Verified Test Bank Houtman Cell Division Ch.6

Chapter 06: Cell Division

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following pairs of processes encompasses the entire cell cycle?

a.	G₁ phase and mitosis
b.	G₁ phase and G₂ phase
c.	interphase and metaphase
d.	cell division and interphase

2. A pool of cells is treated with a chemical that halts progress through the cell cycle. In which stage of the cell cycle would most cells be found?

a.	metaphase	c.	anaphase
b.	interphase	d.	cytokinesis

3. The G₀ phase of the cell cycle is distinguished by

a.	the failure of cells to divide following telophase.
b.	a doubling of chromosomes.
c.	an absence of preparation for DNA synthesis.
d.	the appearance of a metaphase plate.

4. According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle is the genetic material duplicated?

a.	Region 1	c.	Region 4
b.	Region 3	d.	Region 5

5. According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle does the cell increase in size in preparation for division?

a.	Region 1	c.	Region 3
b.	Region 2	d.	Region 4

6. According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle is the genetic material evenly partitioned between daughter cells?

a.	Region 1	c.	Region 5
b.	Region 2	d.	Region 6

7. What are the stages of interphase?

a.	G₀, G₁, and G₂	c.	G₀, G₁, and S
b.	S₁, S₂, and G₀	d.	S, G₁, and G₂

8. Which of the following statements about cell division is correct?

a.	It is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues.
b.	It is no longer necessary once an organism reaches maturity.
c.	It occurs in two sequential stages in all cells: mitosis and meiosis.
d.	It is the process by which fertilization occurs.

9. The outcome of meiosis is the

a.	creation of genetically identical offspring.
b.	protection of cells from cancer.
c.	production of eggs and sperm.
d.	regulation of the progression through the cell cycle.

10. The process of cell division is different for prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells because

a.	prokaryotes have a circular DNA molecule.
b.	prokaryotic cells do not undergo cell division.
c.	prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.
d.	prokaryotic DNA contains different bases from those in eukaryotic DNA.

11. The processes of mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission all

a.	generate haploid gametes.
b.	occur in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
c.	are used to produce daughter cells.
d.	generate clones.

12. A researcher is recording the process of bacteria cell division using time-lapse microscopy. Which of the following processes would she be observing?

a.	meiosis
b.	mitosis
c.	binary fission
d.	She may be observing either meiosis or mitosis, depending on the growth conditions.

13. Which of the following is associated with mitosis?

a.	independent assortment
b.	maintenance of chromosome number
c.	crossing over
d.	reductional division

14. Some daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must

a.	show the same differentiation characteristics as the parent cell.
b.	separate from one another and experience an independent existence.
c.	contain a set of DNA that is identical to that of the parent cell.
d.	have been produced by meiotic cell division.

15. Which of the following differentiates meiosis from mitosis?

a.	Mitosis is used for the repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction.
b.	In mitosis four identical daughter cells are produced, whereas two genetically different cells are produced in meiosis.
c.	Meiosis is a form of asexual division, whereas mitosis is a form of sexual division.
d.	Mitosis occurs in prokaryotic cells, whereas meiosis occurs in eukaryotic cells.

16. Which of the following is a difference between binary fission and mitosis?

a.	replication of the genetic material
b.	breakdown of the nuclear envelope
c.	cell growth and expansion
d.	increase in cytoplasmic factors

17. The process shown in the figure below could produce two ________ cells.

a.	identical skin	c.	cloned red blood
b.	genetically unique sperm	d.	identical prokaryotic

18. The process of mitosis is thought to have evolved from binary fission. What similarities exist between these processes?

a.	The DNA being separated is attached to a membrane during both processes.
b.	Both processes involve the separation of more than one piece of DNA.
c.	Both processes include DNA segregation.
d.	Both processes occur in bacterial cells.

19. The circle near the center of the replicated chromosome below represents a

a.	chromatid.	c.	centriole.
b.	centromere.	d.	homologous chromosome.

20. A replicated chromosome consists of ________ sister chromatid(s).

a.	1	c.	4
b.	2	d.	6

21. The chromosomes in a homologous pair

a.	both came from the organism’s mother.
b.	both came from the organism’s father.
c.	do not join during meiosis.
d.	carry the same genes.

22. Which term is best associated with a synapsed pair of homologous chromosomes?

a.	a pair of sister chromatids attached at the centromere
b.	unpackaged DNA
c.	a tetrad
d.	the mitotic spindle

23. Homologous chromosomes

a.	are only found in bacterial cells.
b.	are only in the cell during S phase.
c.	consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.
d.	consist of six sister chromatids that are held together at the centrosome.

24. An actively dividing cell has six chromosomes. How many sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G₂ phase?

a.	0	c.	6
b.	3	d.	12

25. Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the ________ portion of cell division.

a.	metaphase	c.	interphase
b.	anaphase	d.	telophase

26. When examining the rapidly dividing cells of a fish embryo, a researcher notices a cell that seems to contain two nuclei. The middle of the cell is pinched inward. This cell must be in ________ of mitosis.

a.	prophase	c.	metaphase
b.	telophase	d.	anaphase

27. Which of the following would promote a cell to move through the G₂ checkpoint?

a.	The cell lacks necessary nutrients.
b.	The genetic information has been duplicated.
c.	The cell is too small in size.
d.	A chromosome has been damaged.

28. Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences a cell’s progression through the cell cycle?

a.	gametes	c.	hormones
b.	cell cycle regulatory molecules	d.	growth factors

29. Cells that demonstrate anchorage independence

a.	exist in G₀.
b.	are primed to become metastatic.
c.	closely monitor their progression through the cell cycle.
d.	are benign tumors that are of little concern.

30. Cancers are groups of cells that divide rapidly and uncontrollably. Thus, cancer cells

a.	are always in the G₀ phase.
b.	never enter the cell cycle.
c.	have a relatively short G₁ phase.
d.	are stuck at the metaphase plate.

31. Which of the following predicts a likely outcome of bypassing the G₂ checkpoint in the cell cycle?

a.	Damaged DNA would be immediately replicated and passed on to the two daughter cells, giving rise to helpful, new alleles.
b.	Incompletely replicated DNA may be passed to the two daughter cells; these cells could be lacking specific genes or chromosomes and would likely not survive.
c.	The cell cycle would pause if cell size or nutrient supply is inadequate, DNA is damaged, or DNA replication is incomplete.
d.	The cell cycle would simply skip mitosis and go directly to G₁ to start over.

32. Anna Soto and Carlos Sonnenschein found evidence that nonylphenol interferes with the G₀ and G₁ checkpoints in the cell cycle of human breast cells. A possible unfortunate consequence of bypassing checkpoint G₀ or G₁ is that the cell

a.	may begin to replicate DNA before it is ready or allow damaged DNA to be replicated and then continue dividing inappropriately. If unchecked, this cell division could continue to form a potentially cancerous tumor.
b.	will immediately enter into mitosis without replicating its DNA during S phase. The cell will not be able to survive because it will have too few chromosomes.
c.	will complete mitotic separation of its replicated DNA but will not complete cytokinesis.
d.	life cycle will stop before DNA replication and separation can occur. This dead cell will become a potentially cancerous tumor.

33. Which of the following cell types is produced by meiosis?

a.	skin	c.	pancreatic
b.	muscle	d.	sperm

34. During meiosis I, the chromosome number is reduced to haploid by separating

a.	each sister chromatid into two different daughter cells.
b.	one of each homologous chromosome pair into two different daughter cells.
c.	each sister chromatid into four different daughter cells.
d.	one of each homologous chromosome pair into four different daughter cells.

35. When a germ cell has completed both rounds of meiosis, cells are created which are

a.	diploid, and each sister chromatid is in one of two different daughter cells.
b.	diploid, and one of each homologous chromosome pair is in one of two different daughter cells.
c.	haploid, and each sister chromatid is in one of four different daughter cells.
d.	haploid, and each sister chromatid is in one of four different daughter cells.

36. Patricia Hunt determined that bisphenol A (BPA) was hindering the process of meiosis in the ovaries of the mice in her experiment. BPA disrupted the ability of the chromosomes to separate into four haploid cells. Which of the following statements describes possible outcome(s) of this disruption?

a.	All four resulting cells will have exactly half the number of chromosomes found in the mother cell.
b.	Three of the resulting cells will have exactly half the number of chromosomes found in the mother cell. The fourth cell will have double the chromosome number found in the mother cell.
c.	Two of the resulting cells will have exactly half the number of chromosomes found in the mother cell. The other two cells will have exactly triple the chromosome number found in the mother cell.
d.	Two of the resulting cells may have exactly half the chromosome number of the mother cell. One cell may have half the chromosome number of the mother cell plus one or more extra chromosomes, while the remaining cell would have less than half the number of chromosomes found in the mother cell.

37. The successful union of one male and one female gamete forms a new single cell known as a

a.	chromatid.	c.	zygote.
b.	spindle.	d.	gametocyte.

38. Which of the following foods is MOST likely to contain haploid cells?

a.	a sirloin steak	c.	a stalk of celery
b.	an apple	d.	an egg

39. If a plant has a total of 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?

a.	36	c.	9
b.	18	d.	6

40. Gametes are produced by meiosis rather than mitosis because

a.	mitosis would produce too many sister cells.
b.	meiosis reduces the chromosome number so that zygotes produced will have one full genome.
c.	meiosis doubles the chromosome number so that each gamete has twice the usual number of genes.
d.	meiosis ensures that the gametes are identical to the cell that produced them.

41. If crossing-over does not occur and homologous chromosome pairs are not independently assorted during meiosis I, resulting in all maternal chromosomes sorted to one cell while all paternal chromosomes are sorted to another cell, what would be the genetic results in the gametes produced at the end of meiosis II?

a.	Twenty-five percent of the gametes would contain only maternal DNA and 75% of the gametes would contain only paternal DNA.
b.	Seventy-five percent of the gametes would contain only maternal DNA and 25% of the gametes would contain only paternal DNA.
c.	Fifty percent of the gametes would contain only maternal DNA and 50% of the gametes would contain only paternal DNA.
d.	All gametes would contain equal amounts of maternal and paternal DNA.

42. All of the following contribute to genetic uniqueness EXCEPT

a.	binary fission.	c.	crossing over.
b.	independent assortment.	d.	random fertilization.

43. Which two processes work in conjunction to create genetic diversity and maintain chromosome number?

a.	mitosis and meiosis
b.	meiosis and independent assortment
c.	binary fission and mitosis
d.	fertilization and meiosis

44. The possible combinations of alleles in gametes ________ due to independent assortment and crossing over.

a.	increases
b.	decreases
c.	stays the same
d.	increases or decreases depending on the cell type

45. Which of the following examples accurately describes crossing over?

a.	Sister chromatids of maternal chromosome 1 exchange segments of genetic information with one another.
b.	Maternal chromosome 3 exchanges segments of DNA with paternal chromosome 21.
c.	Sister chromatids of paternal chromosome 1 exchange segments of genetic information with one another.
d.	Paternal chromosome 7 exchanges segments of DNA with maternal chromosome 7.

46. In genetic engineering, molecular biologists often combine segments of DNA from two separate organisms. This is an example of genetic recombination that occurs in a laboratory setting. Which of the following is a form of genetic recombination that occurs naturally within cells?

a.	mitosis	c.	crossing over
b.	independent assortment	d.	asexual reproduction

47. What is the significance of crossing over?

a.	Two copies of the same chromosome can become part of the same gamete.
b.	The resulting gametes will have novel gene combinations compared to their parent cells’ gene combinations.
c.	The bivalent chromosomes can exchange genetic material with other pairs of chromosomes.
d.	The gametes that are produced will have twice as many chromosomes as the parent cells had.

48. Which of the following is known to result from the disruption of mitosis and meiosis?

a.	Alzheimer’s disease	c.	autism
b.	prostate cancer	d.	heart disease

49. A scientist wishing to generate cancerous cells in vitro could subject the cells to which of the following procedures?

a.	immerse the cells in water for extended periods of time
b.	starve the cells of nutrients
c.	expose cells to chemicals that disrupt mitosis
d.	overfeed the cells by frequently feeding them

50. Model organisms (like mice) used in the study of genetic disease

a.	are selected strictly for ethical reasons.
b.	cannot be trusted since they are very different from human cells.
c.	should either be mice or bacteria.
d.	may accurately reflect how diseases like cancer occur in humans.

51. Which of the following statements is supported by the infographic shown below?

a.	Though there is more than double the chance of a female getting breast cancer, it is more likely that a female who has lung and bronchus cancer would die from her disease. Males are almost three times more likely to die from having lung and bronchus cancer than from having prostate cancer.
b.	A female is twice as likely to die from thyroid cancer than from uterine cancer.
c.	A male is three times more likely to die from non-Hodgkin lymphoma than from having esophageal cancer.
d.	Both males and females are four times more likely to die of leukemia than from having pancreatic cancer.

1. The last stage in the cell cycle is ________; this consists of ________, which separates the replicated DNA, and ________, which divides and portions the contents of the cell into two new daughter cells.

2. Cells spend the bulk of their time in the ________ stage of the cell cycle.

3. Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction that mainly occurs in ________ cells.

4. Sister chromatids are held together at a constriction point called a ________.

5. Chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelopes form during the ________ portion of mitosis.

6. In order to increase their supply of nutrients, tumors undergo ________, the formation of new blood vessels.

7. When tumor cells become anchorage independent and begin to invade other tissues, they are considered to be transformed into cancer cells, also known as ________.

8. Per somatic nucleus, humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs of________ ; half of each came from the mother and half from the father.

9. When everything proceeds without error, the process of ________ produces ________ daughter cells that are genetically identical to the mother cell, while the process of ________ produces ________ daughter cells that have half the genetic information present in the mother cell.

10. The random distribution of the homologous chromosomes into daughter cells during ________ results in ________ of chromosomes into gametes.

11. The result of ________ is to increase genetic diversity by creating a new diploid individual from haploid cells.

12. Crossing-over produces chromosomes with new combinations of DNA; this is followed by independent assortment of ________ chromosomes to generate even more genetic diversity among gametes.

13. The number-one cancer responsible for deaths is ________; it is followed by ________ in females and ________ in males.

1. Diagram the major events of the cell cycle. Describe the processes that occur during each of these major stages.

2. Describe the G₀ phase of the cell cycle. Provide an example of what type of cell would enter the G₀ stage and propose why this cell would enter the G₀ phase.

3. Consider mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission. Which one of these three processes is the simplest for a cell to complete? Explain.

4. What is the purpose of having cell cycle checkpoints? What are the consequences of not having them?

5. A cell has completed S phase and is preparing to divide via mitosis. How is the genetic material arranged in G₂ phase?

6. Describe the two structures seen below. When would they most likely be present in the cell cycle?

7. What would happen to a cell if the cell cycle regulatory proteins overregulated in G₁ even in the absence of any DNA damage and with plenty of nutrients available? Could this phenomenon possibly be used to treat cancer? Explain.

8. A cell containing 56 chromosomes is undergoing meiosis. Explain how chromosome number changes as the cells proceed through meiosis.

9. Which processes associated with meiosis ensure genetic diversity in offspring? Name two processes that promote variation and explain how they operate.

10. If cells with two pairs of homologous chromosomes can generally produce four kinds of gametes, what happens to the genetic variety of the gametes if an unspecified number of crossing-over events between homologous chromosomes occur during meiosis I?

11. Explain which of the three cell division processes (mitosis, meiosis, binary fission) is most complex and summarize why it is necessary to promote genetic diversity and maintain a constant chromosome number in organisms.

12. Design an experiment testing the hypothesis that increased exposure of a sexually reproducing population to BPA will result in an increase in the number of offspring who have an extra chromosome or who are missing one of their chromosomes. Use the following materials and abilities: BPA, a placebo, 1,500 lab mice, and the ability to extract gametes from the mice and examine their chromosome number. Indicate in which phase of meiosis the error is most likely to occur.

13. Compare and contrast the incidence rate per 100,000 individuals versus deaths per 100,000 individuals for breast cancer in females and for prostate cancer in males presented in the infographic below. What does this suggest about the survivability of breast cancer and prostate cancer?

a.	Duplicated chromosomes are separated during this phase.
b.	Cells prepare to divide and check that the proper steps have occurred for division.
c.	phase in which cells duplicate the genetic material
d.	resting stage assumed by cells that exit the cell cycle
e.	Two new daughter cells grow in preparation for division.

1. G₀ phase

2. G₁ phase

3. G₂ phase

4. M phase

5. S phase

OBJ: 6.1 Label a figure of the major stages of the cell cycle, and explain the processes that occur during each of these stages. MSC: Remembering

a.	prophase
b.	metaphase
c.	anaphase
d.	telophase
e.	cytokinesis

6. Replicated chromosomes condense and attach to the mitotic spindle.

7. The entire cell physically divides into two daughter cells.

8. The sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes that begin to move toward the poles of the cell.

9. The mitotic spindle aligns the replicated chromosomes at the center of the cell.

10. As new chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelopes re-form, and the chromatin decondenses.