Verified Test Bank Chapter 6 Sexism And Racism

Chapter 6: Sexism and Racism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 01

1) Which of the following statements corresponds to Cudd and Jones’ ultimate definition of sexism?a. institutional preference for men over women

b. anything that creates, promoted, sustains, or exploits a distinction between the sexes based on biological differences

c. pernicious distinctions between the sexes in institutional or interpersonal settings

*d. a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 02

2) What type of sexism holds that while women, as a group, are capable of performing a particular job, no individual woman is?a. intrinsic sexism

b. extrinsic sexism

*c. individual extrinsic sexism

d. intentional extrinsic sexism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 03

3) What is “the man standard”?a. a standard for experimental medical trials according to which doctors are to use only men as research subjects

b. a shorthand term for what is also called “reverse sexism”

*c. accepting the behavior, activities, and attitudes of men to be the human norm.

d. the unconscious desire of many employers to hire and promote men over women.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 04

4) Equality feminism maintains that which of the following is the primary medium of sexism?a. ignorance of the equality between men and women

b. ignorance of the differences between men and women

*c. social institutions

d. unconscious desires

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 05

5) Difference feminism maintains that which of the following is the primary medium of sexism?a. ignorance of the equality between men and women

b. ignorance of the differences between men and women

c. social institutions

*d. unconscious desires

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 06

6) What feminist view holds that there are, in fact, differences between men and women?a. equality feminism

*b. difference feminism

c. skeptics

d. defeatists

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 07

7) Which of the following best characterizes Garcia’s account of racism?a. Racism consists of the performance of actions with negative consequences for a given race.

*b. Racism consists of racially based disregard for the welfare of certain people.

c. Racism consists of the having unjustified beliefs about members of a given race.

d. Only institutions can be racist, not individuals.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 08

8) Garcia tries to accommodate the fact that racist people normally believe in the superiority of their race by claiming thata. racism is a matter of what one believes and not what one feels.

b. it is logically impossible for a racist person to not have such beliefs.

c. these beliefs are essential to the nature of racism.

*d. while these beliefs are not necessary to be racist, they can be used to rationalize one’s vicious disregard for another race.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 09

9) The immorality of racism, according to Garcia, ultimately comes from*a. its opposition to the virtues of benevolence and justice.

b. the negative consequences of racist actions.

c. the resulting oppression of human beings with dignity.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 10

10) Which of the following best characterizes Garcia’s view about the relationship between individual and institutional racism?a. Individual racism is wrong, but institutional racism is not.

b. Individual racism is wrong because it perpetuates institutional racism.

*c. Institutional racism is wrong because it results from individual racism.

d. Individual and institutional racism are both wrong, but they involve fundamentally different kinds of racism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 11

11) Garcia discusses a case where a white and a black person are in a burning building, only one can be saved, and a hero saves the white person because of his race. The moral problem with this action, according to Garcia, is thata. it is based on a vicious disregard for the black person.

b. it is the result of beliefs about the superiority of the white race.

*c. it is based on deliberation that gives too much weight to a relatively unimportant consideration.

d. it is causally sufficient for the death of the black person, and thus is equivalent to murder.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 12

12) If there are really no such things as “races,” then Garcia would agree that*a. one could still make distinctions based on racial classifications, and this could allow for racism.

b. there can be no such thing as racism per se.

c. denying the existence of racism is itself a racist act.

d. all biological categories will have to be invalid as well.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 13

13) According to Tommie Shelby, what is the problem with applying the “stipulative” approach to Garcia’s theory of racism?a. His theory would then entail that racism is not always wrong, and one of Garcia’s requirements is that his project explain why racism is always wrong.

*b. Doing so would make it too easy for Garcia’s account to show that racism is always wrong (because the wrongness becomes a presupposition of his theory).

c. His theory would only account for the history, structure, psychological mechanisms, and social consequences of racism, and thus would lack moral significance.

d. His theory would then entail that other “thick” moral concepts (e.g., “murder”) ought to be revised via stipulation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 14

14) Shelby argues for the following connection between racist beliefs and racism:a. Racist beliefs are necessary for one to be racist.

b. Racist beliefs are sufficient for one to be racist.

*c. both A and B

d. neither A nor B: only racist attitudes are required for one to be racist

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 15

15) Which of the following would Shelby consider a racist act?*a. any action that is motivated by racist ideology

b. any action that is an expression of negative feelings toward a racial group

c. any action that is harmful to a member of a minority group

d. any action that is intended to oppress or harm an individual

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 16

16) Shelby says that the concept “fornication” can be used to illustrate one obstacle against the “thick concept” approach to moral analysis. This is becausea. there is little historical information about the practice of fornication.

b. the ordinary use of the concept is vague or inconsistent.

*c. it is not obvious that fornication is wrong, and so any analysis of it would have to explain why it is wrong.

d. fornication is so common that it is difficult to take an objective stance with respect to it.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 17

17) According to Shelby, ideologies function toa. remove people’s ability to critical reflect on what they belief.

b. generate political divisions among people in democratic societies.

c. degrade the capacity to act rationally or intentionally.

*d. establish or reinforce structures of social oppression.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 18

18) Shelby discusses the case of a woman with racist beliefs but a “pure” heart to show thata. you don’t need to have bad feelings toward a race to be racist.

b. having racist beliefs is sufficient for one to be racist.

*c. both A and B

d. neither A nor B

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 19

19) Elizabeth Anderson argues thata. we have a moral obligation to formally desegregate.

b. we have a moral obligation to spatially integrate.

c. we have a moral obligation to formally socially integrate.

*d. All of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 20

20) According to Anderson, informal social integration is achieved whena. people of different races cooperate given defined social roles.

*b. people of different races engage cooperatively with one another with trust, ease, affiliation, and intimacy.

c. people of different races can inhabit the same spaces under the assumption of equality, so that no person is left out of the space on the basis of race.

d. we have given up the idea that there are distinct races.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 21

21) Anderson argues that spatial segregation*a. diminishes both employment opportunities and investment opportunities for minorities.

b. is important for maintaining the integrity of minority identity.

c. is not problematic since it is the outcome of voluntary choices.

d. is the main problem with segregation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 22

22) Anderson argues for a comprehensive integrationist agenda that*a. would have political, residential, education, and economic dimensions.

b. would be unnecessarily intrusive on personal freedoms and so is paternalistic.

c. is compatible with right-wing critiques of integration.

d. does not include specific policy recommendations.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 23

23) One way that we can tell that integration is good, according to Anderson, is by seeing thata. it makes racists angry.

b. it is a requirement of the U.S. Constitution.

*c. people who are brought together into integrating living environments go on to choose to live in integrated places.

d. people will voluntarily choose to live in integrated environments regardless of their past life experiences.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 24

24) Anderson is critical of liberal arguments against integration that turn on the notion ofa. utility.

b. harm.

c. freedom.

*d. identity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 25

25) One harm of segregation is, on Anderson’s view, that it undermines*a. democracy.

b. freedom.

c. individual rights to life.

d. all of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 26

26) According to Anderson, the point of the moral obligation to integrate isa. to make recompense for past wrongs.

b. to dismantle a mechanism that promotes unjust, enacted by past illegal state action.

*c. to maximize the collective good of the citizens of the nation.

d. All of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 27

27) IAT stands for*a. Implicit Bias Test.

b. Important Bias Test.

c. Incongruent Beliefs Test.d. Implicit Beliefs Test.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 28

28) Daniel Kelly and Erica Roeder suggest thata. the only thing that matters for racism is explicit beliefs.

*b. implicit racial biases seem to raise the same moral problems as explicitly racist beliefs.

c. Both A and B

d. None of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 29

29) According to Kelly and Roeder, the empirical literature on implicit bias suggests thata. There is no way to know whether or not implicit biases are morally problematic.

b. Unconscious or implicit beliefs and attitudes do not exist.

c. We cannot know if there the widespread implicit bias.

*d. There is widespread implicit racial bias.

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 01

1) Difference feminists hold that social institutions are the cause of sexism.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 02

2) According to skeptics of feminist theory, sexism is no longer a problem in Western countries.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 03

3) The term “sexism” was intentionally modeled on “racism.”*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 04

4) According to Cudd and Jones, there are no cases in which one can be sexist without being culpable.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 05

5) Garcia claims that race-based preferences are always racist.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 06

6) Garcia argues that the core of racism is not a matter of belief but instead a matter of one’s desires, hopes, and goals.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 07

7) In Garcia’s analysis of racism, a person or institution can be racist only if it actually performs racist actions.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 08

8) Garcia’s theory implies that one can be racist without knowing that they are.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 09

9) Tommie Shelby argues that every philosophical inquiry into the nature of racism must show that racism is inherently evil.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 10

10) Shelby argues that racist beliefs are necessary and sufficient for racism (and thus that racist attitudes are not necessary).*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 11

11) According to Shelby, racism is fundamentally a kind of ideology.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 12

12) Shelby would agree with Garcia that racism is “in the heart.”a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 13

13) Elizabeth Anderson thinks that it would be good to integrate even if we are not obligated to do so.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 14

14) Anderson argues that there are five distinct stages of integration.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 15

15) Anderson thinks that left-wing arguments against integration on the basis of “identity politics” fail.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 16

16) According to Anderson, all that it takes to mitigate the detrimental effects on socio-economic opportunity brought about by serration is to formally desegregate.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 17

17) Daniel Kelly and Erica Roeder argue that the extant empirical evidence does not support the view that people generally have implicit racial bias.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 18

18) Kelly and Roeder think that the implicit racial biases raise interesting questions about the ethics of minimally mental attitudes.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 19

19) The results of implicit association tests are often strikingly at odds with their explicitly reported attitudes and beliefs.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 20

20) Kelly and Roeder argue that there is probably nothing wrong with implicit racial bias.*a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 01

1) _________ sexism refers to invidious sexual inequalities in the explicit rules and implicit norms governing and structuring social institutions.a. institutional

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 02

2) _________ sexism involves interactions between persons who are not governed by explicit rules.a. interpersonal

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 03

3) _________ sexism refers to the psychological mechanisms and tacit beliefs that create, constitute, promote, sustain, and/or exploit invidious sexual inequalities.a. unconscious

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 04

4) _________ feminists hold that social institutions are the result (rather than the cause) of sexism.a. difference

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 05

5) Racism, according to Garcia, essentially involves our wants, intentions, likes, and dislikes and their distance from moral _________.a. virtues

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 06

6) Garcia claims that the immorality of racism consists in vicious failures in the moral virtues of _________ (i.e., regard for the welfare of others) and justice.a. benevolence

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 07

7) Garcia discusses “environmental racism” to give an example of racist discrimination that is not intended to _________ anyone.a. harm

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 08

8) According to Garcia, racism is an interesting case study in _________ models of wrongdoing, according to which an action is wrong because of the moral disvalue that goes into it rather than the nonmoral values of what comes out of it.a. infection

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 09

9) According to Tommie Shelby, it is enough for a philosophical inquiry into the nature of racism to have moral _________ (i.e., to reveal what is and isn’t morally troublesome about racism).a. significance

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 10

10) Shelby defines a(n) _________ as a widely accepted illusory system of belief that functions to establish or reinforce structures of social oppression.a. ideology

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 11

11) Shelby discusses a(n) “_________-concept” approach to investigating the nature of racism, which treats the concept of racism as similar to the concept of murder (i.e., the phenomenon is obviously wrong and what it refers to is relatively clear).a. thick

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 12

12) In response to Garcia, Shelby argues that, in determining whether an individual is racist, it is not enough to know that he or she harbors ill will toward blacks. We must also know why he or she has this ill will, and this, he says, requires learning about his or her _________ about the racial characteristics of black people.a. beliefs

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 13

13) Elizabeth Anderson proposes _________ stages of racial integration.a. four

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 14

14) Anderson thinks that the U.S. has reached the first stage of racial integration, _________ desegregation.a. formal

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 15

15) Anderson proposes an integration-based argument for _________ action.a. affirmative

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 16

16) Spatial and Social segregation costs economic opportunity in the form of _________ capital.a. human

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 17

17) Segregation, on Anderson’s view, always involves a _________ harm because it always has a disrespectful expressive point.a. dignity

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 18

18) One way that Daniel Kelly and Erica Roeder describe implicit attitudes is in terms of _________ unconscious beliefs.a. Freudian

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 19

19) Results of implicit bias tests are often at odds with _________ attitudes, intentions, and beliefs.a. explicit

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 06 - Question 20

20) Even if implicit racial biases are morally wrong to have, Kelly and Roedder say it would take further work to clarify if a person is _________ for having them.a. blameworthy