Ch1 Test Bank Nutrition Health & Sport Performance

Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport, 12e (Williams)

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nutrition for Health, Fitness, and Sports Performance

1) According to data from 2015, the leading cause of death in the United States is ________.

A) heart disease

B) stroke

C) cancer

D) diabetes mellitus

2) Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States is NOT generally associated with one's diet and physical activity habits?

A) Influenza and pneumonia

B) Cancer

C) Heart disease

D) Alzheimer's disease

3) A ________ is a lifestyle behavior, such as cigarette smoking or inactivity, that has been associated with a particular disease.

A) risk factor

B) genetic predisposition

C) family history

D) genome

4) A risk factor is a health behavior associated with a particular disease.

5) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The Human Genome Project deciphered the code of about 1,000 different genes in humans, but thousands more still need to be identified.

B) Epigenetics is the study of the epigenome.

C) Genomics is the study of genetic material in body cells.

D) An individual's genetic profile may predispose that person to certain forms of chronic disease, such as cancer and/or heart disease.

6) Success in sport is based primarily upon superior athletic ability, which in turn depends mostly on which of these two major factors?

A) Mechanical and psychological coaching and training

B) Biomechanical and physiological characteristics

C) Natural genetic endowment and state of training

D) Psychological and physiological genetic characteristics

7) Which of the following would be considered a component of health-related fitness?

A) Flexibility

B) Speed

C) Power

D) Skill

8) Health-related fitness includes a healthy body weight, cardiovascular-respiratory fitness, adequate muscular strength and muscular endurance, and sufficient flexibility.

9) Exercise can be used to help prevent and even treat many chronic diseases.

10) Which of the following is an example of structured physical activity?

A) Running to train for a 5K race

B) Taking the stairs at work

C) Walking with family after dinner

D) Gardening

11) Moderate amounts of daily physical activity will benefit only middle age and older adults.

12) According to the principle of ________, taking rest periods between multiple sets during a weight-lifting workout is important to optimizing exercise performance and preventing injury.

A) recuperation

B) progression

C) specificity

D) reversibility

13) According to the principle of ________, the health benefits a person achieves from a specific exercise training program varies significantly based on the individual.

A) individuality

B) overuse

C) specificity

D) progression

14) As she is training for the upcoming New York marathon, Jaelyn started running 4 miles daily and after 6 months, she is running 25 miles daily. This is an example of which of the following principles?

A) Progression

B) Specificity

C) Individuality

D) Recuperation

15) The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association note that participation in regular physical activity improves blood glucose control and can prevent or delay type 1 diabetes.

16) Which of the following is a health effect associated with regular exercise?

A) Reduced risk of breast and prostate cancer

B) Increased blood pressure

C) Decreased insulin sensitivity

D) Poor sleep and increased risk for depression

17) Which of the following is generally considered a short-term "cost" of physical inactivity?

A) Weight gain

B) Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus

C) Development of colon cancer

D) Premature mortality

18) Adiponectin is the major cytokine produced in muscle cells.

19) According to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, healthy adults should engage in at least ________ minutes a week of moderate-intensity physical activity or ________ minutes a week of vigorous-intensity physical activity.

A) 150; 75

B) 200; 100

C) 250; 100

D) 120; 60

20) Patrick is a healthy 22-year old adult male. According to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, Patrick should participate in muscle-strengthening activities ________.

A) at least two days a week

B) daily

C) at least five days per week

D) at least 120 minutes per week

21) After being sedentary for the past three years, 24-year old Angelica started working out last year. She started out exercising three days a week for about an hour and has now worked up to exercising daily for at least three hours. Angelica often exercises now a couple of times a day—usually early morning and then after work. Based on physical activity guidelines, exercising too much or at an excessive intensity may actually be detrimental, rather than beneficial, to health.

22) Which of the following activities in generally considered vigorous-intensity?

A) Bicycling at a rate of 15 mph

B) Jogging at a rate of 3.5 mph

C) Playing doubles tennis

D) Taking a pilates class

23) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 1 in ________ American adults meet the minimum physical activity recommendations.

A) 5

B) 6

C) 4

D) 3

24) Which type of fitness tracker typically tracks steps and the amount and type of physical activity and can be synced to devices?

A) Fitness band

B) Pedometer

C) Accelerometer

D) Heart rate monitor

25) Engaging in regular physical activity is often associated with beneficial effects on health and prevention of chronic disease. However, athletes training for and participating in various activities may be at an increased risk for which of the following health problems?

A) Mild traumatic brain injury

B) Coronary artery disease

C) Diabetes mellitus

D) Hypertension

26) Although rather rare, exercise may cause sudden death in some susceptible individuals, such as individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

27) Essential nutrients include all of the following except ________.

A) phytonutrients

B) carbohydrates

C) proteins

D) water

28) The nutrients that are primarily responsible for helping to regulate bodily processes are ________.

A) carbohydrates and fat

B) vitamins, minerals, and protein

C) carbohydrate, fat, and minerals

D) fat, protein, and carbohydrates

29) All of the following factors have been associated with an increased risk for heart disease except ________.

A) eating more dietary fiber

B) eating too much saturated fat

C) eating too much cholesterol

D) being overweight or obese

30) A diet lacking calcium and/or vitamin D has been associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis.

31) Which of the following is NOT one of the overarching guidelines from the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

A) Consume only plant-based foods.

B) Support healthy eating patterns for all.

C) Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount.

D) Limit kcal from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake.

32) According to the MyPlate recommendations, all of the following are food group categories except ________.

A) meat, poultry, and egg food group

B) dairy food group

C) vegetable food group

D) grains food group

33) According to the Prudent Healthy Diet, you should ________.

A) balance the food you eat with physical activity

B) obtain much of your daily protein from animal sources

C) reduce the amount of fluoride you consume

D) not be concerned about food additives

34) Which of the following modifiable risk factors associated with coronary artery disease are classified as major risk factors?

A) Smoking and sedentary lifestyle

B) Gender and stressful lifestyle

C) Dietary intake and race

D) Gender and age

35) Sports performance is primarily determined by genetic characteristics and state of training, but nutritional strategies may be used to enhance performance in certain sports.

36) All of the following are key objectives of sports nutrition for athletes except ________.

A) promoting rapid weight gain

B) promoting optimal performance during competition

C) promoting good health

D) promoting quick recover after each training session

37) Which of the following factors does NOT support the concept that sports nutrition is becoming increasingly important for optimal athletic performance?

A) The published literature about nutrition for sports is limited to information from sports magazines and books.

B) An organization known as SCAN was created due to concern about sports nutrition.

C) National and international food product corporations are manufacturing food products specifically for the athlete.

D) Courses in sports nutrition have been developed at many colleges.

38) Which of the following groups of athletes may be susceptible to a nutrient deficiency due to inadequate or sporadic caloric intake?

A) Gymnasts and ballet dancers

B) Endurance athletes attempting to improve efficiency through weight loss

C) Wrestlers attempting to make a low weight class

D) Bodybuilders trying to attain a low body fat percentage

E) All of these groups may be susceptible to a nutrient deficiency

39) Malnutrition may exist ________.

A) when an individual does not receive an adequate intake of nutrients

B) when an individual consumes excessive amounts of single or multiple nutrients

C) to such an extent that insufficient energy may impair athletic performance

D) All of these choices are correct.

40) Sports nutrition involves eating strategies to ________.

A) promote good health

B) optimize adaptations to training

C) recover rapidly from an intense or prolonged training session

D) perform optimally during competition

E) optimize adaptations to training and recover rapidly from an intense or prolonged training session

F) promote good health, optimize adaptations to training, recover rapidly from an intense or prolonged training session, and perform optimally during competition

41) A healthy diet can impact exercise or sports performance in many ways.  All of the following are specific benefits of a healthy diet on physical performance except ________.

A) decreased muscle tissue growth

B) enhanced energy-producing metabolic pathways

C) enhanced mental functioning

D) prevention of muscle tissue damage

42) Sarah is an elite gymnast who now competes on the gymnastics team at her college. As a young female athlete, she is most likely to experience a deficiency of which of the following nutrients?

A) Iron and calcium

B) Vitamin D and vitamin C

C) Zinc and vitamin A

D) Calcium and vitamin B6

43) A key to sound nutrition for the athletic individual is to eat a wide variety of healthful foods.

44) Which of the following is true of ergogenic aids?

A) They may only be classified as mechanical or nutritional.

B) There are a number of theoretical nutritional aids, but they are limited to the vitamin and mineral supplements.

C) Supplementation is necessary for most athletes to improve their performance.

D) All essential nutrients are considered to be legal for use in conjunction with athletic competition.

45) An ergogenic aid is something that is ________.

A) added to a food to increase its nutrient value

B) designed to increase potential for work output, such as in sport

C) used to restore nutrients removed in processing

D) a legal term used by the FDA to designate nutritional supplements that may enhance health status

E) a device used to facilitate the measurement of energy in a food

46) The most prevalent ergogenic aids used to increase sport performance are those classified as ________.

A) physiological

B) nutritional

C) pharmacological

D) mechanical

47) The use of hypnosis to improve exercise performance is an example of a ________ ergogenic aid.

A) mechanical

B) psychological

C) physiological

D) pharmacological

48) Dietary supplements may contain ________.

A) essential vitamins and minerals

B) herbal products such as gingko

C) various amino acids

D) All of these choices are correct.

49) Chromium and boron supplements would be an example of which major classification of nutritional supplement?

A) Vitamin

B) Protein

C) Carbohydrate

D) Mineral

50) According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) classification system of dietary supplements, a high-protein supplement is classified as ________.

A) impermissible

B) permissible

C) banned

D) recommended

51) The use of drugs in sports, such as a weight lifter using anabolic steroids, is known as doping.

52) Untrue or misleading claims deliberately or fraudulently made for any nutritional product, constitutes quackery.

53) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The term quackery refers to a fake practitioner, as well as a worthless product.

B) It has been estimated that 5 billion dollars a year are spent on questionable health practices in the United States.

C) Coaches may suggest to their athletes that certain food supplements are essential to success.

D) Many questionable products are advertised by currently popular personalities and are expensive when compared to equivalent nutrients obtained from ordinary food.

54) Which of the following are characteristics of nutritional supplement advertisements practicing nutritional quackery?

A) Products that contain "secret" ingredients

B) Products endorsed by popular professional athletes

C) Products that cite beneficial results from one single study

D) Products advertised predominately in "health" and "fitness" magazines/websites

E) All of the choices are correct.

55) A professional with the CSSD (Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics) credential ________.

A) is a registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN) with advanced training in sports nutrition

B) graduated with a bachelor's degree in public health or health promotion

C) must be a medical doctor with at least five years of advanced training in nutrition

D) may have only taken an online course in "sports nutrition" and might not be a reputable source of information

56) Which of the following is true of experimental research?

A) The results of a single study are sufficient to prove a theory.

B) It is essential to establishing a cause and effect relationship.

C) It is an easy task to control risk factors in free-living humans.

D) It involves studying large populations to find relationships between two or more variables.

57) Sound nutrition research involving exercise performance is best performed using placebo-controls, cross-over designs, and double-blinded strategies when evaluating nutritional ergogenic aids. In which of the following publications would you be LEAST likely to find such a study?

A) International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

B) Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

C) Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

D) Runner's World

E) Journal of Applied Physiology

58) Epidemiological research helps scientists identify important relationships between diet and health.

59) Epidemiological research is used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between a specific aspect of diet and sports performance.

60) Epidemiological research may provide a relative risk (RR), which represents the increase or decrease in risk that may be associated with specific dietary practices.

61) Epidemiologists conducting a study in a rural village in Italy have calculated a relative risk of 0.5 for developing heart disease by consuming olive daily. This indicates ________.

A) olive oil consumption may cut heart disease risk by half

B) half of the population in this village suffers from heart diseases

C) olive oil consumption increases heart disease risk by 50%

D) 50% of the population in this village has diabetes and osteoporosis

62) A ________ is a group of research participants who have the same general characteristics.

A) cohort

B) randomized clinical trial

C) placebo

D) risk group