Chapter 10: Health and Medicine

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Before the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, ______ Americans did not have health insurance.

a. 3 million

b. 11 million

c. 22 million

d. 44 million

Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the social determinants of health.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Which of these is NOT synonymous with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010?

a. Obamacare

b. Affordable Care Act

c. Medicaid

d. ACA

Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the social determinants of health.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Life expectancy at birth is highest for a child born in ______ and lowest for one born in ______.

a. Japan; Sierra Leone

b. the United States; India

c. Brazil; Uzbekistan

d. the United Kingdom; Greenland

Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the social determinants of health.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which feature of the Ebola outbreak supports the fact that there are inequities in the health care system?

a. The virus only affected West African individuals.

b. The vaccine was not given to foreign aid workers.

c. The treatment was not made available in West Africa.

d. The cost was minimal for educated, White patients

Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the social determinants of health.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The incidence of death in a population is known as which of these?

a. mortality

b. fecundity

c. fertility

d. morbidity

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The fecundity rate in the United States is currently about ______ birth(s) per woman.

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The number of deaths per 100,000 people is also referred to as which of these?

a. crude death rate

b. fecundity rate

c. morbidity rate

d. tipping point rate

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. ______ measure the frequency of long-term or chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, asthma, or HIV.

a. Incidence rates

b. Prevalence rates

c. Mortality rates

d. Fecundity rates

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which measure is considered a basic indicator of the well-being of a population?

a. fecundity

b. infant mortality

c. epidemiology

d. fertility

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of these is NOT a leading cause of death among U.S. infants?

a. congenital birth defects

b. low birth weight

c. maternal pregnancy complications

d. diabetes

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. In 2015, the infant mortality in the United States was ______ deaths per 1,000 live births.

a. 1.2

b. 5.9

c. 10.2

d. 15.8

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Countries such as India and Brazil have seen an increase in type 2 diabetes cases due to which of these?

a. a lack of access to health care

b. a modern lifestyle and diet

c. the unavailability of health information

d. the scarcity of competent medical professionals

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of these is NOT a leading cause of death in the United States?

a. intestinal infections

b. cancer

c. chronic lower respiratory disease

d. stroke

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. In 2014, the highest infant mortality rate was to which of these groups in the United States?

a. African Americans

b. white Americans

c. Hispanic Americans

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Émile Durkheim’s groundbreaking epidemiological analysis explored which of these?

a. infant mortality

b. suicide

c. homicide

d. diabetes

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which Sociologist conducted the first true epidemiological analysis?

a. Émile Durkheim

b. C. Wright Mills

c. Karl Marx

d. Max Weber

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Jess is ill and has missed several days of classes. She has been drinking plenty of fluids and has scheduled an appointment with her physician. What would a functionalist likely observe about Jess?

a. Jess will have to pay money to maintain her health in a capitalist system of healthcare.

b. Jess is playing the sick role.

c. Jess will be treated differently by her doctor because she is a woman.

d. Jess will likely call her illness a “flu” since this is how Americans talk about short-term illness.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Functionalists note that the practice of medicine has shifted. In what way?

a. It has changed from a general practitioner to a specialist model.

b. It has changed from a medical to a psychosocial model.

c. It has changed from a specialist to a general practitioner model.

d. It has changed from a psychosocial to a medical model.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. The societal shift from general practitioner to specialist model has resulted in which of these to decrease?

a. the cost of care

b. the quality of care

c. the type of care

d. the number of people who have adequate coverage and care

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Conflict theorists define health care as which of these?

a. a right

b. a commodity

c. a necessity

d. an innovation

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. According to Magnus and Mick (2000), who is most likely to be recruited for medical schools in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain?

a. an international student whose parents or relations were medical professionals

b. a student from a middle-class family whose parents or relations were medical professionals

c. a student from a high-income family whose parents or relations were medical professionals

d. a student from a single-parent family whose parents or relations were medical professionals

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Sasha is seven months pregnant. She maintains regular appointments with her obstetrician and is preparing for childbirth at the regional hospital. According to the feminist perspective, who controls Sasha's diagnosis and treatment?

a. Sasha

b. her baby

c. the state government

d. her obstetrician

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which of these natural conditions has undergone the process of medicalization?

a. diabetes

b. heart disease

c. menopause

d. HIV

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which individual would be most likely to receive more information from their physician about his or her diagnosis?

a. a 36-year-old male college professor

b. a 29-year-old female convenience store clerk

c. a 75-year-old retired male attorney

d. a 53-year-old female electrical engineer

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Which of these has not been identified as a factor in the differences in mortality between men and women?

a. genetics

b. risk taking

c. use of the health care system

d. religiosity

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Health Inequalities and Problems: Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Compared to men, women typically ______.

a. die more frequently from stroke

b. commit suicide at higher rates

c. live about five years longer

d. have shorter but more satisfying lives

Learning Objective: 10-4: Identify the relationship between education and health.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Health Inequalities and Problems: Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. What percentage of the U.S. GDP is spent on healthcare?

a. 8%

b. 18%

c. 28%

d. 38%

Learning Objective: 10-4: Identify the relationship between education and health.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Cost of Health Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. In 2016, spending for prescription drugs in the United States cost which of these?

a. 30 million dollars

b. 328 million dollars

c. 3 billion dollars

d. 328 billion dollars

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Cost of Health Care

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. In 2007, which factor contributed to well over half of all U.S. bankruptcies?

a. substance abuse treatment programs

b. credit card debt

c. illnesses and medical bills

d. student loan debt

Learning Objective: 10-4: Identify the relationship between education and health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Cost of Health Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. A year before the full implementation of the ACA insurance mandate, surveyed Americans reported the primary reason for not being insured was which of these?

a. They couldn’t afford coverage.

b. They had to spend their money on prescription medicines, not insurance.

c. They didn’t see insurance as necessary.

d. They had lost their job that provided insurance.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Uninsured Population

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. ACA Medicaid expansion was shown by researchers to do all of these EXCEPT ______.

a. positively impact access to care and utilization of health care services among the low income population

b. improve the affordability of care and financial security among the low income population

c. improve measures of self-reported health

d. positively impact a decrease in prescription drugs

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Uninsured Population

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Which of the following is NOT a factor related to health coverage?

a. poverty

b. unemployment

c. political affiliation

d. ethnicity

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: State Health Care Reform

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. The first state to act on healthcare reform was which of these?

a. Massachusetts

b. West Virginia

c. Hawaii

d. Montana

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: State Health Care Reforms

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. The first state to provide healthcare to all of its residents was which of these?

a. Massachusetts

b. West Virginia

c. Hawaii

d. Montana

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: State Health Care Reforms

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. In 2016, what percentage of Americans remained without insurance?

a. 1.8 percent

b. 8.8 percent

c. 12.8 percent

d. 20.8 percent

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Uninsured Population

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. The Children's Health Insurance Program is designed for which children?

a. children who are disabled

b. children of government employees

c. children of working parents and grandparents

d. children of refugee and immigrants

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Children’s Health Insurance Program

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which president signed the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) expansion bill which raised the number of children covered under CHIP?

a. Gerald Ford

b. Ronald Reagan

c. George W. Bush

d. Barack Obama

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Children’s Health Insurance Program

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. In an effort to control drug costs for their residents, several states have offered innovative cost-control models such as the Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly program (PACE). PACE is financed largely from which of these?

a. local property taxes

b. county sales taxes

c. federal income taxes

d. state lottery proceeds

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: State Prescription Drug Plans

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which of these is TRUE of community-based health centers?

a. They were dissolved following an executive order from the Donald Trump administration.

b. They increase access to health care for the poor, racial and ethnic minorities, and other underserved populations.

c. They are operated by the federal government.

d. Costs are covered through private insurance.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Community Based Health Centers

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. In the U.S., a 20-year life expectancy gaps exists between the most and least advantaged populations.

Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the social determinants of health.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The ZMapp vaccine effectively controlled the Ebola virus in West Africa.

Learning Objective: 10-1: Describe the social determinants of health.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Entomology is the study of the patterns in the distribution and frequency of sickness, injury and death, and the social factors that shape them.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Epidemiologists investigate how and why groups of individuals become sick or injured.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The level of childbearing for an individual or population is known as fecundity.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The infant mortality rate is lower in the U.S. than in other developed countries.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The leading cause of death of college-age Americans is unintentional injuries, followed by homicide and suicide.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Explain the three measures of epidemiology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Medicine

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. According to the functionalist perspective, illness has a legitimate place in society.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The 1910 Flexner Report resulted in higher medical standards but also limited access to medical education and care.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. When controlled for differences in hours worked and years of experience, the gender gap in physician earnings continues.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The conflict perspective acknowledges how illness is created and sustained according to a set of shared social beliefs or definitions

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. While women live longer than men, women experience higher rates of nonfatal chronic conditions.

Learning Objective: 10-4: Identify the relationship between education and health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Health Inequalities and Problems: Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The three leading causes of death for women and men are identical.

Learning Objective: 10-4: Identify the relationship between education and health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Health Inequalities and Problems: Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Research indicates that education might be a more important correlate to good health than is one’s occupation or income.

Learning Objective: 10-4: Identify the relationship between education and health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Health Inequalities and Problems: Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. U.S. laws prohibit the importation of drugs from other countries into the United States, unless their safety is certified by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: State Prescription Drug Plans

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The U.S. constitutes less than 5% of the world’s population, but buys more than 50% of its prescription drugs.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: State Prescription Drug Plans

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Community health centers are based on neighborhood health clinics first established during the War on Poverty in the 1960s.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Community Health Centers

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Describe the parts of the sick role as outlined by Talcott Parsons. How does the sick role provide a link between Functionalism and Conflict theory?

1. Sick people are excused from fulfilling their normal social roles.

2. Sick people are not held responsible for the illness.

3. Sick people must try to get well.

4. Sick people are expected to visit medical authorities and to follow their advice.

Because sick people are expected to visit medical authorities, in a capitalist society where medical care is a commodity, doctors become part of a “functional” but capitalistic model where sick individuals must seek their services which leads to the commodification of medical care.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Define medicalization and provide two examples of conditions that have been medicalized in the U.S. showing how they have been medicalized.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Describe how the different sociological perspectives address problems related to health and medicine.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Define a future-oriented individual. How does this term relate to health care?

Learning Objective: 10-4: Identify the relationship between education and health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Define a community-based health center and explain its benefits. Provide one example of a community based health center described in the chapter.

Learning Objective: 10-5: Summarize the different models of health care in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Community Health Centers

Difficulty Level: Medium