Ch.1 Chronic Disease and Transition Full Test Bank 2e

Chapter 1. Global Burden of Chronic Disease: The Epidemiologic Transition

TEST BANK

True/False Questions

1. Acute diseases cause more deaths than chronic diseases in the world population.

1. Global aging is a consequence of both increasing longevity and decreasing fertility.
2. On average, women live about five years longer than men.
3. The free radical theory of aging states that aging is caused by the accumulation of reactive oxidation species that damage DNA and important cellular organelles such as mitochondria.
4. The Hayflick Limit refers to the point at which daughter cells can no longer divide due to the loss of telomeres from the tips of chromosomes during replication.
5. The fertility rate in the USA is approximately 2.0 per woman during childbearing years, which is slightly above the global average.
6. The annual mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa is approximately twofold higher than the rest of the world.
7. The Russian Federation has one of the highest mortality rates in the world, likely due to high rates of chronic smoking and alcohol abuse.
8. Four major chronic disease groups (cardiovascular disease, cancer, COPD, and diabetes) account for 60% of the deaths worldwide.
9. In impoverished nations, chronic diseases cause more deaths than acute diseases.
10. The global smoking prevalence is about 34% in men and 6% in women.
11. The prevalence of obesity (BMI of 30 or more) is highest in Europe and America.
12. Of the 10 million children who die before reaching 5 years of age, 6 million deaths are attributable to malnutrition and starvation.
13. The Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) measures the impact of early death and long-term disability.
14. Chronic diseases are largely not preventable.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Global relative mortality from chronic diseases is approximately:

a. 40%.

b. 50%.

c. 60%.

d. 70%.

1. The current world population is approximately:
   1. 5.5 billion.
   2. 6.5 billion.
   3. 7.5 billion.
   4. 8.5 billion.
2. The annual number of deaths is approximately:
   1. 40 million.
   2. 50 million.
   3. 60 million.
   4. 70 million.
3. The leading cause of death worldwide is:
   1. cancer.
   2. cardiovascular disease.
   3. infection.
   4. stroke.
4. The nation with the greatest longevity is:
   1. United States.
   2. France.
   3. Sweden.
   4. Japan.
5. The global fertility replacement rate per woman is slightly above:
   1. 1.0.
   2. 2.0.
   3. 3.0.
   4. 4.0.
6. Which of the following conditions shows a declining prevalence with aging?
   1. Arthritis
   2. COPD
   3. Cancer
   4. Asthma
7. The term for programmed cell death is:
   1. necrosis.
   2. apoptosis.
   3. angiogenesis.
   4. carcinogenesis.
8. The point at which a cell can no longer divide due to successive loss of telomeres from the tips of chromosomes during replication is due to what phenomenon?
   1. The Hayflick Limit
   2. Chromosomal aneuploidy
   3. DNA damage by reactive oxygen species
   4. Mitochondrial damage
9. The demographic transition is due to which of the following?
   1. Population aging
   2. Increasing fertility
   3. Declining fertility
   4. a and b are both correct.
   5. a and c are both correct.
10. The epidemiologic transition refers to:
    1. decreasing rates of chronic disease and increasing rates of acute disease.
    2. increasing rates of chronic disease and decreasing rates of acute disease.
    3. increasing rates of chronic and acute diseases.
    4. decreasing rates of chronic and acute diseases.
11. The highest annual death rates worldwide are found in:
    1. the Russian Federation.
    2. Afghanistan.
    3. Sub-Saharan Africa.
    4. India.
12. The relative mortality from chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, diabetes) in high income nations is approximately:
    1. 55%.
    2. 65%.
    3. 75%.
    4. 85%.
13. The relative mortality from acute conditions (infection, violence, perinatal and maternal disease) in low income nations is approximately:
    1. 40%.
    2. 50%.
    3. 60%.
    4. 70%.
14. Currently, approximately how many people die each year from smoking-related diseases such as heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, COPD?
    1. 5 million
    2. 6 million
    3. 7 million
    4. 8 million

Essay Questions

1. Define and discuss the epidemiologic transition.

1. Discuss the global pattern of longevity (life expectancy).

1. Discuss major reasons for the global decline in fertility.

1. What are the two major theories of aging, and how do they differ?

1. What impact has the obesity epidemic had on public health globally?

1. Discuss the impact of tobacco addiction on global public health.

1. Discuss why stratification of nations by income effectively divides cause-specific disease rates into distinct categories of disease.

1. Discuss the relative mortality of childhood diseases.

1. Discuss the recent increase in mortality among adult men in the Russian Federation of Nations.

10. Define Body Mass Index (BMI) and discuss its use in epidemiologic studies.

11. Define Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and discuss the distribution of DALY worldwide.

1. Discuss strategies for the primary prevention of chronic diseases.