Verified Test Bank Ch.13 | Nutritional Supplements And

Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport, 12e (Williams)

Chapter 13 Nutritional Supplements and Ergogenic Aids

1) The "proof" is a measure of the alcohol content in the beverage and is ________.

A) double the percentage

B) half the percentage

C) equal to the percentage

D) triple the percentage

2) According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, moderate consumption of alcohol is up to ________ drink(s) per day for women.

A) one

B) one-half

C) two

D) three

3) According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, moderate consumption of alcohol is up to ________ drink(s) per day for men.

A) two

B) one-half

C) one

D) three

4) Approximately ________ percent of ingested alcohol is absorbed by the stomach.

A) 20

B) 5

C) 50

D) 70

5) Each of the following is a common facial characteristic of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome EXCEPT ________.

A) large head circumference

B) thin upper lip

C) short nose

D) flat midface

6) In the United States, a person is considered legally drunk if their blood alcohol content (BAC) is ________ or higher.

A) 0.08

B) 0.02

C) 0.05

D) 0.11

7) Which of the following contains the most alcohol per standard serving size?

A) Beer

B) Wine

C) Hard liquor

D) They all contain approximately the same amount per typical serving

8) Alcohol is derived from the fermentation of carbohydrates. When consumed, alcohol is metabolized in the body as ________.

A) fat

B) starch

C) glycogen

D) amylose

9) Excessive consumption of alcohol has been associated with an increased risk for ________.

A) All of the choices are correct.

B) high blood pressure

C) sudden cardiac death

D) cirrhosis

10) Regarding the effect of caffeine on exercise performance, a review of the available research suggests ________.

A) caffeine may raise serum free fatty acids levels at rest just before exercise and increase the use of fat as an energy source during exercise

B) the perception of effort during exercise is heightened and thereby improves performance

C) caffeine ingestion increases epinephrine levels during exercise and may exert a stimulating psychological effect

D) abstaining from caffeine for 2–4 days prior to competition heightens the effect of caffeine when taken

11) Forty-year-old Violet has heard that drinking one glass of red wine nightly may be beneficial in reducing her risk for heart disease. You explain to Violet that one glass of wine, which is considered a serving, is 6 oz of red wine.

12) While early research indicated alcohol could potentially be effective as an ergogenic aid, more current research does not support alcohol as an ergogenic aid. And, in fact, alcohol may actually impair athletic performance.

13) Research supports that ________ appears to be an effective ergogenic aid.

A) caffeine

B) ciwujia

C) Eleutherococcus senticosus

D) ginseng

14) Liz is concerned about her caffeine intake because too much makes her feel jittery. She is at a cafe with a friend and wants to order a drink, but wants to choose the one with the least caffeine. Which of the following beverages likely has the least caffeine?

A) Hot cocoa

B) Soda, cola

C) Coffee

D) Green tea

15) Health problems associated with use of ephedra include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) cardiac arrest and sudden death

B) prolonged extreme happiness

C) psychosis and hallucinations

D) suicidal ideation

16) Of the following, which one is NOT a reported result of using sodium bicarbonate?

A) Sodium bicarbonate supplementation does appear to enhance performance in exercise tasks dependent upon the lactic acid energy system

B) Sodium bicarbonate supplementation has produced improvement in some aerobic endurance exercise tasks

C) The usual experimental protocol is to ingest a dosage of sodium bicarbonate immediately prior to the exercise task to get maximum benefits

D) Doses of sodium bicarbonate that are higher than recommended may cause gastrointestinal distress

17) Which of the following athletes could possibly benefit most from supplementation with sodium bicarbonate?

A) 400-meter track athlete

B) 1600-meter track athlete (1 mile)

C) 2000-meter track athlete (2 miles)

D) 100-meter track athlete

18) Which of the following medical problems related to anabolic/androgenic steroids have NOT been documented in recent research reviews?

A) Increased aggression, hostility, and tendency to commit violent crimes

B) Decreased strength of tendons, contributing to the potential for rupture

C) Increased bone growth in children and adolescents

D) Potentially irreversible appearance in females of secondary male sex characteristics

19) Supplements such as dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione are termed ________ because they are precursors for testosterone and are thus theorized to increase muscle mass and decrease body fat.

A) prohormones

B) cohormones

C) semihormones

D) None of the choices are correct.

20) Which of the following best describes the action of ginseng in the body?

A) There is research suggesting ginseng use improves physical performance in humans.

B) It is most effective in assisting with sleep and gastrointestinal disorders.

C) It acts as an immune depressant and may influence the development of cancers.

D) It is believed to influence neural and hormonal activity in the body.

21) Which of the following statements about the use of hormones or drugs to gain body weight is true?

A) Testosterone is effective in increasing muscle mass, but not strength

B) Anabolic/androgenic steroids may increase muscle mass and strength, but have been associated with medical problems, from the relatively minor acne to coronary heart disease

C) HGH has been shown to be effective in increasing muscle size and strength

D) The long-term health effects of anabolic steroid use are well known and documented

22) Each of the following are possible health risks associated with use of anabolic-androgenic steroids except ________.

A) increased glucose tolerance

B) increased blood pressure

C) deepening of the voice in females

D) increased aggressiveness

E) liver tumors

23) Excessive consumption of caffeine may lead to all of the following except ________.

A) fatigue

B) GI distress

C) headaches

D) insomnia

24) Which of the following is not a physiological effect of caffeine?

A) Decreases the metabolic rate

B) Stimulates the central nervous system

C) Increases the secretion of epinephrine

D) Increases heart rate and force of contraction

25) Research generally supports the theory that caffeine may enhance performance in long distance endurance events. Which of the following is the LEAST likely hypothesis?

A) It may exert a psychological stimulating effect

B) It stimulates the release of epinephrine from the adrenal gland

C) It decreases the use of both free fatty acids and muscle glycogen

D) It may decrease the perception of effort during exercise

E) It may exert a direct effect on the muscles to increase muscle contractile force

26) Wendy is a 60-year-old female who was recently told she has low bone density and to increase her consumption of calcium and vitamin D. Wendy also drinks about 4 to 6 cups of coffee daily. To help improve her bone health, Wendy should reduce her intake of caffeine since excess intake of caffeine may contribute to loss of calcium from bone.

27) Some athletes athletes consume baking soda as an ergogenic aid. This is because baking soda contains ________, which may be beneficial for some athletes.

A) sodium bicarbonate

B) ginseng

C) ephedrine

D) androstenedione

28) Merritt has recently started taking 300 mg/kg body weight sodium bicarbonate to improve his athletic performance as a mid-distance runner. He has also started feeling nauseous and experiencing diarrhea since starting the supplementation. GI distress, including nausea and diarrhea, are common side effects from sodium bicarbonate supplementation.

29) Which of the following statements about dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is false?

A) DHEA levels in the body increase as a person ages

B) DHEA is considered a prehormone

C) DHEA is a precursor for testosterone production

D) DHEA has been banned by the FDA

E) DHEA is produced by the adrenal and gonadal glands

30) The use of DHEA and/or androstenedione has been deemed safe by the International Olympic Committee and, therefore, both are permissible supplements for use by athletes.

31) Which of the following dietary supplements has the most research supporting its potential to help increase muscle mass and weight gain during a resistance-training program?

A) Creatine

B) Ginseng

C) Carnitine

D) Glucosamine/chondroitin

32) Many of the football players at a local college drink beetroot juice before practice and games. This is because beetroot juice contains ________, which may improve athletic performance in some athletes.

A) nitrates

B) ginseng

C) ephedra

D) carnitine

33) Caffeine may be classified as a ________.

A) food ingredient

B) dietary supplement

C) drug

D) stimulant

E) All of the choices are correct.

34) Based on current research findings, the most likely factor underlying the ergogenic effect of caffeine during exercise is its ________.

A) effect to stimulate the nervous system

B) effect to increase fatty acid oxidation

C) effect to increase red blood cells and hemoglobin

D) effect to spare use of muscle glycogen

35) Although research indicates caffeine may be an effective ergogenic aid for a variety of exercise endeavors, research is least supportive of its ergogenic effect on which of the following?

A) Endurance exercise

B) High-intensity intermittent exercise

C) Muscular strength exercise

D) Aerobic exercise

36) Being successful in sports is dependent on genetic endowment, training, and taking supplements to optimize performance.

37) Alcohol has been effective as a means to improve performance due to its utilization as an energy source during exercise.

38) The most immediate effects of alcohol are on the brain, thus, the damage to the central nervous system is the only significant health hazard.

39) Consuming energy drinks and alcohol together can be dangerous and contribute to an increase in risk-taking behaviors. This is because energy drinks can "mask" a person's level of alcohol intoxication, leading to increased alcohol consumption.

40) The actual content of ephedrine may vary from that stated on the label because product inconsistency is common.

41) The main reason to use sodium bicarbonate is to help buffer the lactic acid produced when the lactic acid energy system is utilized.

42) While supplementation with ephedra alone does not appear to enhance athletic performance, supplementation with caffeine and ephedra has been found to enhance performance in various exercise tasks. 

43) Some athletes use ciwujia as an ergogenic aid to enhance performance. Ciwujia is a Chinese herb that acts similar to beta-alanine in promoting optimal athletic performance.

44) Beetroot juice is classified as a Group C nutritional supplement with "little proof of efficacy; not provided to athletes but may be permitted on an individual basis."

45) Studies conducted with commercial herbal-based sports supplements generally report no significant ergogenic effects.

46) Which of the following supplements appears to have the most evidence to support its ability to enhance health and athletic performance while being safe and legal for use?

A) Creatine

B) Ma huang

C) Glutamine

D) Bee pollen

47) Available laboratory research with human growth hormone supports the theory that supplementation will increase muscle mass, strength, and power in young adult male athletes.

48) Supplementation with nitrate can increase the production of nitric oxide, which then causes vasodilation and increases blood flow.

49) Recent research suggests that there is a causal relationship between alcohol and arrhythmias, as well as sudden cardiac death.

50) The caffeine content in energy drinks may vary tremendously, with some containing about 500 milligrams per serving.

51) Many health professionals contend that optimizing nutritional strategies for athletes is a key to preventing use and abuse of anabolic/androgenic drugs in sport.

52) Some individuals may experience gastric distress, irritability, headaches, and/or insomnia after drinking coffee.

53) As a buffer, sodium bicarbonate helps improve anaerobic work capacity by reducing the intracellular acidity and delaying the onset of fatigue.

54) Which of the following statements about epigallocatechin-3-gallate (ECGC) is false?

A) Research supports the use of ECGC as an ergogenic aid

B) ECGC is an extract of green tea

C) ECGC is a flavonol

D) ECGC may reduce oxidative stress