The Bureaucracy Exam Prep Chapter.9

Test Bank

Chapter 9: The Bureaucracy

Multiple Choice

1. According to the textbook, bureaucracies are often the only meeting ground for citizens and politics because they ______.

a. must maintain public support in order to succeed

b. are often the only contact citizens have with government

c. were set up to check the executive branch and protect citizens’ rights

d. often make law through bureaucratic legislation

e. dominate decision making in the federal government

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

2. Bureaucracy is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a. merit-based advancement

b. hierarchy

c. worker specialization

d. explicit rules

e. flexible goals

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

3. The value of explicit rules in bureaucratic institutions is that they ______.

a. facilitate individually tailored treatment of citizens

b. allow for flexibility

c. encourage creativity

d. create standardization and predictability

e. reduce uniformity of behavior

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

4. A clear chain of command with all employees knowing who their supervisors are as well as whom they are responsible for is an example of a(n) ______.

a. issue network

b. merit system

c. hierarchy

d. spoils system

e. iron triangle

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

5. The ultimate purpose of depoliticizing government bureaucracies is to create ______.

a. a spoils system

b. a merit system

c. neutral competence

d. bureaucratese

e. patronage

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

6. Bureaucracy is useful for all of the following tasks EXCEPT ______.

a. tasks that require a great deal of coordination

b. tasks that require a great deal of planning

c. tasks that require a great deal of expertise

d. tasks that can be handled on an ad hoc basis

e. tasks that require a great deal of routine work

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

7. The practice in which successful party candidates reward supporters with jobs or favors is known as ______.

a. patronage

b. pandering

c. pay-for-play

d. lobbying

e. nepotism

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

8. The civil service replaced the ______ as a method of choosing government workers.

a. merit system

b. hereditary inheritance

c. optional service

d. spoils system

e. presidential appointment system

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

9. The lower levels of the bureaucracy are held accountable through ______.

a. rules

b. close supervision

c. public scrutiny

d. party bosses

e. scrutiny by the news media

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

10. Bureaucracies are ______.

a. found in both the public and private sectors

b. useful only in democratic countries

c. always independent from partisan control

d. located only in governments

e. always less efficient than markets

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

11. At the highest levels, the bureaucracy is responsible to ______.

a. only one supervisor

b. Congress

c. the department heads

d. several bosses who may have conflicting goals

e. no one

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

12. The goal of the Pendleton Act and the Hatch Act was to ______.

a. increase presidential control over the executive branch of government

b. reduce political influence over federal government employees

c. increase political participation by federal government employees

d. increase congressional control over federal government employees

e. increase party influence over federal government employees

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

13. The fundamental difference between most private bureaucracies and public bureaucracies pointed out in the text is that ______.

a. most private bureaucracies have the explicit goal of making money, so accountability is straightforward

b. most private bureaucracies are more efficient at serving the public than are public bureaucracies

c. employees of private bureaucracies are less concerned with the pursuit of self-interest

d. employees of public bureaucracies are less likely to be chosen for their competence

e. bureaucracy is a rare form of organization in the private sector, but it is dominant in the public sector

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

14. Bureaucracy is preferable to democracy in making decisions when ______.

a. we can afford the time to deliberate

b. we require expertise and dispatch

c. a decision is of minor importance

d. it is essential that a decision be popular

e. a decision is too important to be left to the people

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

15. The bulk of the federal bureaucracy is ______.

a. not covered by civil service protections

b. concerned with foreign policy matters

c. located in New York City

d. composed of ethnic and racial minorities

e. found in the executive branch

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

16. All of the following statements concerning the formation of the federal bureaucracy are true EXCEPT ______.

a. It was created piecemeal over time.

b. The greatest period of growth of the bureaucracy was in the 1800s.

c. Some of the agencies were created to serve essential government functions.

d. Some of the agencies were created in response to changing national needs.

e. Some of the agencies were created in response to the demands of clientele groups.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

17. The single largest program of the civilian federal bureaucracy today is ______.

a. foreign assistance

b. highway funding

c. agricultural subsidies

d. Social Security

e. welfare

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

18. Groups of citizens whose interests are affected by an agency and who work to influence its policies are called ______.

a. grassroots organizations

b. clientele groups

c. constituencies

d. political parties

e. public interest groups

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

19. The fifteen departments that make up the major subdivisions of the federal government also represent ______.

a. government corporations

b. government organizations

c. the president’s cabinet

d. the civil service rather than the bureaucracy

e. independent agencies

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

20. The Department of Justice enforces the laws and represents the American government before the U.S. Supreme Court. Therefore, it was created to ______.

a. help the president deal with the Cold War

b. respond to changing national needs

c. respond to the demands of clientele groups

d. serve an essential government function

e. help the president respond to the Great Depression

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

21. To respond to clientele groups, some departments and agencies were formed to ______.

a. swallow up the profits of particular industries

b. better address America’s interests as a nation

c. better represent particular states in Washington, D.C.

d. make America more competitive on the world stage

e. serve and regulate particular organized and unorganized groups

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

22. Which of the following is an example of a government agency designed to serve a distinct clientele group?

a. State

b. Agriculture

c. Justice

d. Homeland Security

e. Defense

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

23. Which of the following is NOT a type of organization within the federal bureaucracy?

a. citizen advisory councils

b. regulatory agencies

c. cabinet-level departments

d. independent agencies

e. government corporations

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

24. The president has the least power over ______.

a. a cabinet department

b. an independent agency

c. any agency with cabinet-level status

d. an independent regulatory agency

e. a bureau in a cabinet department

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

25. Congress sets up most regulatory agencies as boards or commissions, with members having fixed terms, in order to ______.

a. ensure that members do not stay in their positions for too long

b. make them independent of political pressure, particularly from the president

c. water down the effects that would be created by having a single head

d. reduce the prestige they would achieve from being directly responsible to the president

e. increase control of the agencies by business

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

26. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning independent agencies?

a. Some agency rulings can be challenged in court, but some cannot.

b. There is no clear set of guidelines for when an agency is set up.

c. Independent agencies vary greatly in size.

d. Independent agencies are not housed within cabinet departments.

e. The term independent refers to the fact that such agencies are free of presidential power.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

27. Which of the following is NOT an example of a government corporation?

a. Amtrak

b. the U.S. Postal Service

c. the Tennessee Valley Authority

d. Bonneville Power Administration

e. the Food and Drug Administration

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

28. ______ refers to bureaucrats’ authority to use their own judgment in interpreting and carrying out the laws of Congress.

a. Bureaucratic discretion

b. Administrative regulation

c. Administration imperatives

d. Bureaucratic culture

e. Implied legislation

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

29. Which of the following grants citizens the right to obtain copies of most public records held by bureaucratic agencies?

a. Pendleton Act

b. Freedom of Information Act

c. Privacy Act

d. The Federal Register

e. Hatch Act

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Citizens and the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

30. The primary justification for the creation of a government corporation is to provide ______.

a. infant industries with some protection

b. revenue for the federal government

c. competition in economic sectors currently dominated by a monopoly

d. jobs for political cronies

e. a service that the private sector is unable to offer

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

31. Before it can implement new regulations, a regulatory agency must ______.

a. consult Congress

b. publish the proposed regulations in the Federal Register and hold hearings on them

c. choose between holding hearings on the proposed regulations and publishing them in the Federal Register

d. consult the president

e. publish the proposed regulations in the Federal Register

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

32. Americans expect that their bureaucrats will enforce laws according to the principle of ______.

a. agency capture

b. red tape

c. patronage

d. neutral competence

e. bureaucratic discretion

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

33. The bureaucratic culture includes all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a. the development of specialization and expertise in the subject matter of the agency

b. identification with the agency by which the worker is employed

c. commitment to the policy issue of the agency by which the worker is employed

d. adoption of bureaucratic behavior appropriate for the agency

e. a firm commitment to using plain, easy-to-understand language

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

34. The primary source of power for a member of the bureaucracy is ______.

a. job security

b. personal political clout

c. expertise

d. friendship with a powerful member of Congress

e. friendship with the president

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

35. Bureaucrats processing the paperwork for applications for Social Security benefits would be an example of the bureaucracy acting as a(n) ______.

a. judge

b. administrator

c. rule maker

d. whistleblower

e. independent agency

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

36. The bureaucratic culture has all of the following effects EXCEPT ______.

a. It facilitates ease of movement by individuals from one agency to another during their careers.

b. It holds the bureaucracy together.

c. It creates power through the concentration of expertise.

d. It fosters a commitment to the mission of the agency.

e. It creates divisions of mission and knowledge that makes coordination between agencies difficult.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

37. The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 has ______.

a. been a step toward counteracting negative behavior

b. successfully protected those who stepped forward to point out waste and fraud in the bureaucracy

c. offset the pressure to protect programs and budgets

d. reduced substantially the mistakes made by the bureaucracy

e. worked as its supporters had hoped it would

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

38. When political bureaucratic appointees conflict with career civil servants, ______.

a. compromises generally result in strengthened agencies and clearer policies

b. stalemates result very infrequently

c. the political appointees generally win because they have the power to enforce their edicts

d. political appointees can be trusted to give up first because they are more interested in advancing their careers

e. political appointees have the advantage of a higher position of authority, but civil servants can stall to slowly kill policy changes

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

39. Because presidents and their appointees often struggle with entrenched bureaucracies, presidents ______.

a. may want to ask the bureaucrats for advice on whom to appoint to the cabinet

b. should establish clear and specific rules for how to deal with the bureaucracy

c. must fire civil servants from the previous administration immediately upon taking office

d. often prefer to start new agencies rather than deal with the old ones

e. should be willing to compromise because they cannot defeat civil servants

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

40. According to the textbook, life within the bureaucracy is ______.

a. quite partisan, but openly political moves are taboo

b. as political as life outside of it

c. dangerous for anyone who has strong political beliefs

d. strictly apolitical

e. not as partisan as “civilians” might think it is

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

41. Agencies cultivate and serve powerful supporters because ______.

a. they need to be able to resist pressure from Congress and the president

b. they have no real interest in serving the public, only in gaining power

c. they are usually mandated by Congress to serve such interests

d. the leaders of agencies usually are chosen from among the ranks of such supporters

e. presidents usually wish them to cultivate such supporters

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

42. A close relationship developed between the oil industry and the agency charged with regulating drilling. This relationship is an example of ______.

a. effective regulatory practice

b. safeguarding the public interest

c. agency capture

d. cultivating industry cooperation with regulatory policy

e. information gathering

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

43. President Obama’s appointments to the bureaucracy differed from President George W. Bush’s appointments in that ______.

a. President Bush’s appointments were made with policy expertise in mind

b. the most important criterion in President Obama’s appointments appears to have been ideology

c. President Obama’s appointments were more likely to be made on the basis of policy expertise

d. President Bush’s appointees were chosen to strengthen the agencies in carrying out their traditional functions

e. President Obama’s appointees were chosen to diminish the traditional missions of the agencies

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

44. The adjudication procedures of bureaucratic agencies ______.

a. are more formal than what are employed in the court system

b. can be constrained by congressional legislation

c. are not binding on their targets

d. cannot be used to establish legislative intent

e. cannot be blocked or constrained by any branch of the federal government

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

45. The term iron triangle refers to the ______.

a. phenomenon of members of interest groups, congressional committees, and bureaucratic agencies cooperating for mutual benefit

b. practice of business, labor, and consumer groups maintaining a united front against burdensome bureaucratic regulations

c. alliances made by different parts of the bureaucracy to prevent a presidential reorganization

d. control that presidents, members of Congress, and judges have over the bureaucracy

e. long-standing relationships among senators, representatives, and their constituents

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

46. Presidents use their appointment power to ______.

a. appoint career civil servants who can manage an agency effectively

b. reward loyal members of Congress

c. gain necessary control over the bureaucracy or unnecessarily politicize the bureaucracy, depending on your perspective

d. reward members of their family

e. appoint career civil servants who agree to abandon their loyalty to their agency in order to serve the president

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

47. Iron triangles accurately depict the relationships among congressional committees, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies, but the full range of politics is best seen when one looks at ______.

a. issue networks

b. departments

c. the spoils system

d. bureaucratic discretion

e. patronage

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

48. The courts generally play a modest role in controlling the bureaucracy for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ______.

a. The courts tend to defer to the bureaucracy unless a clear principle of law is violated.

b. The courts tend to defer to the expertise of the bureaucrats.

c. Congress puts the decisions of some agencies beyond the reach of the courts.

d. The courts do not have the time to review the thousands of decisions made by the bureaucracy.

e. The Constitution does not permit the courts to rule on executive branch decisions.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

49. Citizen advisory councils are established to ______.

a. subject key policy decisions to the consideration of the general public

b. give input to bureaucrats before they make decisions

c. limit presidential control over the bureaucracy

d. provide information to Congress

e. create alternative rules to those proposed by agencies

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Citizens and the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

50. All of the following are designed to enhance citizen influence over the bureaucracy EXCEPT ______.

a. the Freedom of Information Act

b. citizen advisory councils

c. sunshine laws

d. the Privacy Act

e. the Kenneth Meier Act

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Citizens and the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

51. The primary effect of sunshine laws has been to open the ______.

a. political appointment process to criticism

b. White House decision-making process to outside review

c. daily efforts of members of Congress to their constituents

d. federal judiciary’s proceedings to the people

e. policymaking process to the public

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Citizens and the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

52. The Privacy Act of 1974 ______.

a. prevents the bureaucracy from releasing any information it has about people

b. allows people to refuse to give their Social Security number to anyone who asks for it

c. gives citizens access to records that government agencies have on them

d. forbids the government from gathering information on citizens

e. requires that all information about citizens be stored in the National Archives

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Citizens and the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

53. Hierarchy, explicit rules, specialization, and merit are the four characteristics of the traditional model of ______.

a. bureaucracy

b. republic

c. technocracy

d. adhocracy

e. independent agencies

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

54. Barbour and Wright argue that commitment to a particular set of policy goals is a common element of the culture inside ______.

a. legislative committees

b. media outlets

c. bureaucratic agencies

d. the judicial branch

e. independent agencies

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

55. As bureaucrats begin to identify with their jobs, ______.

a. they start to reject their agency’s bureaucratic culture

b. other attachments originating from outside of work become more important

c. they internalize the idea that what is good for their agency is good for them

d. conflicts start to arise between them and their coworkers in the same office

e. they often struggle to understand their specific agency’s bureaucratese

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

56. Individuals who publicize instances of fraud, corruption, or abuse of power in the bureaucracy are called ______.

a. pundits

b. whistleblowers

c. moles

d. turncoats

e. bureaucratese

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

57. When a Pentagon analyst leaks documents to the press concerning bid-rigging in military contracting, most observers would see that as an example of ______.

a. whistleblowing

b. bureaucratic discretion

c. red tape

d. bureaucratic accountability

e. agency capture

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

58. The phrase “birds of passage” refers to ______.

a. whistleblowers who are usually forced out after making their revelations

b. GAO inspectors who investigate agencies like clockwork

c. presidential appointees to the bureaucracy who come and go quickly

d. FBI agents who are too eager to pull out their gun and badge

e. independent agencies that are phased out within a year of their creation

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

59. Bureaucracies have administrative, judicial, and ______ functions.

a. rule-making

b. self-interest

c. accountability

d. voter registration

e. oversight

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

60. The agencies responsible for restricting the behavior of individuals or businesses are ______.

a. civil service groups

b. lobbyists

c. independent regulatory boards and commissions

d. citizen advisory council

e. issue networks

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

True/False

1. The authors contend that the best way to determine public interest is to increase the number of people who have input into determining what it is.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Citizens and the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

2. Political scientist Kenneth Meier suggests that the responsibility for maintaining the quality of America’s bureaucratic system rests primarily with the citizens.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Citizens and the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

3. The term “red tape” is derived from the practice of seventeenth-century British officials using red tape to bind together legal documents.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

4. Barbour and Wright contend that bureaucratic and democratic decision making generally have the same goals and methods.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

5. Independent agencies are primarily concerned with enforcing regulations on businesses.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

6. Most whistleblowers are supported in their efforts by their co-workers and supervisors.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

7. The bureaucracy can be influenced by the president’s power of persuasion.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

8. Issue networks and iron triangles describe the same sets of relationships among policy experts.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

9. Expert testimony is one of the ways through which Congress exercises bureaucratic oversight.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

10. The authors contend that turf jealously is an effective means of providing good public policy.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

Short Answer

1. What accounts for the seemingly endless stream of forms for which bureaucratic organizations are infamous?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

2. How does using political appointees to fill the bureaucracy almost guarantee its incompetence?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

3. According to the authors, what is the central characteristic of the federal bureaucracy?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

4. What accounts for the emergence of bureaucratese?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

5. In what way has congressional protection for whistleblowers served to prevent the covering up of bureaucratic error?

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

6. Why are bureaucrats often called civil servants?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

7. According to the authors what is the one distinguishing characteristic of a bureaucracy?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

8. According to the authors, why would people who are “free spirits” not thrive in a bureaucratic setting?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

9. Given the conflicting time frames between political appointees and professional bureaucrats, why is it in the best interest of a professional to stall when an appointee pushes for a new, unpopular policy?

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

10. What is a president’s best option for dealing with resistance from entrenched bureaucratic officials to a new policy?

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Politics Inside the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

Essay

1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of rules in bureaucracies.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

2. What effect did the Pendleton Act and the Hatch Act have on the American federal bureaucracy?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Spoils System

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

3. What are the consequences of having a rule-based system in a bureaucracy?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Consequences of a Rule-Based System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

4. Compare and contrast spoils-based and merit-based bureaucratic systems.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Spoils System

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

5. Bureaucratic agencies are formed for what three reasons?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

6. What factors have led to the growth and development of the federal bureaucracy? Are those features of the American political system and society likely to permit a significant reduction in the size of the bureaucracy in the near future?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Outline the organization and roles of the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The American Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

7. Identify and define the characteristics of a bureaucracy. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to making and administering policy through a bureaucracy.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Explain how the characteristics and features of bureaucracy influence decision making.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Is Bureaucracy?

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

8. What is the relationship between the president and the bureaucracies of the executive branch, of which he is head? What frustrations do presidents face, and what tools can they use to influence the bureaucracy?

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

9. What are the key distinctions between the logic of the iron triangle and issue networks?

Learning Objective: 9.4: Outline the relationship between the federal agencies and the three branches of the federal government.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: External Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

10. Define the term public interest and explain its role in the bureaucratic process.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Analyze the tension between transparency and efficiency in the federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Citizens and the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Learning Outcomes for American Government: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.