1. Abstinence-only interventions for adolescents ________.
   1. are more successful in reducing risky sex in the long term than those that focus on sexual behaviour beyond an abstinence-only approach
   2. have a significant effect on reducing engagement in unprotected sex
   3. have a significant effect on postponing sexual activity
   4. do not prepare youth to use condoms when they decide to become sexually active

Page: 253

1. ________ is not an intervention program for people living with HIV.
   1. Life-Steps intervention
   2. Healthy Bodies
   3. The Mpowerment Project
   4. Healthy Relationships

Pages: 253-255

1. ________ is typically assessed by health psychologists among populations at risk of contracting HIV and/or STIs, or already living with these conditions.
   1. Frequency of unprotected sex
   2. Injection risk
   3. Adherence to therapy
   4. All of the above

Pages: 249-250

1. Syndemic refers to ________.
   1. a concerted, global effort to stop an epidemic
   2. an epidemic that affects only a certain high-risk group
   3. two or more afflictions, interacting synergistically contributing to excess burden of disease in a population
   4. a very large epidemic

Page: 242

1. People who meet their sexual partners online ________.
   1. tend to engage in a number of higher-risk sexual behaviours
   2. are less likely to engage in unprotected sexual intercourse
   3. are more likely to discuss their sexual histories
   4. report fewer number of partners

Page: 243

Short Answer Questions

1. Briefly outline why African Americans are disproportionally affected by STIs, compared to the general US population.

Pages: 231, 236-237, 242

1. Briefly describe the Healthy Relationships intervention program.

Pages: 253-254

1. Describe the dilemma a health professional might be faced with when he or she discovers that an HIV-positive patient is having unprotected sex.

Pages: 244-245

1. Outline the relationship between CD4⁺ T-cells and the opportunistic infections observed in AIDS patients.

Pages: 231-232

1. Briefly outline the three stages of the HIV/AIDS infection.

Page: 235

1. Briefly discuss the methodological difficulty of determining the source of HIV infection in the presence of multiple risk behaviours.

Pages: 238-243

1. Briefly outline the stages of syphilis.

Page: 237

1. Briefly outline the personality traits correlated with unsafe sexual behaviour.

Pages: 241-242

1. Describe the different types of stress faced by HIV-infected people.

Page: 248

1. Compare and contrast the concept of intervention for people with HIV/STIs, with that of treatment.

Pages: 250-256

Essay Answer Questions

1. Discuss the unique biological feature common to all agents responsible for STIs.

For example, could these agents display a particular affinity for the sexual organs? This is unlikely, given for example, the classical route of entry of HIV or Hepatitis B via needles. Alternatively, could these agents be particularly aggressive? Again, this is unlikely considering the long latencies associated with HIV, syphilis, etc., and the mild initial symptoms of many of these conditions. The somehow paradoxical conclusion is that all agents of STIs and HIV share a particular fragility. In fact, they are preferentially transmitted via sexual contact (or exchange of body fluids) because they cannot survive very long outside the body. In contrast, agents for tuberculosis, anthrax or tetanus, for example, can resist for long periods of time in the dust, soil, and under exposure to UV light.

Pages: 230-238

1. Outline the psychological and health-related impact of stigmatization on people with HIV.

Pages: 243-244

1. Describe and discuss how psychosocial factors impact the risk of being infected with HIV and/or STIs.

Pages: 238-243

1. Describe and discuss the CDC-recommended evidence-based system of interventions for HIV prevention and treatment, with an emphasis on the theoretical framework.

Pages: 250-257

1. Describe and discuss in detail the psychosocial methods and approaches currently used to prevent the spread of HIV/STIs and to support people with HIV and/or STIs.

Pages: 238-258