Chapter 11: Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership in a Global Society

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. ______ refers to prejudging of out-group members based on prior experiences and beliefs.

A. Stereotyping

B. Ethnocentrism

C. Prejudice

D. Ignorance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overcoming Attitudinal Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. ______ consists of openness to new categories, openness to new information, and recognizing the existence of more than one perspective.

A. Moral inclusion

B. Dignity

C. Cultural synergy

D. Mindfulness

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overcoming Attitudinal Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. According to integrative social contracts theory, local communities have latitude to create their own rules. This is referred to as ______.

A. hypernorms

B. moral free space

C. macrosocial contract

D. microsocial contract

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Making Ethical Choices in Culturally Diverse Settings

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. According to the project GLOBE, societies that promote planning and investing are high in ______.

A. performance orientation

B. future orientation

C. assertiveness

D. humane orientation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Future Orientation

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. The feeling of disgust reflects the presence of which moral intuition?

A. purity/sanctity

B. authority/respect

C. harm/care

D. fairness/reciprocity

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Foundations Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. A(n) ______ is “the total way of life of a people, composed of their learned and shared behavior patterns, values, norms, and material objects.”

A. culture

B. perception

C. stereotype

D. ideology

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. According to Hofstede, ______ cultures put the needs and goals of the person and her or his immediate family first.

A. collectivistic

B. individualistic

C. low-power distance

D. high-power distance

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individualism Versus Collectivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. ______ cultures are more likely to stress interdependence, intuition, and concern for others.

A. Feminine

B. Masculine

C. Uncertainty avoidance

D. Collectivistic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Masculinity Versus Femininity

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

9. Which of the following is not an indicator to measure the uncertainty avoidance culture?

A. anxiety level

B. group cohesion

C. widely held attitudes about rules

D. employment stability

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

10. According to the GLOBE dimensions, ______ describes the degree to which societal members take pride in their small groups, families, and organizations.

A. assertiveness

B. in-group collectivism

C. future orientation

D. performance orientation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: In-Group Collectivism

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

11. ______ is the extent to which a society fosters and reinforces such future-oriented activities as planning and investing.

A. Assertiveness

B. Performance orientation

C. Future orientation

D. Humane orientation

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Future Orientation

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. ______ is the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members for improving performance and demonstrating excellence.

A. Assertiveness

B. Performance orientation

C. Future orientation

D. Humane orientation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Performance Orientation

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

13. ______ is the process of classifying group members according to their perceived similarities while overlooking their individual differences.

A. Prejudice

B. Ethnocentrism

C. Ignorance

D. Stereotyping

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overcoming Attitudinal Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

14. ______ contracts are broader and lay the foundation for how people interact with one another.

A. Microsocial

B. Macrosocial

C. Unisocial

D. Moralsocial

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Making Ethical Choices in Culturally Diverse Settings

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

15. ______ describes paying close attention to our behaviors and interactions.

A. Moral inclusion

B. Dignity

C. Cultural synergy

D. Mindfulness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overcoming Attitudinal Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

16. Members of ______ cultures are more likely to take risks.

A. collectivistic

B. individualistic

C. low uncertainty avoidance

D. high-power distance

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

17. ______ is the tendency to see the world from our point of view.

A. Prejudice

B. Ethnocentrism

C. Ignorance

D. Stereotyping

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overcoming Attitudinal Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

18. In ______ cultures, there are clear differences in the roles of men and women.

A. feminine

B. masculine

C. uncertainty avoidance

D. collectivistic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Masculinity Versus Femininity

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

19. According to the GLOBE study, ______ cultures encourage individuals to be tough and competitive.

A. assertive

B. performance oriented

C. future oriented

D. humane oriented

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assertiveness

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

20. ______ view themselves as citizens of the world with global obligations.

A. Cosmopolitans

B. Social loafers

C. Cultural ideologists

D. Ethicists

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cosmopolitanism

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

21. The United Nations recently launched the ______ to encourage multinational corporations to honor human rights, labor rights, and the environment while, at the same time, fighting corruption.

A. Abilene paradox

B. global compact

C. mission exchange

D. NATO

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: United Nations Declaration of Human Rights

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

22. Concentration of ______ is a by-product of globalization that increases the likelihood of abuse.

A. power

B. integrity

C. honesty

D. altruism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Global Shadow of Power

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

23. Along with taking stock of the potential moral pitfalls of globalization, leaders need to recognize that ______ makes ethical decision-making even harder.

A. prejudice

B. ethnocentrism

C. cultural diversity

D. stereotyping

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Differences and Ethical Values

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

24. Elements of ______ are passed on from generation to generation and from person to person.

A. culture

B. ethnocentrism

C. cultural diversity

D. stereotyping

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

25. ______ describes the relative importance of power differences.

A. Feminine

B. Masculine

C. Uncertainty avoidance

D. Power distance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Power Distance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

26. The dimension of Hofstede’s model that reflects attitudes toward the roles of men and women is called ______ versus ______.

A. power; distance

B. masculinity; femininity

C. high; low uncertainty avoidance

D. collectivistic; individualistic

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Implications and Applications

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

27. Those living in assertive, ______ cultures are tempted to engage in unethical activities in order to succeed.

A. performance-oriented

B. masculine

C. uncertainty avoidance

D. power distance

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Humane Orientation

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

28. Members of ______ societies encourage and reward excellence.

A. performance-oriented

B. masculine

C. uncertainty avoidance

D. power distance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Performance Orientation

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

29. ______ is the extent to which a culture encourages and honors people for being altruistic, caring, kind, fair, and generous.

A. Assertiveness

B. Performance orientation

C. Future orientation

D. Humane orientation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Humane Orientation

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

30. ______ cultures put the needs and goals of the person and her or his immediate family first.

A. Feminine

B. Masculine

C. Uncertainty avoidance

D. Individualistic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individualism Versus Collectivism

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

31. Which of the following is not an element of culture?

A. learned

B. shared

C. dynamic

D. static

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

32. ______ is the prejudgment of others based on prior experiences and beliefs.

A. Prejudice

B. Ethnocentrism

C. Cultural diversity

D. Stereotyping

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overcoming Attitudinal Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

33. The tendency to see the world from our culture’s point of view is called ______.

A. narcissism

B. ethnocentrism

C. acute point of view

D. prejudice

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overcoming Attitudinal Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

True/False

1. High-power distance cultures are comfortable with differences in status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Power Distance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Collectivist societies prefer universal ethical standards.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. Masculine cultures maintain clearly defined sex roles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Masculinity Versus Femininity

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Bribery is more common in collectivist societies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. Individualists are more likely to lie to protect the group or family.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. The Caux principles emphasize the importance of human dignity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Caux Principles

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. Supporters of globalization point to free trade producing wealth as a benefit.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Dark Side of Globalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. Broken communication cast shadows in a global society just as they do in individual leader–follower relationships.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Global Shadow of Misplaced and Broken Loyalties

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

9. Cultures aren’t static but evolve.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

10. Mexico is an example of a low-power distance culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Power Distance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

11. New Zealand is an example of a low-power distance culture.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Power Distance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. High-power distance cultures are uneasy with large gaps in wealth, power, privilege, and status.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Power Distance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

13. Finland is an example of a feminine culture.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Masculinity Versus Femininity

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

14. Greece is an example of a low uncertainty avoidance society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

15. People who live in a low uncertainty avoidance culture are more comfortable with uncertainty, viewing ambiguity as a fact of life.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

16. Collectivists are more likely to lie in order to protect the group or family.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

17. Resistance to gender equality is strongest in collectivistic nations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

18. Citizens of collectivistic societies employ low-context communication in which most of the information in the message is embedded in the message itself.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

19. Muslim societies place a high priority on purity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Moral Foundations Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

20. Microsocial contracts govern the relationships between the members of specific groups (local towns, regions, nations, companies, professions).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Making Ethical Choices in Culturally Diverse Settings

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

21. Deception and withholding information are two forms of shadow casting which can be harmful forms of leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Global Shadow of Mismanaged Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

Short Answer/Essay

1. Name the four features of cultures. Provide an original example for each element.

Learned: Elements of culture are passed on from generation to generation and from person to person. Cultural conditioning is both a formal and an informal process that takes place in every context--homes, schools, playgrounds, camps, and games. The most crucial aspects of a culture, such as loyalty to country, are constantly reinforced. Patriotism in the United States is promoted through high school civics classes, the singing of the national anthem at sporting events, flags flying on everything from pickup trucks to skyscrapers and giant construction cranes, and Fourth of July and Memorial Day programs.

Shared: The shared nature of culture becomes apparent when we break the rules that are set and enforced by the group. There are negative consequences for violating cultural norms of all types. Punishments vary depending on the severity of the offense. For example, you might receive a cold stare from your professor when your cell phone goes off in class. However, you may face jail time if you break drug laws.

Dynamic: Cultures aren’t static but evolve. Over time, the changes can be dramatic. Compare the cultural values of the Leave It to Beaver television show with those found in modern situation comedies. The world of the Cleavers (a suburban, heterosexual, two-parent family with a well-dressed, stay-at-home mom) has been replaced by portrayals of unmarried friends, single parents, blended families, and gay partners and spouses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

2. Name and explain the five foundations of our moral intuitions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Foundations Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. Define cosmopolitanism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cosmopolitanism

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Name three of the articles of the United Nations Declaration of Rights.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: United Nations Declaration of Human Rights

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. Identify the differences between a collective and individualistic culture. What are two examples of each?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individualism Versus Collectivism

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

6. Compare the ethical blind spots of individualism to those of collectivism.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Uncertainty Avoidance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

7. Name and explain Hofstede's programmed values patterns.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Programmed Value Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. Explain why managing diversity is the “core” of modern organizational leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural Differences and Ethical Values

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

9. Describe the impact of globalization on two of the leader shadows.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Dark Side of Globalization

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

10. Define mindfulness and explain how being mindful relates to leadership ethics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overcoming Attitudinal Obstacles

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

11. Use Hofstede’s values orientations or the GLOBE study to explain competing perspectives on an international global issue.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Project GLOBE

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. Apply one of the approaches to universal ethics to a current global ethical issue. What conclusion do you reach based on your analysis?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Differences and Ethical Values

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

13. Do you believe in universal ethical standards? Why or why not? Defend your position.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Differences and Ethical Values

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

14. Discuss what global leaders must do in order to cast light instead of shadow.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Global Shadow of Irresponsibility

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

15. Discuss Gert’s 10 rules for all types of actions that are either forbidden or required.

Rule 2: “Do not cause pain.” Everyone wants to avoid pain, whether physical or mental.

Rule 3: “Do not disable” (“Do not deprive of ability.”). It is possible to disable someone physically (amputations and blinding), mentally (fostering addictions and creating phobias), and volitionally (restricting movement).

Rule 4: “Do not deprive of freedom.” This rule extends beyond physical imprisonment. It also includes job discrimination, which denies employment opportunities to certain groups, and stealing, which limits the options of victims. In addition, the dictum addresses “freedom from being acted upon.” Individuals have the right to avoid unwanted sexual touching and invasions of privacy, for instance.

Rule 5: “Do not deprive of pleasure.” Pleasure takes a variety of forms, such as sleep, sexual satisfaction, and beauty. Depriving others of their rest, sexual enjoyment (through female circumcision, for example), or beauty (by destroying artworks or architecture) are violations of this standard.

Rule 6: “Do not deceive.” Lying is only one way to deceive. Other forms of deception include withholding needed information, spreading false rumors, and fostering faulty assumptions.

Rule 7: “Keep your promises.” This rule covers both formal promises like labor contracts and informal promises made to other individuals. Often, there are legal consequences for violating formal promises, such as when a company breaks the terms of a contract with a vendor.

Rule 8: “Do not cheat.” Cheating involves acting unfairly in a way that gives the cheater an advantage. Common examples of cheating include plagiarizing on academic papers, bribing a foreign official to get a building contract, tinkering with a scale, and, as we saw in Chapter 1, cheating on auto emissions tests.

Rule 9: “Obey the law.” With some exceptions (i.e., segregation statutes), laws generally keep society functioning smoothly. They stop violations of the first five rules, which prevent harm.

Rule 10. “Do your duty.” This rule covers those who play particular roles in society--doctors, lawyers, financial advisors, and professors. They must carry out the duties associated with their positions (treating the sick, representing clients, providing objective financial advice, presenting course content) or face condemnation. Rule 10 also applies to duties that arise from particular situations. We expect individuals to help others in need if they are in close proximity and can do so.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Common Morality

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

16. What are the three universal principles of the global ethic?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Global Ethic

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge