Velasquez Ethical Principles In Business Test Bank Ch.2

Chapter 2

Velasquez Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following describes judgments based on ethical principles that deal with fairness of the distribution of benefits and burdens in society?
2. Rights
3. Virtue
4. Utilitarianism
5. Justice

Topic: 2.1: Approaches to Moral Decision-Making

Learning Objective 2.1: Examine the foundations of moral decision-making in business

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. The ethical principles that advocate respect for the well-being and freedom of others are referred to as
2. virtues.
3. rights.
4. fairness.
5. justice.

Topic: Approaches to Moral Decision-Making

Learning Objective 2.1: Examine the foundations of moral decision-making in business

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following approaches to ethical decision-making is based on the idea that a course of action produces the most benefits over costs for everyone affected?
2. Utilitarianism
3. Fairness
4. Virtue
5. Justice

Topic: Approaches to Moral Decision-Making

Learning Objective 2.1: Examine the foundations of moral decision-making in business

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Many business analysts feel the best way to evaluate the ethics of a business decision is to analyze social costs and compare them to
2. those affected by the decision.
3. the cost of consequences.
4. social benefits.
5. the greatest net benefits.

Topic: Utilitarianism: Weighing Social Costs and Benefits

Learning Objective 2.2: Detail the concept of utilitarianism and how it is applied to business decisions

Skill Level: Apply what you know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following best describes the utility of a course of action by a business?
2. The most objective benefits of an action
3. The level of acceptability of an action by society
4. The amount of compromise needed to produce an action
5. The combination of benefits and costs of an action

Topic: Utilitarianism: Weighing Social Costs and Benefits

Learning Objective 2.2: Detail the concept of utilitarianism and how it is applied to business decisions

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following is considered to be a primary benefit of utilitarianism?
2. It advocates policies that create the biggest financial reward.
3. It produces the greatest benefits for society at a reasonable cost.
4. It allows governments to clearly define what is ethically right or wrong.
5. It impartially considers everyone’s interests.

Topic: Utilitarianism: Weighing Social Costs and Benefits

Learning Objective 2.2: Detail the concept of utilitarianism and how it is applied to business decisions

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following is based on the moral norms and principles that say all human beings are empowered to do something or have something done for them?
2. Human rights
3. Legal rights
4. Constitutional rights
5. Jurisdictional rights

Topic: Rights and Duties

Learning Objective 2.3: Examine a rights-based approach to business ethics

Skill Level: Apply what you know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following describes the duties others have to not interfere in certain activities of another person who is exercising a given right?
2. Contractual rights
3. Obligations
4. Negative rights
5. Duties

Topic: Rights and Duties

Learning Objective 2.3: Examine a rights-based approach to business ethics

Skill Level: Apply what you know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which type of rights are outcomes of a specific transaction between particular individuals?
2. Positive
3. Contractual
4. Moral
5. Utility

Topic: Rights and Duties

Learning Objective 2.3: Examine a rights-based approach to business ethics

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Easy

1. Which of the following best explains the idea of distributive justice?
2. Punishments and penalties should be given to all those who do wrong.
3. The larger the injustice, the more compensation an injured party should receive.
4. Equals should be treated as equals; those who are not equal should be treated differently.
5. Punishment should be greater for those who intentionally do wrong.

Topic: Justice and Fairness

Learning Objective 2.4: Explain justice and fairness as key ethical principles

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

1. Which of the following statements support the views of egalitarians in terms of equality?
2. All humans are equal and goods should be allocated in equal portions.
3. There are differences among people that justify unequal treatment.
4. If all cannot be served equally, those who are first, or senior, should be served first.
5. Goods should be allocated based on need, ability, and effort.

Topic: Justice and Fairness

Learning Objective 2.4: Explain justice and fairness as key ethical principles

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. The idea that benefits should be distributed based on the value of contribution is a principle of which concept?
2. Socialism
3. Work ethic
4. Egalitarianism
5. Justice

Topic: Justice and Fairness

Learning Objective 2.4: Explain justice and fairness as key ethical principles

Skill Level: Apply what you know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. An ethic based on the fundamental value that relationships should be preserved and maintained is a _____ ethic.
2. socialist
3. retributive
4. compensatory
5. communitarian

Topic: An Ethic of Care

Learning Objective 2.5: Analyze an ethic of care as applied to business decisions and practices

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following is a moral demand in an ethic of care?
2. We should respond in a way that provides the most benefit to ourselves.
3. We should respond positively to the needs and well-being of those who support our goals.
4. We should respond in a way that furthers the goals of the majority.
5. We should respond positively to the needs, values, and well-being of others.

Topic: An Ethic of Care

Learning Objective 2.5: Analyze an ethic of care as applied to business decisions and practices

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which form of caring requires us to respond to a person’s needs while remaining objective and distant from that person?
2. Caring after someone
3. Caring about something
4. Caring after ourselves
5. Caring for someone

Topic: An Ethic of Care

Learning Objective 2.5: Analyze an ethic of care as applied to business decisions and practices

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Generally speaking, which ethical guidelines have greater weight in the decision-making process?
2. Moral rights
3. Utilitarian standards
4. Standards of justice
5. Individual rights

Topic: Integrating Utility, Rights, Justice, and Caring

Learning Objective 2.6: Evaluate an approach to business ethics that combines four main moral standards

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Difficult

1. When considering moral standards, a large injustice or violation of rights would cause ____ to have more weight in the decision-making process.
2. demands of impartiality
3. demands of caring
4. principles of impartiality
5. utilitarian standards

Topic: Integrating Utility, Rights, Justice, and Caring

Learning Objective 2.6: Evaluate an approach to business ethics that combines four main moral standards

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following should be the basis for moral judgment?
2. Limiting the moral rights of individuals in the workplace
3. Ensuring that distribution of benefits and burdens is based on status
4. Limiting the influence of relationships
5. Maximizing the net utility of actions

Topic: Integrating Utility, Rights, Justice, and Caring

Learning Objective 2.6: Evaluate an approach to business ethics that combines four main moral standards

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Virtue ethics that consider a person’s moral character are referred to as _____ by many ethicists.
2. action-based
3. judgment-based
4. agent-based
5. standards-based

Topic: An Alternative to Moral Principles: Virtue Ethics

Learning Objective 2.7: Relate virtue ethics to moral decision-making in business

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following best describes a valued disposition of a good human being, exhibited in the person’s habitual behavior?
2. Moral virtue
3. Vice
4. Action-based focus
5. Utilitarianism

Topic: An Alternative to Moral Principles: Virtue Ethics

Learning Objective 2.7: Relate virtue ethics to moral decision-making in business

Skill Level: Apply what you know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

1. A theory of _____ judges an action based on the moral life and what morality obliges us do in certain situations.
2. an ethic of virtues
3. an ethic of principles
4. moral principles
5. moral justice

Topic: An Alternative to Moral Principles: Virtue Ethics

Learning Objective 2.7: Relate virtue ethics to moral decision-making in business

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. The majority of moral decisions are made without thinking through the consequences; these decisions are made through the _____ processes.
2. conscious
3. ethical reasoning
4. unconscious
5. logical reasoning

Topic: Unconscious and Conscious Moral Decisions

Learning Objective 2.8: Differentiate unconscious and conscious moral decision-making processes and implications

Skill Level: Apply what you know

Difficulty Level: Easy

1. According to psychologist Scott Reynolds, when we find ourselves in new situations that require a reasoning process, the _____ takes over conscious reasoning.
2. casuistry
3. action principle
4. ethics of virtue
5. C-system

Topic: Unconscious and Conscious Moral Decisions

Learning Objective 2.8: Differentiate unconscious and conscious moral decision-making processes and implications

Skill Level: Apply what you know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following types of moral decision-making relies on past situations where there was a clear ethical response based on sound ethical reasoning?
2. Cultural
3. Casuistry
4. Intention
5. X-system

Topic: Unconscious and Conscious Moral Decisions

Learning Objective 2.8: Differentiate unconscious and conscious moral decision-making processes and implications

Skill Level: Understand the concept

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. According to social psychologist Marc Hauser, when someone purposely harms another person, it is morally worse than the same level of harm created as a side effect of a positive goal. Which of the principles for guiding moral judgment is being applied?
2. The contact principle
3. The paradigm principle
4. The intention principle
5. The action principle

Topic: Unconscious and Conscious Moral Decisions

Learning Objective 2.8: Differentiate unconscious and conscious moral decision-making processes and implications

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Moderate

SHORT ANSWER

1. Explain the moral difference between rights and justice.

Sample

Topic: Approaches to Moral Decision Making

Learning Objective 2.1: Examine the foundations of moral decision-making in business

1. Describe three issues that make determining utilitarianism difficult.

Sample

Topic: Utilitarianism: Weighing Social Costs and Benefits

Learning Objective 2.2: Detail the concept of utilitarianism and how it is applied to business decisions

1. Discuss the three features of moral rights that establish enabling and protective functions.

Sample

Topic: Rights and Duties

Learning Objective 2.3: Examine a rights-based approach to business ethics

1. Describe how socialism supports justice based on needs and abilities of people.

Sample

Topic: Justice and Fairness

Learning Objective 2.4: Explain justice and fairness as key ethical principles

1. There are several criticisms of the ethic of care. Discuss two of those criticisms and create responses to address them.

Sample

Topic: An Ethic of Care

Learning Objective 2.5: Analyze an ethic of care as applied to business decisions and practices

1. Discuss the four standards used as the basis of moral judgments.

Sample

Topic: Integrating Utility, Rights, Justice, and Caring

Learning Objective 2.6: Evaluate an approach to business ethics that combines four main moral standards

1. Describe how an ethic of virtue can enhance the principles of utilitarianism, rights, justice, and caring.

Sample

Topic: An Alternative to Moral Principles: Virtue Ethics

Learning Objective 2.7: Relate virtue ethics to moral decision-making in business

1. Discuss how the unconscious process uses past experiences to effect the moral decision-making process.

Sample

Topic: Unconscious and Conscious Moral Decisions

Learning Objective 2.8: Differentiate unconscious and conscious moral decision-making processes and implications