Urban Environmental Management Test Bank Answers Ch.14

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

Urban Environmental Management

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The United Nations classifies ________ of the global population as urban dwellers.
   1. 25 per cent
   2. 55 per cent
   3. 35 per cent
   4. 75 per cent
2. One in ________ urban dwellers currently live in slums.
   1. twenty
   2. ten
   3. fifty
   4. six
3. By 2050, it is estimated that _______ people will live in urban areas.
   1. 4.4 billion
   2. 3 billion
   3. 5.5 billion
   4. 6.6 billion
4. Achieving sustainable urban development requires attention to ________.
   1. urban inequalities
   2. the intertwined human and natural systems
   3. the planet’s biophysical limits
   4. All of the above
5. Urban form refers to ________.
   1. where cities are sited
   2. how buildings are designed
   3. the type and distribution of infrastructure in communities
   4. what energy sources a city relies on
6. Urban sprawl contributes to loss, disruption, and degradation of ________.
   1. air quality
   2. nearby farmland
   3. natural habitats
   4. All of the above
7. ________ of energy used for transportation in Canada is used for moving people.
   1. 60 per cent
   2. 80 per cent
   3. 20 per cent
   4. 40 per cent
8. Strategies that help to reduce energy use by transportation within cities do NOT include ________.
   1. parking arrangements that encourage reduced car travel
   2. reducing teleworking and teleservices
   3. transit pass programs
   4. development of ride-sharing programs
9. Buildings in North America release about ________ of the continent’s total carbon dioxide emissions annually.
   1. 90 per cent
   2. 55 per cent
   3. 35 per cent
   4. 15 per cent
10. In Canada, most energy used in buildings is for ________.
    1. heating and cooling
    2. operating heavy equipment
    3. operating appliances
    4. lighting
11. Energy use in residential buildings is influenced by ________.
    1. shape of the building
    2. construction materials
    3. orientation of the building
    4. All of the above
12. An integrated approach to waste management strives to divert as much waste as possible away from disposal through ________.
    1. refrain, reduce, reuse, recycle
    2. reuse, recycle, recover, restrain
    3. reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery
    4. Both a and c
13. Finding sites for waste disposal can be challenging because they are viewed as ________, which can trigger ________.
    1. pollution; cooperation
    2. LULUs; NIMBY
    3. opportunities; competition
    4. profitable; envy
14. Between 2002 and 2016, in Canada the percentage of waste diverted from residential sources grew to ________.
    1. 32 per cent
    2. 25 per cent
    3. 55 per cent
    4. 18 per cent
15. Building site design should include ________.
    1. minimized building density
    2. integration with transit facilities
    3. maximized site permeability
    4. Both b and c
16. Building location considerations should include ________.
    1. access to the countryside
    2. transit service access
    3. proximity to amenities and services
    4. Both b and c
17. Greenfields are ________.
    1. parks
    2. undeveloped land
    3. green spaces within cities
    4. previously developed land
18. Ground-level ozone is also known as ________.
    1. summer smog
    2. photochemical smog
    3. winter smog
    4. Both a and b
19. Air quality in Canada is monitored by measuring ________.
    1. ground-level ozone
    2. fine particulate matter
    3. stratospheric ozone
    4. Both a and b
20. The urban heat island effect can result in city temperatures that are ________ degrees Celsius greater than those in surrounding areas.
    1. 1 to 2
    2. 2 to 6
    3. 6 to 8
    4. 8 to 15
21. The urban heat island effect can be reduced by ________.
    1. green roof technology
    2. better building orientation
    3. green areas
    4. All of the above
22. Portland, Oregon, used green roofs to deal with both the urban heat island effect and ________.
    1. pollution
    2. storm water runoff
    3. food production
    4. Both b and c
23. In Canada, it is estimated that annually approximately 7,700 deaths can be attributed to ________.
    1. E. coli
    2. congenital heart disease
    3. exposure to air pollution
    4. car accidents
24. Consequences of urbanization on the hydrological cycle include ________.
    1. surface flooding
    2. polluted water
    3. reduced recharge of aquifers
    4. All of the above
25. A growing concern affecting groundwater in Toronto is related to ________.
    1. CO₂ emissions from increased road traffic
    2. increased sewage output from a growing population
    3. de-icing salt
    4. acid deposition from nearby industry
26. Abandoned, contaminated properties in cities are often called ________.
    1. greenfields
    2. LUST
    3. brownfields
    4. HAZMAT
27. LUST stands for ________.
    1. land under stress test
    2. lead underground storage tanks
    3. leaking underground storage tanks
    4. large underground scientific treatment
28. Kitchener, Ontario, spent more than $19 million to remove ________ from beneath one city block.
    1. sulphur sludge
    2. mine tailings
    3. hazardous waste
    4. coal tar
29. Over the past 60 years in Canada, ________.
    1. both geophysical hazards and weather-related hazards have increased
    2. geophysical hazards have stayed constant, but weather-related hazards have increased
    3. weather-related hazards have decreased, but geophysical hazards have remained constant
    4. geophysical and weather-related hazards have stayed constant
30. Disaster-resilient cities should have ________.
    1. efficiency, interconnectedness, and adaptability
    2. homogeneity, dependency, and collaboration
    3. stagnancy, passivity, and redundancy
    4. redundancy, diversity, and autonomy
31. More than ________ of the 100 largest cities in the world are vulnerable to at least one natural hazard.
    1. 75 per cent
    2. 20 per cent
    3. 35 per cent
    4. 50 per cent
32. Hurricane Sandy was a Category 1 hurricane when it hit the East Coast of the USA. It caused extensive damage because of ________.
    1. human vulnerability related to where they live and work
    2. the combined effects of the hurricane, a cold front, and a second storm system
    3. the timing of the storm during a full moon, which contributed to higher storm surges
    4. All of the above
33. Events such as ________ highlight the vulnerability of urban infrastructure to hazards.
    1. hurricanes
    2. floods
    3. earthquakes
    4. All of the above
34. On the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale a Category 3 hurricane has the wind speed of ________ km/hour.
    1. 154 to 177
    2. 252 or higher
    3. 209 to 251
    4. 178 to 208
35. In Canada, ________ are at risk of experiencing an earthquake.
    1. the west coast regions
    2. regions off the coast of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
    3. the St. Lawrence and Ottawa valleys
    4. All of the above
36. LEED refers to ________.
    1. a national standard for design, construction, and operation of high-performance green buildings
    2. a construction company that focuses on building environmentally friendly buildings
    3. the Canadian government’s green building program operated through Natural Resources Canada
    4. a system for removing contaminated toxins from old industrial sites
37. LEED provides benchmarks for performances related to aspects of human and environmental health, including ________.
    1. water savings
    2. indoor environmental quality
    3. emissions targets
    4. Both a and b
38. It is estimated that up to ________ in economic activity is lost each year due to congestion in Toronto.
    1. $11 billion
    2. $5 billion
    3. $11 million
    4. $5 million
39. ________ result in stormwater running off more quickly.
    1. Expansion of roads
    2. Construction of parking lots
    3. Buildings
    4. All of the above
40. In 2013, single-family residential water use in Calgary was reduced to ________ litres per capital per day.
    1. 330
    2. 300
    3. 231
    4. 215
41. In Canada, it is estimated that up to ________ per cent of food is lost or wasted.
    1. 58
    2. 40
    3. 38
    4. 50
42. Most of the food lost or wasted is at the _______ level.
    1. household
    2. small business
    3. food industry
    4. All of the above
43. ________ of global waste ends up in open dumping facilities.
    1. 33 per cent
    2. 50 per cent
    3. 37 per cent
    4. 20 per cent
44. One way to better address the challenges of urban environmental management across different political and ecological boundaries is to ________.
    1. refer to the provincial authority
    2. create a regional authority
    3. duplicate efforts
    4. create a municipal authority
45. The US city that has banned polystyrene (Styrofoam) containers is ________.
    1. San Francisco, CA
    2. Oakland, CA
    3. Chicago, IL
    4. New York, NY
46. Incentives to encourage different behaviour in terms of transportation include ________.
    1. making driving into the city more expensive
    2. providing free parking in municipal lots for fuel-efficient vehicles
    3. charging a lower license fee for fuel-efficient vehicles
    4. All of the above
47. Montreal’s BIXI public bicycle program ________.
    1. cost taxpayers in Montreal $60 million by 2019
    2. allowed users to purchase passes for 24 or 72 hours, a month, or a year
    3. was the first public bicycle program in Canada
    4. All of the above
48. ________ is determined to become the greenest city in the world by 2020.
    1. Vancouver
    2. Toronto
    3. Montréal
    4. Calgary
49. As of 2018, Vancouver reached a ________ decrease in GHG emissions form 2007 levels.
    1. 11 per cent
    2. 27 per cent
    3. 15 per cent
    4. 7 per cent
50. Using Copenhagen’s ________ is an example of environmental improvement and green growth going hand in hand with liveability.
    1. cleaning of the city harbour and the opening of a “harbour bath”
    2. reduction of household-generated waste
    3. pursuit of becoming a carbon-neutral city by 2025
    4. use of district heating systems that draw energy from large co-generation plants

True or False Questions

Energy use by transportation and buildings is a major contributor to GHG emissions.

Urban sprawl results from an increase in high-rise development.

There is a strong relationship between more compact, mixed-use urban forms and reduced car use.

Townhouses and apartments are usually more energy efficient than single detached houses.

Halifax diverts over half of its waste from landfill sites.

Concentrations of some common air pollutants are decreasing in Canadian cities.

In Canada, there has been a decrease the number of smog advisory days since 2005.

The urban heat island effect can result in city temperatures that are as much as 6 degrees higher than temperatures in nearby rural areas.

Urban areas affect the hydrological cycle in terms of both the quantity and quality of water.

Brownfield sites exist in many cities.

92.7 per cent of Vancouver residents are within a 5-minute walk to a greenspace.

Part of the reason that the remediation of the gasification plant site in Kitchener, Ontario, was more expensive than initially anticipated was that the contaminated soils extended much deeper and contained more hazardous materials than initially anticipated.

The most vulnerable earthquake areas in Canada are in British Columbia and the St Lawrence Valley.

Few cities are pursuing resilience thinking and management.

After Superstorm Sandy struck the East Coast of the USA, 87 people died due to hypothermia from loss of power, carbon monoxide, or accidents.

The Saffir-Simpson scale is a measurement of the intensity of an earthquake.

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) originated in Canada.

More than four out of five Canadians live in urban areas.

San Francisco, California, banned plastic shopping bags in 2006.

Twenty-four per cent of all food sold in Copenhagen is organic, the highest rate in the country of Denmark.

Short Answer Questions

1. Describe the strategies that can reduce energy use by transportation within cities.
2. Urban Canadians are recycling and composting, but with significant variability across the country. How do these efforts vary? Give some provincial examples.
3. Explain the connection between the urban heat island effect and GHG (greenhouse gasses). What is green roof technology and how can it influence this connection?
4. How is the quantity of water in urban areas affected by the hydrological cycle?
5. Why did the City of Kitchener implement a remediation project in the centre of the city? What process led to the waste in the city centre? What were some of the unanticipated costs?
6. In 2003, Environment Canada noted several factors that make our country vulnerable to weather-associated natural disasters. What are the factors that can contribute to these disasters?
7. What are the 10 ambitious goals that the City of Vancouver set out for the Greenest City 2020 initiative and briefly summarize the 2018 updates?
8. What are the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation “smart growth” indicators?
9. What are the benefits of public parks and pathways in urban areas?
10. What can you do to green your neighbourhood?