Ch.11 – Full Test Bank – Sexual/Affectional Orientations And - Contemp. Human Sexuality 1e | Test Bank Pukall by Caroline Pukall. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 11: Sexual/Affectional Orientations and Diversity
Test Bank
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 01
1. In 1835, if a man had sex with another man, how would it affect his perceived sexual identity?
a) He would be considered queer.
b) He would be considered homosexual.
c) He would be considered female.
d) It would not challenge his perceived sexual identity.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 02
2. In the mid-twentieth century, which of the following was NOT a common perception of homosexuals?
a) They were unhappy.
b) They were dependable.
c) They were predatory.
d) They were promiscuous.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 03
3. What term is used to describe the interaction between affect and cognition such that it produces attraction, erotic desire, and ultimately feelings of love for members of the other sex, the same sex, or both?
a) affectional orientation
b) sexual orientation
c) emotional orientation
d) attachment orientation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 04
4. In what year did the term "homosexual" come into common usage?
a) 1268
b) 1689
c) 1869
d) 1902
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 05
5. On what basis do some researchers criticize the term "sexual orientation"?
a) It ignores the fact that people can be attracted to more than one sex.
b) It ignores the issue of gender.
c) It overemphasizes the sexual aspects of an orientation.
d) It emphasizes emotional connections as the foundation for all relationships.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 06
6. The word "homosexual" entered the English language only in 1869 because before then ________.
a) everyone in the English-speaking society was assumed to be heterosexual
b) the prevalent terms were "men-lover" for men and "Sappho" for women
c) the strong Christian church influence prevented any discussion of homosexuality
d) the term was taboo considering the rumours surrounding the English royalty
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 07
7. What is the main reason why gays and lesbians stopped using the term "homosexual"?
a) "Homo" means "man" and therefore the term did not apply to lesbians.
b) The word "homosexual" had a very negative meaning within society.
c) It did not allow for people to be interested in both sexes.
d) It assumed that people who were in a relationship and the same biological sex were also the same gender, which is not always true.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 08
8. What does having a gay identity indicate?
a) The person has primarily same-sex-oriented cognition, affect, and/or behaviour.
b) The person has no sexual preference, worldview, and self-perception.
c) The person believes that affectional orientation is innate.
d) The person believes that affectional orientation is a result of experience and social constructs.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 09
9. Which of the following is the most important characteristic of an identity label that a person adopts for themselves?
a) It describes their behaviour.
b) It is a well-known label in their culture.
c) The label has personal significance.
d) The label differentiates them from groups with which they do not wish to be associated.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 10
10. Max holds a social constructionist view of identity labels and dislikes them. He has always had physical and emotional relationships with other men and is not interested in having physical or emotional relationships with women. When describing himself, what identity group is Max most likely to choose?
a) queer
b) gay
c) undecided
d) man who has sex with men (MSM)
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 11
11. If you want to avoid implying that a person's sexual/affection preferences are the same as a person's essence, how should you describe a woman who has romantic and sexual relationships and fantasies only with other women?
a) "She is a lesbian."
b) "She is a lesbian woman."
c) "She is a homosexual."
d) "She is queer."
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 12
12. In order to differentiate between a person's identity and a person's essence, words such as "gay" or "lesbian" are best used as which part of speech?
a) noun
b) verb
c) adjective
d) adverb
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 13
13. Why do many women with a same-sex attraction prefer the term lesbian over gay?
a) It carries with it certain political allegiances to female solidarity and feminist ideology.
b) It refers to sexual behaviours rather than the spectrum of attractions and affections.
c) It is more historically accurate, dating back to the 18th century.
d) It reinforces desired stereotypes associated with the feminine mystique.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 14
14. Which of the following is most accurate regarding sexual identities?
a) The sexual identity labels people give themselves may change over the course of their lives.
b) The sexual identity one adopts during early adolescence is immutable.
c) The sexual identity of gay, lesbian, or bisexual does not change once someone has engaged in sexual activity with a member of the same sex.
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 15
15. Why would someone adopt a sexual identity different from their sexual behaviours or sexual attraction?
a) social acceptance
b) psychological dysfunction
c) immutable sexual identities
d) cognitive dissonance
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 16
16. Why would someone adopt a queer sexual identity?
a) Sexual identities are entirely socially constructed and may not accurately reflect individual experience.
b) Sexual identities other than heterosexuality are historically rooted in sexual deviance and therefore more accurately reflect individuals.
c) Sexual identities are theoretical and based on sexual behaviours alone, and this identity more accurately reflects behaviours.
d) Sexual identities are more accurately reflected in this description because it suggests that there is no variation in sexual identity categories.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 17
17. In a study by Lori Brotto of UBC, asexual men reported lower sexual response than is indicated by available normative data, yet they masturbated __________.
a) with the same frequency as the normative data
b) more frequently than the normative data
c) less frequently than the normative data
d) almost never in comparison to normative data
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 18
18. Which orientation best describes people who have the capacity to fall in love romantically with another person, even if they do not feel sexual desire for that person?
a) asexual
b) bisexual
c) queer
d) two-spirited
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 19
19. Approximately what proportion of British people self-identified as asexual in the research study discussed in your text?
a) 1 in 10,000
b) 1 in 1000
c) 1 in 100
d) 1 in 50
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 20
20. Based on Lori Brotto's study of self-identified asexual individuals, what is the best way to conceptualize asexuality?
a) as a lack of sexual opportunities
b) as a lack of all sexual activity
c) as a lack of affectional orientation
d) as a lack of sexual attraction to others
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 21
21. HIV-prevention efforts typically target which group of people?
a) men who have sex with men
b) gay men
c) bisexual men and women
d) lesbian women
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 22
22. Steven and Emily met through a dating site for asexual people and have been in a loving relationship for several months. They cuddle a lot but don't touch in a sexually arousing way. One day Emily catches Steven masturbating. She accuses him of lying to her about his asexuality. Was he necessarily lying?
a) No. Asexual individuals feel little or no sexual attraction, but they still masturbate as frequently as normative individuals.
b) No. Asexuality means little or no sexual attraction to certain partners, but normative attraction to other potential partners, usually of the same sex.
c) Yes. Asexual individuals feel no sexual desire and no physiological arousal, so they never masturbate.
d) Yes. Asexuality is a temporary condition, and masturbation means that the individual is again feeling normative sexual desire.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 23
23. Sharon believes that her attraction towards men is inborn and unchangeable, independent from where she grew up and what people around her think is attractive and what is not. What viewpoint does she represent?
a) essentialism
b) social constructionism
c) social reductionism
d) absolutism
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 24
24. Alex and Lee call themselves "queer," which means that __________.
a) they don't want to be labelled with any sexual identity
b) they have undergone gender reassignment surgery
c) they are pansexual
d) both B and C
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 25
25. At a frat-house party Jenny saw her crush, Tom, make out with another guy. She was confused because Tom never said he was gay or bi, and he talked about hot girls a lot. Was his behaviour unusual?
a) No. Studies show that there are often discrepancies among sexual identity, sexual behaviour, and sexual desire.
b) Yes. Studies show that once sexual identity is formed in adolescence, people tend to be attracted exclusively to one gender.
c) No. Studies show that most men who self-identify as heterosexual regularly engage in sexual relations with other men.
d) Yes. Studies show that discrepancies among sexual identity, sexual behaviour, and sexual desire are extremely rare.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 26
26. Which term refers to an identity status that is intended to not label one's sexuality?
a) queer
b) bisexual
c) lesbian
d) gay
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 27
27. What term is used to describe the fear, dislike, and/or intolerance that gay and lesbian individuals may feel toward themselves and/or others with a same-sex orientation, often resulting from negative social influences?
a) internalized homophobia
b) homonegativity
c) biophobia
d) heterosexism
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 28
28. What social condition is best described by the following excerpt? "Despite the fact that research has shown variations in affectional orientation, sexual identity, and gender identity to be normal, non-heterosexual individuals continue to suffer from varying degrees of prejudice, discrimination, and oppression world-wide. Same-sex sexual relationships remain illegal in over 70 countries, and in some places offenders are flogged or even put to death. Even in countries in which such relationships are legal, gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals frequently face negative consequences in their daily lives. All too often, the prejudices they face take the form of hate speech. Indeed, research consistently finds that the vast majority of gay and lesbian individuals have been verbally abused at some point in their lives."
a) homophobia, biphobia, queerphobia
b) heterosexism
c) internalized homophobia
d) conversion therapy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 29
29. Which term refers to the belief that heterosexual people are superior to SGD people?
a) homophobia
b) heterosexism
c) homonegativity
d) queerism
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 30
30. Salma is part of a culture where people who show attraction to people of the same sex are shunned and forbidden from ever contacting their family members again. Salma is afraid to admit she is attracted to other women, so she marries and has children. Salma's limited choices in life are the result of what aspect of her culture?
a) homonegativity
b) homophobia
c) queerophobia
d) heterosexism
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 31
31. Robert Spitzer claimed that sexual orientation could be changed if the people who wanted to change really wanted to change. What did Spitzer do 10 years after he made his claim?
a) Spitzer stood by his claim and showed that 10 years later the "converted" men were still in heterosexual relationships.
b) Spitzer extended his claim to suggest that same-sex attraction is the result of neurotoxins found in many brands of house paint.
c) Spitzer apologized to the gay community.
d) Spitzer admitted that he was gay and openly married another man.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 32
32. Eric has always been attracted to other men but abstains from sexual activity and loathes himself for his preference. What term describes Eric's feelings towards himself?
a) homophobia
b) internalized homophobia
c) internalized homophilia
d) internalized asexuality
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 33
33. What term refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals of other sexual orientations and genders, based on the implicit assumption that heterosexuality is the norm?
a) heterosexism
b) biphobia
c) heterocentrism
d) homophily
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 34
34. Anna has been invited with a plus-one to her cousin's traditional Polish wedding in a Toronto suburb. Anna isn't dating any man at the time, so she wants to RSVP with her best friend, Judy, as Judy has never been to a Polish wedding. Anna's mother is aghast at the idea, explaining that everyone would assume that Anna and Judy are lesbian perverts and it would be a great shame and disgrace for Anna's mother to be suspected of having brought up a homosexual under her Catholic roof. She orders Anna to bring a male date or not to come at all. What attitude does Anna's mother display?
a) heterosexism
b) homophobia
c) homonegativity
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 35
35. Elisa started a new job and was excited to meet her new co-workers. During the orientation one of the team leaders asked her if she had a boyfriend. Elisa did not know what to answer, since she was currently dating another woman. Which of the following best describes Elisa's experience?
a) heterosexism
b) homonegativity
c) heterocentrism
d) internalized homophobia
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 36
36. Nate is an openly gay man. What is the probability that during his life, Nate will be a victim of physical violence because he is gay?
a) 5 per cent
b) 10 per cent
c) 20 per cent
d) 50 per cent
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 37
37. According to a recent American study, which of the following is the strongest predictor of hate-crime victimization of SGD individuals?
a) media portrayals of SGD individuals
b) beliefs about the morality of same-sex sexual behaviours
c) an SGD individual's openness about their sexual orientation
d) an SGD individual's physical appearance
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 38
38. Lucy grew up in a community where homosexuality was considered a disgusting sin. She has been attracted to women but dated men to fit in. She recently moved to Vancouver and met several openly lesbian women, but she's still struggling with shedding the guilt of the immorality of her attractions. Her new friends recommend __________ therapy to help her see her identity as positive.
a) SGD affirmative
b) conversion
c) psychoanalytic
d) hormonal
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 39
39. According to Kitzinger and Wilkinson, what causes a person's sexual attractions to be one way or another?
a) Sexual attraction is mostly the result of biological factors.
b) Sexual attraction is mostly the result of environmental factors.
c) Sexual attraction is probably the result of both biological and environmental factors.
d) The question is pointless to research because it cannot be tested with methods currently available.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 40
40. What type of therapy used to attempt to change an individual's sexual orientation to heterosexual has been labelled unethical?
a) conversion therapy
b) motivational therapy
c) affirmative therapy
d) heterosexist therapy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 41
41. Conversion therapy is ethically problematic because __________.
a) it targets only individuals with same-sex orientations
b) its goal is essentially to "fix" a minority population that is deemed to have undesirable traits
c) it is out of line with guidelines to "avoid bringing harm to the client" that every reputable mental health professional is obliged to follow
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 42
42. Antoine and Mathieu are identical twins. Mathieu is gay. What is the likelihood that Antoine is also gay?
a) 12 per cent
b) 27 per cent
c) 37 per cent
d) 52 per cent
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 43
43. What field of study has most consistently found that the causality of same-sex sexual/affectional orientation was hand preference and fraternal birth order?
a) biological
b) psychological
c) social
d) environmental
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 44
44. Researchers have found notable differences in the size of which of the following brain regions in gay men and heterosexual men?
a) the thalamus
b) the hypothalamus
c) the pituitary gland
d) the thyroid gland
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 45
45. According to Blanchard et al., gay men are more likely than straight men to be which of the following?
a) the oldest sibling
b) left handed
c) highly religious
d) a twin
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 46
46. What type of study revealed the following finding regarding male same-sex sexual orientation? "Where at least one twin was homosexual, 52 per cent of monozygotic twins and 22 per cent of dizygotic twins were both homosexual. (By comparison, in cases in which at least one adoptive brother was homosexual, 11 per cent of these brothers were both homosexual.) "
a) genetics
b) anatomy
c) hormones/neural processes
d) sociobiological
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 47
47. Patrick is a gay man who's never seen himself as unique because of his sexual preference. He usually dismisses statements about non-sexual differences between gay and straight men as factoids, so he was surprised to learn that there is actual research evidence that gay men __________ compared to heterosexual men.
a) are more frequently left-handed
b) are much worse at whistling
c) have much less body hair
d) are more frequently colour-blind
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 48
48. Liam's mother reveals that although she'd never hid from him that he was adopted, she did hide that he had an identical twin brother in another province. As Liam, a gay man, tries to track his brother down, he wonders what the chances are that he will be gay as well. What is the probability?
a) It is better than chance as studies show that where one twin is gay, 52 per cent of identical twins are both gay.
b) It is almost certain, as studies show that where one twin is gay, 93 per cent of identical twins are both gay.
c) It is very low, as studies show that where one twin is gay, 7 per cent of identical twins are both gay.
d) It's impossible to tell as there has been no research on siblings and sexual/affectational identity development.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 49
49. When the effect of prenatal exposure to androgen was hypothesized as a factor contributing to whether a female fetus will grow to be a lesbian woman, what did researchers find?
a) Androgen exposure had no effect on sexual attraction or identity in lesbian women.
b) There was a strong positive correlation between androgen exposure and affectionate orientation.
c) Androgen exposure may play a role in masculine lesbian women but not in feminine lesbian women.
d) There was a small negative correlation between androgen exposure and affectionate orientation.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 50
50. What condition is required to hold true the research finding that men are more likely to have a same-sex affectional orientation if they have older brothers?
a) right-handedness
b) colour blindness
c) older sisters
d) high testosterone
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 51
51. Which of the following is true regarding same-sex affectional orientation?
a) An individual's affectional orientation is not dependent on the affectional orientation of her or his parents. Most gay and lesbian people were raised by heterosexual parents, and most children raised by same-sex parents turn out heterosexual.
b) Although childhood sexual abuse can cause psychological damage and lead to confusion regarding one's sexual identity, there is no evidence that such trauma can alter one's affectional orientation.
c) Although same-sex oriented individuals may question their sexual identity to a greater extent at some point in their lives than do their heterosexual counterparts, most gay men believe they always had a strong sexual/affectional orientation to men.
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 52
52. In June, the Pride month in Canada and USA, Mindy changed her Facebook profile picture to include a rainbow-coloured filter over the photo of herself. She soon got a comment from a distant relative that "the gay lobby is spreading the gay propaganda and raising more gays by adopting innocent children." What facts can Mindy cite to counter this statement?
a) Most gay and lesbian people were raised by heterosexual parents, and most children raised by same-sex parents turn out heterosexual.
b) Research suggests that children raised in strongly homophobic families turn out homosexual twice as frequently as those raised in open-minded households.
c) While culture and society can shape the understanding and expression of our gender, there is no clear evidence that the same factors influence who we are romantically attracted to.
d) both A and C
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 53
53. According to the ecological model of SGD identity, which of these two gay men could potentially have developed the most similar sexual identities?
a) Atheist Terry from Toronto, Canada, and New Age Lance from Los Angeles, USA
b) Atheist Terry from Toronto, Canada, and Catholic Marek from Warsaw, Poland
c) New Age Lance from Los Angeles, USA, and Muslim Sharif from Teheran, Iran
d) Muslim Sharif from Teheran, Iran, and Catholic Marek from Warsaw, Poland
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 54
54. Although Canada, with its anti-discrimination legislation, is much more accepting of the SGD community than many countries around the world, even here SGD individuals might not want to disclose their sexual identity. Why?
a) Dependent children who disclose their identity might end up homeless, rejected by the family.
b) They may be deeply connected to communities in which homophobia is highly prevalent.
c) They may be passed over for promotion at work because of their employer's bias.
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 55
55. Which of the following is NOT true of sexual identity disclosure?
a) Studies have found that gay men and lesbian women who disclose their sexual identity to others experience worse mental health outcomes.
b) The general trend over the past few years is that non-heterosexual individuals are both self-identifying and disclosing their identities at younger ages than in the past.
c) Self-identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual and disclosing this identity to others is associated with having better physical and mental health.
d) In studies of gay and bisexual men, the incidence of diseases such as cancer, pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and tuberculosis was higher among the men who hid their gay identity from others than among men who did not.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 56
56. What is viewed as the biggest barrier to developing a positive SGD identity?
a) internalized homophobia
b) cultural bias
c) fear of violence
d) lack of opportunity to interact with other SGD individuals
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 57
57. In which country, as described in the textbook, were marchers attacked at a Gay Pride parade in 2001?
a) Iran
b) Serbia
c) Russia
d) Hungary
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 58
58. Laura and Mark have a positive attitude towards same-sex affectional orientations. Their 12-year-old son David has always preferred "feminine" activities and conveys a somewhat feminine persona when speaking. He has shown no interest in developing romantic relationships in middle school, though many of his peers are "dating." Laura and Mark suspect David is a gay adolescent. What is their best course of action?
a) They should assume David is a gay adolescent and impose the identity on him by talking to him "as though they already know" to help him be less fearful of "coming out."
b) They should wait and allow David to disclose his sexual identity on his own.
c) They should wait until David is 16 years old, but encourage him to speak to a therapist about his sexual identity before he becomes sexually active.
d) They should discourage David from adopting a gay sexual identity because this will likely lead to his being teased and ostracized.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 59
59. When analyzing research with members of the SGD community, one should be aware of __________.
a) the sample bias: the research covers only those who chose to participate, excluding closeted or secretive members
b) the confirmation bias: researchers who study the LGBTQ+ community want to portray it in a positive light and favour results that confirm their agenda
c) the heteronormativity bias: the majority of researchers identify as heterosexual and treat other orientations as diverging from the norm
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 60
60. Ten-year-old David has been spending a lot of time reading fashion magazines and making clothes for his dolls. He prefers celebrity gossip with his sisters to playing sniper videogames with his brother. David's parents worry that such behaviour might mean that he will grow up to be gay, but their friend says such thinking is just an ugly stereotype. Who's right?
a) Research supports that many males who display highly effeminate behaviour in childhood later experience same-sex attraction.
b) There is anecdotal evidence that many males who display highly effeminate behaviour in childhood later experience same-sex attraction, but it has not been proven in research.
c) Extensive research shows beyond a doubt that boys' childhood behaviour has no reflection in their later sexual/affectational orientation.
d) Research is inconclusive whether a boy's highly effeminate behaviour in childhood will result in experiencing same-sex attraction later in life.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 61
61. According to research, which couple type reports the highest level of relationship satisfaction?
a) gay couples
b) heterosexual couples
c) opposite-sex couples where one or both partners is bisexual
d) lesbian couples
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 62
62. When compared to same-sex couples, which is true about mixed-sex couples?
a) They are more likely to stay friends after the end of the relationship than same-sex couples.
b) They are more likely to come from the same socioeconomic demographic than same-sex couples.
c) They have less hostility at times of conflict than same-sex couples.
d) Their relationship is more likely to end than a same-sex relationship.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 63
63. Why do some researchers suggest that divorce rates will likely be higher among same-sex couples compared to mixed-sex couples?
a) More mixed-sex couples admit to staying together for the children.
b) Same-sex couples are less likely to be monogamous.
c) Same-sex couples have more alternative partners available to them.
d) Mixed-sex couples have been shown to take marriage more seriously than same-sex couples.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 64
64. What limitation is present in most research on SGD people since many members of this community may be secretive or closeted, and the people who take part in research are more likely to be "out" and open?
a) sample bias
b) social desirability bias
c) survey reliability
d) replicability
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 65
65. Which of the following is a reason that lesbian couples report greater relationship satisfaction than do either gay or heterosexual couples?
a) their desire for and achievement of equality in their relationships
b) the high value placed on emotional intimacy
c) the social support they garner for their lives together
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 66
66. One of the differences between mixed- and same-sex relationships is that __________.
a) same-sex couples tend to use fewer hostile tactics during times of conflict compared to mixed-sex couples
b) mixed-sex relationships have a higher likelihood of ending compared to same-sex relationships
c) same-sex oriented individuals are more likely to seek partners of similar age, race, and socioeconomic status to their own compared to mixed-sex oriented individuals
d) mixed-sex partners are more likely to stay friends after they break up compared to same-sex partners
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 67
67. Which of the following is NOT true regarding same-sex relationships?
a) Despite legalization, most same-sex couples do not report the desire to get married.
b) Same-sex partners are more likely than mixed-sex partners to remain friends after relationship dissolution.
c) Same-sex oriented individuals are less likely to seek partners whose demographic characteristics, including age, race, and socioeconomic status, are similar to their own.
d) Gay and lesbian couples tend to be less controlling and to use fewer hostile tactics during times of conflict compared to mixed-sex couples.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 68
68. According to Freud, if we lived in a society where there was no difference in sexual orientations, we would likely all be ____________.
a) bisexual
b) asexual
c) heterosexual
d) homosexual
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 69
69. Which of the following is a factor that influences who we actually have sex with?
a) personal values
b) the availability of members of the preferred sex/gender
c) ability to attract desired sexual partners
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 70
70. According to Freud, we are all bisexual to some degree. What process best explains why bisexuality fails to manifest in most people after adolescence?
a) socialization
b) physiology
c) evolutionary psychology
d) manifest destiny
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 71
71. What is one relationship obstacle that research has shown to be particularly problematic for gay men compared to heterosexual men and lesbian women?
a) Gay men prefer to have multiple partners, but prefer partners who are monogamous.
b) Gay men have increased difficulty with interpersonal rejection.
c) Gay men are more likely to be unfaithful after promising to be monogamous.
d) Gay men do not like to discuss their feelings.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 72
72. According to Rust, which of the following is true about both bisexual men and bisexual women?
a) Most were more emotionally attracted to women and more sexually attracted to men.
b) Most were more emotionally attracted to men and more sexually attracted to women.
c) There was no difference in emotional and sexual attraction to men and women.
d) Most were interested in serial monogamy and alternating the sex of the partner.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 73
73. What percent of the male population self-identifies as bisexual?
a) less than 1 per cent
b) 2 per cent
c) 3 per cent
d) 5 per cent
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 74
74. Members of which group have the most sex?
a) asexuals
b) mixed couples
c) gay men
d) lesbian women
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 75
75. Members of which group tend to become less monogamous as a relationship progresses?
a) gay men
b) lesbian women
c) mixed couples
d) mixed couples where one member identifies as bisexual
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 76
76. Which of the following is the most common sexual activity among gay men?
a) anal intercourse
b) anilingus
c) oral sex
d) mutual masturbation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 77
77. Which of the following is a major challenge faced by bisexual-identified people?
a) isolation, because a substantial bisexual community does not exist
b) displeasure in their relationships, because they are more frequently engaged in non-monogamy
c) identity confusion, because they cannot decide which sex they are more attracted to
d) greater sexual fulfillment, because they hedonistically pursue pleasure with everyone
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 78
78. In what order do the following couple arrangements have the most sex?
a) gay men couples; straight couples; lesbian couples
b) straight couples; gay men couples; lesbian couples
c) lesbian couples; gay men couples; straight couples
d) gay men couples; lesbian couples; straight couples
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 79
79. David and Hugh, both men in their early fifties, have been in a stable relationship with each other for several years. David asked Hugh how many men he'd slept with before their relationship and was shocked to hear a number of about 30. David accused Hugh of having been exceptionally promiscuous. Was the number of Hugh's past partners far above the average a) No. He was under the average of 42
a) No. He was under the average of 42.8 sexual partners that gay men have over a lifetime.
b) No. He was right around the average of 30.4 sexual partners that gay men have over a lifetime.
c) Yes. He was over the average of 16.5 sexual partners that gay men have over a lifetime.
d) Yes. He was over the average of 4.6 sexual partners that gay men have over a lifetime.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 80
80. Which type of couples' relationship is most likely to become non-monogamous over time?
a) gay men
b) lesbian women
c) straight couples
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 81
81. What is typically the last type of sexual activity explored by both adolescent gay male couples and adolescent lesbian female couples?
a) anilingus
b) anal-dildo penetration
c) tribadism
d) "rimming"
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 82
82. Which of the following is true?
a) Sexual orientation has no bearing on parents' capacity to provide a safe, healthy, and nurturing environment for children.
b) Sexual orientation has a strong influence on the ability of parents to provide a safe, healthy, and nurturing environment for children.
c) Sexual orientation of the parents strongly determines the sexual orientation of the child.
d) Sexual orientation is noted in the literature as being harmful to children, especially since the prevalence of adoption has increased with marriage equality.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 83
83. Two Canadian couples, Julia and Anna and Mark and Laura, want to adopt a child. Who, on average has a better chance of adoption in Canada, and why?
a) Mark and Laura, because mixed-sex couples are more likely to be matched to children than same-sex couples.
b) Julia and Anna, because female-only couples are considered safer for adoptive children than mixed-sex or male-only couples.
c) Mark and Laura, because adoption by same-sex couples is illegal in Canada.
d) Julia and Anna, because there are on average twice as many same-sex than mixed-sex couples waiting to adopt children in Canada.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 84
84. Zalina and Charlotte are expecting their first child, conceived with an anonymous donor's sperm. Zalina's parents hold conservative views about family structure and worry that a child raised by two mothers won't be able to become a fully-formed adult. They pressure her to either marry a man or become a single mother. Is there any evidence that Zalina can quote to counter their argument?
a) Some research has shown that children raised from birth by lesbian mothers show fewer behavioural problems than children from mixed-sex families.
b) Available research shows that parental sexual orientation is unrelated to the outcome regarding the socialization of children.
c) Research suggests that psychological outcomes for children are better when they are raised by two parents rather than by only one, regardless of the parents' sexual identity.
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 85
85. Which of the following children would be most likely to develop psychological problems?
a) Abe, who is raised by his mother alone
b) Klaus, who is raised by a lesbian couple
c) Tasha, who is raised by two parents who are not married
d) Gianna, who is raised by her biological parents, although her father has recently identified as bisexual
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 86
86. A gay man that assumes the role of penetrator in an anal sex is often referred to as the ________
a) bottom
b) top
c) versatile
d) anilingus
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 87
87. With regards to sexual identity labels, which of the following identities has the lowest self-identification?
a) heterosexual
b) gay/lesbian
c) bisexual
d) asexual
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 88
88. When considering same-sex sexual behaviour, which is the correct order in which sexual activities occur for girls that have sex with girls?
a) vaginal-digital penetration, oral sex, anilingus, vaginal-dildo penetration, and anal-dildo penetration
b) vaginal-digital penetration, oral sex, vaginal-dildo penetration, anilingus, and anal-dildo penetration
c) oral sex, vaginal-digital penetration, anilingus, vaginal-dildo penetration, and anal-dildo penetration
d) oral sex, anilingus, vaginal-dildo penetration, vaginal-digital penetration, and anal-dildo penetration
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 89
89. Which country has recently enacted a law that provides prison sentences of between three months and two years for engaging in same-sex sexual behaviour?
a) Chad
b) India
c) Tanzania
d) Turkey
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 90
90. What was the main conclusion from a 2018 study that found structural and functional changes in the brains of transgender individuals?
a) The brain differences were regarded as predisposing factors.
b) The brain differences were regarded as consequences/adaptations.
c) Nothing conclusive could be drawn from their findings.
d) The structural and functional brain differences were very hard to detect.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 91
91. Which of the following statements is true regarding conversion therapy?
a) Most people that were converted maintain their new heterosexual affectional orientation.
b) Conversion therapy does not increase anxiety and depression.
c) Conversion therapy decreases levels of internalized homophobia.
d) Most professional organizations for mental health practices state that it is unethical.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 01
1. Researchers have begun replacing the term "sexual orientation" with the term "__________ __________."
Feedback: affectional orientation
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 02
2. __________ __________ theory suggests that all aspects of our sexuality are constructed as a result of interactions among historical, social, and psychological variables and contexts.
Feedback: Social constructionist
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 03
3. Peter fears and dislikes people who are gay or lesbian. Peter is __________.
Feedback: homophobic
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 04
4. "Pray away the gay" is a common catch phrase associated with __________ therapy.
Feedback: conversion
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 05
5. A person is more likely to commit a violent act towards a person who is gay or lesbian if sexual attraction is presented as a(n) __________ issue.
Feedback: moral
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 06
6. Blanchard's research indicates that a man is more likely to identify as gay if he has a greater number of __________ __________.
Feedback: older brothers
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 07
7. The sexual practice in which a woman rubs her vulva against any part of her partner's body is called __________.
Feedback: tribadism
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 08
8. The majority of self-identified bisexuals prefer to live a __________ lifestyle.
Feedback: polyamorous
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 09
9. In terms of affectional orientation, Sigmund Freud believed that we are all constitutionally __________.
Feedback: bisexual
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 10
10. Max wants to avoid a sexual identity label and thus most likely self identifies as __________.
Feedback: queer
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 11
11. Research suggest that asexuals can fall in love, and thus they have a(n) __________ orientation.
Feedback: affectional
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 12
12. Prejudice against individuals of other sexual orientations is known as __________.
Feedback: heterosexism
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 13
13. Explicit negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian people are known as __________.
Feedback: homonegativity
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 14
14. Sarah is struggling with her same-sex sexual/affectional orientation. The best therapy for Sarah is likely SGD __________ __________.
Feedback: affirmative therapy
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 15
15. The two most consistent findings supporting a biological root of same-sex sexual/affectional orientation are fraternal birth order and __________ __________.
Feedback: hand preference
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 16
16. The __________ of gay and lesbian individuals express the desire to get married at some point in their lives.
Feedback: majority
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 17
17. In addition to fear of interpersonal rejection, __________ __________ can also impede a man's ability to establish and maintain a gay relationship.
Feedback: internalized homophobia
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 18
18. When boys explore having sex with other boys, the first sexual activity they engage in is usually __________ __________.
Feedback: oral sex
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 19
19. A person that has an attraction to people of all genders/sexes and/or those that are intersex, identify as trans or genderqueer could be considered ________.
Feedback: pansexual
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 20
20. A gay man who is willing to assume either the top or the bottom role in anal sex is often referred to as ________.
Feedback: versatile
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 21
21. A ________ identity label is an identity status denoting individuals who have come to identify themselves as having both different-sex- and same-sex-oriented cognition, affect, and/or behaviour.
Feedback: bisexual
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 22
22. ________ is the fear, dislike, and/or intolerance of members of the SGD community in general.
Feedback: Queerphobia
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 23
23. According to researchers, affectional orientation is substantially more ________ for women than it is for men.
Feedback: fluid
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 24
24. The process of coming to accept for oneself a particular sexual and/or gender identity label(s) is called ________.
Feedback: self-identification
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 25
25. ________ is the proper term used to describe oral stimulation of the anus, perineum, and surrounding area (also known as "rimming").
Feedback: Anilingus
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 01
1. Discuss two ethical problems with "conversion therapy." Describe an alternative therapy for SGD individuals who are unhappy.
Feedback: Conversion therapy targets only individuals with same-sex orientations, and its goal is essentially to "fix" a minority population that is deemed to have undesirable traits. Further, conversion efforts seem out of line with guidelines to "avoid bringing harm to the client" that every reputable mental health professional is obliged to follow. It is difficult to believe that conversion therapists are following this ethic given the ample research evidence demonstrating the negative consequences associated with conversion therapy: increased suicidality; increased anxiety and depression; decreased self-esteem and increased feelings of shame and self-loathing; increased levels of internalized homophobia and distorted perceptions of same-sex sexuality; intrusive imagery; sexual dysfunction; preoccupation with speech, mannerisms, and gender-role expression; loss of family connections, religiosity, and spirituality; phobic anxiety toward attractive members of one's own sex; increased aggression and hostility; feelings of inauthenticity; slowing of the self-identification process; social isolation and loss of same-sex partners; irrational fear of being a child abuser (as a consequence of the once-prevalent stereotype that "homosexuals" are pedophiles); and difficulty in establishing intimate relationships.
For individuals who struggle with their same-sex sexual/affectional orientations, a more positive and helpful form of guidance may come from SGD affirmative therapy. Standing in stark contrast to conversion therapy, this form of therapy is offered by people who view SGD individuals as being equal and as deserving of equal rights to those sharing the dominant discourse (usually heterosexuality). SGD affirmative therapists may hold and practise from any theoretical orientation (e.g., psychodynamic, behavioural): the important aspect is that their attitudes and behaviours are affirming of SGD individuals.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 02
2. What are three criticisms of existing research into the "source" of sexual identity that may have confounded the results?
Feedback: 1. Most studies assume heterosexuality is the default and that something must "go wrong" for any other orientation to develop.
2. Most studies group people based on self-identified sexual identity.
3. Most studies look at people's identity at a point in time and ignore the fact that the identity could be different at a different point in that person's life.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 03
3. Discuss two positive factors associated with disclosing a non-heterosexual affectionate orientation and two negative factors that may make this disclosure difficult or impossible.
Feedback: Positive factors include better physical and mental health. Negative factors include repercussions from one's family, workplace or society. For example, dependent children who feel that their parents might react very negatively to such a disclosure might choose not to confront the issue until they are older and able to support themselves. Indeed, many homeless SGD youth have ended up on the streets because they were rejected by their families (Hunter, 2008). Some adults may also choose not to disclose their sexual identity to their coworkers for fear that they may be denied advancement opportunities. Despite legislation meant to prevent discrimination based on sexual identity, some employers continue to favour those who fit the dominant cultural discourse (most often, able-bodied, heterosexual males). Identity disclosure may also be particularly difficult for SGD individuals who are deeply connected to communities in which homophobia is highly prevalent. This is often the case for Black and Latino men in Canada and the United States, who may feel that disclosing an other-than-heterosexual identity will lead to their being ostracized from their community.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 04
4. Discuss three findings that suggest that sexual/affectional orientation has a biological component.
Feedback: Students should discuss three findings from the following: twin studies show identical twins more likely to share affectionate orientation than non-identical twins, evidence for genes shared with gay male brothers not shared by heterosexual male brothers, differences in the structure of the hypothalamus in gay men and heterosexual men, difference in pheromone responses for gay men and heterosexual men.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 05
5. Discuss research investigating the impact of sexual/affectional orientation on parenting.
Feedback: Research has shown no ill effects on the psychological well-being of children raised by same sex couples compared to heterosexual couples. The affectional affiliation and sexual identity of the parent have no impact on the child. Research has found that the number of parents in the home, and not the affectionate orientation of those parents, is the biggest predictor of psychological health or distress. Thus research indicates that same-sex couples are equally able to raise children who are psychologically healthy.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 06
6. Compare and contrast sexual orientation and affectional orientation.
Feedback: When discussing people's intimate, sexual, and romantic attractions to others, most researchers and laypersons alike focus on the sexual aspects of such attractions, using the term "sexual orientation" to refer to an individual's tendency to be attracted to men and/or women. Yet many have noted that this term is too limited, as it overemphasizes the sexual aspects of an orientation and thus oversimplifies what an orientation is. As a result, there is growing support for rejecting the term sexual orientation in favour of the more inclusive term affectional orientation. Indeed, most current researchers recognize that an orientation has a significant emotional attachment component. Affectional orientation is the interaction between affect and cognition such that it produces attraction, erotic desire, and ultimately feelings of love for members of the other sex, the same sex, or both.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 07
7. What is heterosexism and how can it impact non-heterosexual people? Provide one example.
Feedback: Today, negative views of same-sex sexual behaviours persist, to varying degrees, in most societies around the world. Such views also often lead to prejudices against individuals who engage in same-sex behaviour, or anyone who is deemed to not fit neatly into the category of "heterosexual." Heterosexism, whether it occurs consciously or unconsciously, minimizes non-heterosexual people, either by assuming that they do not exist or by projecting a belief that they are somehow inferior to their heterosexual counterparts. It is a continual process that manifests itself in nearly every setting (e.g., at home, at work, and at school).
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 11 Question 08
8. Why is the development of affectional orientations and sexual identities difficult to determine? In other words, why is it schallenging to assess what causes someone to be gay, straight, lesbian, or other sexual identity?
Feedback: Questions about what causes us to develop the way we do are fraught with difficulty. It is especially in these lines of inquiry that we see full enactment of the nature-versus-nurture controversy: is our development caused by biological, physical, and genetic factors, or by environmental, social, and psychological factors? As Kitzinger and Wilkinson (1995) state, the question is moot: it cannot be answered through the quantitative and qualitative methodologies available to researchers. When researchers do attempt to provide an answer—at least, in relation to conditions that have a psychosocial component to them—they invariably find that the way we develop is a combination of nature and nurture.